Mesannepada

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Template:Infobox royalty Script error: No such module "Location map/multi". Mesannepada (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "lang". [MES-AN-NE2-PAD3-DA]), Mesh-Ane-pada or Mes-Anne-pada ("Youngling chosen by An"; died c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".) was the first king listed for the First Dynasty of Ur on the Sumerian king list.[1] He is listed to have ruled for 80 years, having overthrown Lugal-kitun of Uruk: "Then Unug (Uruk) was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim (Ur)".Template:Sfn In one of his seals, found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, he is also described as king of Kish.Template:Sfn[2]

Filiation

The "Treasure of Ur" discovered in Mari

File:UNESCO Lion Eagle, Damas Museum.jpg
The "Lion eagle", another object found in the dedication deposit of the "Treasure of Ur"[3]

Mesannepada was a son of Meskalamdug.Template:Sfn A lapis-lazuli bead with the name of King Meskalamdug was found in Mari, in the so-called "Treasure of Ur", and reads:[4][5][6]

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๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’Œฆ / ๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’• / ๐’ˆ—๐’‹€๐’€Š๐’†  / ๐’Œ‰๐’ˆฉ๐’Œฆ๐’„ญ / ๐’ˆ—๐’†ง๐’†  / ๐’€€ ๐’ˆฌ๐’ˆพ๐’Š’

dlugal-kalam / mes-an-ne2-pa3-da / lugal uri5ki / dumu mes-ug-du10 / lugal kishki / a munaru

"To god Lugalkalam ("the Lord of the Land", identified with Dagan or Enlil), Mesannepada, king of Ur, son of Meskalamdug, king of Kish, has consecrated this bead"

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Initially, it was thought that this bead (reference M. 4439) referred to a gift by Mesannepada to a king of Mari named Gansud or Ansud.[15][16] This has now been corrected with the translation given above.[4][5] The God "Lugal-kalam" (๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’Œฆ, "Lord of the Land") to whom the dedication is made, is otherwise known in a dedication by a local ruler ล aba (ล alim) of Mari, also as Lugal-kalam, or in the dedication of Ishtup-Ilum where he is named "Lugal-mฤtim" (๐’€ญ๐’ˆ—๐’ˆค๐’ด, "Lord of the Land"), and is considered identical with the local deity Dagan, or Enlil.[17]

It is unclear how this bead came to be in Mari, but this points to some kind of relation between Ur and Mari at that time.[16] The bead was discovered in a jar containing other objects from Ur or Kish, the so-called "Treasure of Ur".[18]Template:Sfn The jar was recognized as an offering for the foundation of a temple in Mari.[19] Similar dedication beads have also been found from later rulers, such as Shulgi who engraved two carnelian beads with dedication to his gods c. Template:TrimScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters"..[20]

A'annepada dedication tablet

File:Stone foundation inscription, from Tell al-Ubaid, Iraq, 2500 BCE. British Museum (horizontal, with transcription).jpg
A'annepada tablet inscription (with transcription in standard Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform), mentioning his father Mesannepada. British Museum, BM 116982.[21] Discovered in Tell Al-'Ubaid.[22]

Several dedication tablets by "A'annepada, son of Mesannepada" for the god Ninhursag are also known, which all have similar content:[23][22]

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Dnin-hur-sag / a-an-ne2-pa3-da / lugal uri5{ki} / dumu mes-an-ne2-pa3-da / lugal uri5{ki} /Dnin-hur-sag-ra / e2 mu-na-du3
"For Nin-hursag: A'annepada, king of Ur, son of Mesannepada, king of Ur, built the temple for Ninhursag."

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Sumerian King List

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File:Sumerian King List, 1800 BC, Larsa, Iraq (detail).jpg
Mesannepada appears in the Sumerian King List, as the first ruler of the First Dynasty of Ur

Mesannepada appears in the Sumerian King List, as the first ruler of the First Dynasty of Ur, and is credited with a reign of 80 years. His successors are also named:

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"... Uruk with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur Mesannepada was king, 80 years he ruled; Meskiagnun, son of Mesannepada, was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu, 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.

