First Dynasty of Ur

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The First Dynasty of Ur (abbreviated Ur I) was a dynasty of rulers from the city of Ur in ancient Sumer who Template:Reign. Ur I is part of the Early Dynastic III period of ancient Mesopotamia.[1] It was preceded by the earlier First Dynasty of Kish and the First Dynasty of Uruk.[2]

Rule

File:Meskalamdug helmet British Museum electrotype copy original is in the Iraq Museum, Bagdad.jpg
Golden helmet of Meskalamdug, possible founder of the First Dynasty of Ur.
File:Royal Tombs of Ur Objects from tomb PG 580.jpg
Gold objects from tomb PG 580, Royal Cemetery at Ur.
File:Standard of Ur - feast.jpg
King at peace, with attendants, from the Standard of Ur.
File:King at war leading soldiers Standard of Ur.jpg
King at war, with soldiers, from the Standard of Ur.

According to the Sumerian King List, the final ruler of the First Dynasty of Uruk Lugal-kitun was overthrown by Mesannepada of Ur. There were then four kings in the First Dynasty of Ur: Mesannepada, Mes-kiagnuna, Elulu, and Balulu.[3] Two other kings earlier than Mes-Anepada are known from other sources, namely Mes-kalam-du and A-Kalam-du.[3] It would seem that Mes-Anepada was the son of Mes-kalam-du, according to the inscription found on a bead in Mari, and Mes-kalam-du was the founder of the dynasty.[3] A probable Queen Puabi is also known from her lavish tomb at the Royal Cemetery at Ur. The First Dynasty of Ur had extensive influence over the area of Sumer, and apparently led a union of south Mesopotamian polities.[3][4]

File:Funeral procession at Ur, circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).jpg
Funeral procession at the Royal Cemetery of Ur (items and positions in PG 789), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution).

Ethnicity and language

Like other Sumerians, the people of Ur were a non-Semitic people who may have come from the east circa 3300 BCE, and spoke a language isolate.[5][6]

International trade

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File:British Museum Middle East 14022019 Gold and carnelian beads 2600-2300 BC Royal cemetery of Ur (composite).jpg
The etched carnelian beads in this necklace from the Royal Cemetery dating to the First Dynasty of Ur were probably imported from the Indus Valley. British Museum.[7]

The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the dynasty show that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as Carnelian likely coming from the Indus or Iran, Lapis Lazuli from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan, silver from Turkey, copper from Oman, and gold from several locations such as Egypt, Nubia, Turkey or Iran.[8] Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in Ur tombs dating to 2600-2450, in an example of Indus-Mesopotamia relations.[9] In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developed by the Harappans.[7] These materials were used into the manufacture of beautiful objects in the workshops of Ur.[8]

File:Gold and Lapis Lazuli Beads recovered from the royal cemetery of Ur, Iraq 2550-2450 BCE.jpg
Lapis lazuli was likely imported from the Badakhshan area of Afghanistan.[8]

The Ur I dynasty had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with India, which put her in a strategic position to import and trade vast quantities of gold, carnelian or lapis lazuli.[4] In comparison, the burials of the kings of Kish were much less lavish.[4] High-prowed Sumerian ships may have traveled as far as Meluhha, thought to be the Indus region, for trade.[4]

Demise

According to the Sumerian King List, the First Dynasty of Ur was finally defeated, and power went to the Elamite Awan dynasty.[10] The Sumerian king Eannatum (c.2500โ€“2400 BCE) of Lagash, then came to dominate the whole region, and established one of the first verifiable empires in history.[11]

The power of Ur would only revive a few centuries later with the Third Dynasty of Ur.[11][12]

List of rulers

# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. Template:Trim โ€“ c. 2500 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Predynastic Ur (c. Template:Trim โ€“ c. 2500 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
File:Seal from PG 1236 with inscription Aja-Anzu, also read A-Imdugud.jpg A-Imdugud
๐’€€๐’€ญ๐’…Ž๐’‚‚ 		Template:Fl.
File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg Ur-Pabilsag
๐’Œจ๐’€ญ๐’‰บ๐’‰‹๐’Š• 		Son of A-Imdugud (?)[14] Template:Died-in
  • temp. of Ursangpae[15]
  • Known from an inscription fragment bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 779 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. Template:Trim โ€“ c. 2350 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
File:Shell plaque from a lyre, PG 1332, Ur Royal Cemetery (detail).jpg Akalamdug
๐’€€๐’Œฆ๐’„ญ 		Son of Meskalamdug (?) Template:Reign
  • Son of Meskalamdug (?)
  • temp. of Akurgal[15]
  • Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 1332 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
File:Golden helmet of Meskalamdug in the British Museum.jpg Meskalamdug
๐’ˆฉ๐’Œฆ๐’„ญ 		Son of Akalamdug (?) Template:Reign
  • Son of Akalamdug (?)
  • temp. of Enakalle[15]
  • Known from dynastic beads and tomb inscriptions bearing the title of, "King of Kish" (found in tomb PG 755 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
File:Queen Puabi with attendants.jpg Puabi
๐’…ค๐’€œ 		Template:Married-in to Meskalamdug (?)
  • Known from inscriptions bearing the title of, "Queen" (found in tomb PG 800 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
  • She may have ruled in her own right as queen regnant[16]
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"Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur."

