Muqaddam

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Military ranks of Egypt Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Langx) is an Arabic title, adopted in other Islamic or Islamicate cultures, for various civil or religious officials.

As per the Persian records of medieval India, muqaddams, along with khots and chowdhurys, acted as hereditary rural intermediaries between the state and the peasantry.[1] Originating during the Delhi Sultanate, the earliest known reference to the muqaddami system dates from the first decades of the 13th century, when Hasan Nizami wrote of a delegation of muqaddams offering gifts to Sultan Qutb ud-Din Aibak.[2] Muqaddams were tasked with revenue collection in the areas under their jurisdiction, for which they received either 2.5% as remuneration or rent-free land equalling that amount.[3] The socio-economic status of muqaddams varied over time; during the revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji, many were impoverished due to the abolition of their traditional privileges. However, in other periods the muqaddams "were prosperous enough to ride on costly Arabi and Iraqi horses, wear fine clothes, and behave like members of the upper classes".[4] Over time, muqaddams and chowdhurys took on the characteristics of landed gentry in their respective localities, with some even attaining the status of Zamindars during the Mughal period.[5] Muqaddams could be dispossessed of their status by the state.[6]

In the Tijaniyyah, Shadhiliyyah, Rahmaniyyah, and other Sufi orders, a Script error: No such module "Lang". is a student of the Sufi path (a murid or dervish) who has been authorized by his/her Guide (aka shaikh, pir, or murshid) to assist in teaching the path to other students.

In Lebanon, the Script error: No such module "Lang".s were the political leaders of their religious community. The last muqaddams disappeared in the beginning of the 17th Century.[7]

Military use

In the militaries of several Arab nations, Script error: No such module "Lang". is equivalent to the Anglophone ranks of lieutenant colonel, commander and wing commander, depending on the service branch.

Army Navy Air Force
Algerian People's National Armed Forces[8] File:11.AlgA-LTC.svg File:11.AlgNF-CDR.svg File:11.AlgAF-LTC.svg
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Bahrain Defence Force File:09.RBLF-LTC.svg File:09.RBNF-LTC.svg File:09.RBAF-LTC.svg
Egyptian Armed Forces[9] File:Egypt Army - OF04.svg File:Egypt Navy - OF04.svg File:Egypt Air Force - OF04.svg
Iraqi Armed Forces File:IraqArmyRankInsignia-7.png File:IraqNavyRankInsignia-7.png File:IRQAF Muqaddam (LtC).svg
Jordanian Armed Forces[10] File:12. JLF-LTC.svg File:Blank.svg File:12. JAF-LTC.svg
Kuwait Military Forces File:11. KLF-LTC.svg File:11. KNF-LTC.svg File:11. KAF-LTC.svg
Lebanese Armed Forces[11] File:17.LAF-LTC.svg
Libyan Armed Forces File:Libya-Army-OF-4.svg File:Generic-Navy-O5.svg File:10.Libyan Air Force-LTC.svg
Armed Forces of Mauritania[12] File:Mauritania-Army-OF-4.svg File:Mauritania-Navy-OF-4.svg File:Mauritania-AirForce-OF-4.svg
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Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces File:12.RAO-LTC.svg File:12.RNO-CDR.svg File:12.RAFO-LTC.svg
Palestinian National Security Forces[13] File:Moqaddim (PLA OF-4).gif — —
Qatar Armed Forces File:11. QELF-LTC.svg File:11. QENF-LTC.svg File:11. QEAF-LTC.svg
Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia[14] File:13.RSA-LTC.svg File:Generic-Navy-O5.svg File:12.RSAF-LTC.svg
Sudanese Armed Forces[15] File:Sudan Army - OF04.svg File:Sudan Navy - OF04.svg File:Sudan Air Force - OF04.svg
Syrian Armed Forces[16] File:Syria Army - OF04.svg File:Syria Navy - OF04.svg File:Syria Air Force - OF04.svg
Tunisian Armed Forces[17] File:Grade Terre tunisienne O5.png File:Generic-Navy-O5.svg File:Grade Terre tunisienne O5.png
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United Arab Emirates Armed Forces File:10-UAEA-LTC.svg File:10-UAEN-LTC.svg File:10-UAEAF-LTC.svg
Republic of Yemen Armed Forces File:Yemen-Army-OF-4.svg File:10.YN-CMDR.svg File:10.YAF-LTC.svg

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  6. ↑ Habib, Irfan: The Agrarian System of Mughal India, Oxford University Press, 2004, Template:ISBN, pp. 160–161.
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Template:Sufism terminology Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control

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