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It is considered unlikely for a king to inherit a throne in his childhood and reign thereafter for 80 years.Template:Sfn The length of the son's reign was probably added to that of the father.Template:Sfn

Old Babylonian tablet: the Tummal Chronicle

Mesannepada and his other son are also mentioned in an Old Babylonian tablet (1900-1600 BC), the Tummal Inscription, relating the accomplishments of several kings. Such tablets are usually copies of older tablets, now lost:

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"En-me-barage-si, the king, built the Iri-nanam in Enlil's temple. Aga, son of En-me-barage-si, made the Tummal flourish and brought Ninlil into the Tummal. Then the Tummal fell into ruins for the first time. Meลก-Ane-pada built the Bur-ลกuลกua in Enlil's temple. Meskiagnun, son of Meลก-Ane-pada, made the Tummal flourish and brought Ninlil into the Tummal."

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Reign

Mesannepada is associated with an expansion of Ur, at least diplomatically.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A lapis-lazuli bead in the name of Mesannepada was found in Mari, and formed part of the "Treasure of Ur", made for the dedication of a temple in Mari. Seals from the royal cemetery at Ur have also been found bearing the names of Mesannepada and his predecessors Meskalamdug and Akalamdug, along with Queen Puabi. A seal impression in the name of "Mesannepada, king of Kish" was found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.[27]

File:Mesannepada, Lugal Kish-ki (with seal impression).jpg
Mesannepada, Lugal Kish-ki (๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’• ๐’ˆ— ๐’†ง๐’† ), "Mesannepada, King of Kish", on a seal impression found in the Royal Cemetery at Ur.[2][27] The last column of characters, is thought to mean "his wife..." (๐’ฎ๐’‰ก๐’ผ, dam-nu-gig).[2] This could also mean "the spouse of Inanna.[28]
File:Cylinder seal of Queen Nintur, wife of Mesannipadda.jpg
Cylinder seal inscribed "Queen Nintur, wife of Mesannepadda" (Nintur ereลก, dam Mesannepada). Royal Cemetery at Ur[29][30]Template:Sfn

Mesannepada, and his son and successor Meskiagnun, who reigned 36 years,Template:Sfn are both named on the Tummal Inscription as upkeepers of the main temple in Nippur along with Gilgamesh of Uruk and his son Ur-Nungal, verifying their status as overlords of Sumer. Judging from the inscriptions, Mesannepada then assumed the title "King of Kish",Template:Sfn to indicate his hegemony.[31]

Another son of Mesannepada, named Aannepadda, (Aja-ane-pada or A-Anne-pada, "father chosen by An"), whose years of reigned are unknown,Template:Sfn is known for having the temple of Ninhursag constructed (at modern Ubaid) near el-Obed, though he is not named on the kinglist.[1]

A small ziggurat beneath the structure built at Ur by Ur-Nammu may date back to the time of Mes-Anne-pada.Template:Sfn

In the 1950s, Edmund I. Gordon conjectured that Mesannepada, and an archaeologically attested early "king of Kish", Mesilim, were one and the same, as their names were interchanged in certain proverbs in later Babylonian tablets; however this has not proved conclusive. More recent scholars tend to regard them as distinct, usually placing Mesilim in Kish before Mesannepada.Template:Sfn

Royal Cemetery of Ur

Mesannapeda's tomb may have been located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur. It has been suggested that tomb PG 1232, or PG 1237, nicknamed "the Great Death-Pit," might belong to him.Template:Sfn

See also

Template:Sister project

References

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  6. โ†‘ For the discovery of the "Treasure of Ur" and detailed content of the jar, see: Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  10. โ†‘ "Mission archรฉologique de Mari" volume 4, p. 44, fig. 35 (photo); p. 53, fig. 36
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Bibliography

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Regnal titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check King of Sumer
ca. 26th century BC Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/check Ensรญ of Ur
c. 2550 BC - c. 2525 BC Template:S-ttl/check

Template:Kings of UrTemplate:Rulers of Sumer

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