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1st File:Seal impression of Mesanepada, king of Kish.jpg Mesannepada
๐’ˆฉ๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’• 		Son of Meskalamdug (?) Template:Reign
(80 years)
  • Son of Meskalamdug (?)
  • temp. of Ur-Lumma[15]
  • Known from the SKL, Tummal Chronicle, and an inscribed seal bearing the title of, "King of Kish" (found in tomb PG 1232/1237 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
2nd File:Middle East, 52 Ancient Iran.jpg Meskiagnun
๐’ˆฉ๐’† ๐’‰˜๐’‰ฃ 		Son of Mesannepada (?) Template:Reign
(30 or 36 years)
  • Son of Mesannepada (?)
  • temp. of Epa'e[15]
  • Said on the SKL to have been the son of Mesannepada and to have held the title of, "King" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer
  • Known from the Tummal Chronicle his tomb PG 1157 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur
3rd File:Dedication tablet by King Enshakushanna, State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Erm 14375.jpg Elulu
๐’‚Š๐’‡ป๐’‡ป 		Template:Reign
(25 years)
  • Historicity certain.[15]
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.[15]
  • temp. of Lugalanda[15]
4th File:King at war leading soldiers Standard of Ur.jpg Balulu
๐’€๐’‡ป๐’‡ป 		Uncertain
(36 years)
  • Historicity uncertain.
  • Known from the SKL; very little otherwise.
  • Said on the SKL to have held the title of "king" of not just Ur; but, all of Sumer.
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"4 kings; they ruled for 171 years. Then Ur was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."

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File:Fragments in the name of Enshakushanna.jpg Enshakushanna
๐’‚—๐’Šฎ๐’Šจ๐’€ญ๐’ˆพ 		Son of Elulu (?)[15] Template:Reign
(60 years)
File:Foundation nail Entemena Louvre AO22934.jpg Lugal-kinishe-dudu
๐’ˆ—๐’† ๐’‰Œ๐’‚ ๐’ŒŒ๐’ŒŒ 		Template:Reign
(120 years)
  • Originally from Uruk
  • Held the title of "King of Uruk and Ur"
  • temp. of Enannatum II[15]
File:Limestone foundation peg of Lugal-kisal-si, from Uruk, Iraq. C. 2380 BCE. Pergamon Museum.jpg Lugal-kisal-si
๐’ˆ—๐’†ฆ๐’‹› 		Son of Lugal-kinishe-dudu[15] Template:Reign
File:Gold items PG 580.jpg A'annepada
๐’€€๐’€ญ๐’‰Œ๐’…†๐’Š’๐’• 		Son of Mesannepada Uncertain; this ruler may have Template:Reign sometime during the EDIIIb period[15]
  • Son of Mesannepada
  • temp. of Entemena[15]
  • Known from dedication tablets with inscriptions bearing the title "King of Ur" (found in tomb PG 580 located in the Royal Cemetery at Ur)
# Depiction Ruler Succession Epithet Approx. dates Notes
Proto-Imperial period (c. Template:Trim โ€“ c. 2112 BCScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".)
Lunanna Uncertain; this ruler may have Template:Reign sometime during the Proto-Imperial period[15]

Sumerian King List

Only the final kings of the First Dynasty of Ur, from Mesannepada to Balulu and possibly 4 unnamed kings, are mentioned in the Sumerian King List:[17]

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"... Uruk with weapons was struck down, the kingship to Ur was carried off. In Ur Mesannepada was king, 80 years he ruled; Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna, son of Mesannepada, was king, 36 years he ruled; Elulu, 25 years he ruled; Balulu, 36 years he ruled; 4 kings, the years: 171(?) they ruled. Ur with weapons was struck down; the kingship to Awan was carried off.

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Artifacts

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Royal Cemetery of Ur held the tombs of several rulers of the First Dynasty of Ur.[3] The tombs are particularly lavish, and testify to the wealth of the First Dynasty of Ur.[4] One of the most famous tombs is that of Queen Puabi.[4]

See also

Template:Sister project

References

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  5. โ†‘ "The Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who perhaps came from the east" in Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".. Mention of Gen 11:2 "And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there." (English Standard Version)
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  7. โ†‘ a b British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
  8. โ†‘ a b c British Museum notice "Grave goods from Ur"
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  18. โ†‘ British Museum notice WA 121544
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Template:Rulers of Sumer

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