Luri language

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Luri (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs, an Iranian people native to West Asia. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian and are Central Luri, Bakhtiari,[1][4] and Southern Luri.[1][4] This language is spoken mainly by the Bakhtiari and the Northern and Southern Lurs (Lorestan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mamasani, Sepidan, Bandar Ganaveh, Bandar Deylam)[5] in Iran.

History

The Encyclopedia of Islam calls Luri “an aberrant form of archaic Persian.”[6] The language descends from either Middle Persian or Old Persian.[1][7] It belongs to the “Perside southern Zagros group” (as opposed to Kurdish dialects of northern Zagros),[8] and is lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.

According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts".[9] The Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian.[10] There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri (Lor-e bozorg), Template:Aka Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri (Lor-e kuček), Template:Aka Northern Luri.[9]

Anonby stated that Luri was not a single language but a Southwestern Iranian language continuum consisting of the Luristani, Bakhtiari, and Southern Luri languages, and itself was a language continuum between Kurdish and Persian.[11] Anonby stated that the differences in the Luri dialects were big enough for them to be considered different languages. MacKinnon also claimed that the Luri dialects had different origins and also claimed Shushtari and Dezfuli as languages of the Luri family despite them traditionally being considered Persian. Some linguists came to the idea that the only reason Dezfuli and Shushtari were often considered Persian dialects was that there were no Luri tribes named Dezfuli and Shushtari, and that the structure of the Luri language was based particularly on tribal divisions rather than linguistic facts. They added that since the term Lur was originally regional, "Luri" was actually a demonym, and that outsiders referred to all languages of the region as Luri, unaware of its linguistic diversity.[12] Furthermore, there was no evidence of a common proto-Lur dialect, with the shared features of the Luri dialects probably having developed separately although along parallel lines.[13]

The first major documentation of the Luri language was carried out by the Russian scholar, V. A. Zhukovski in 1883, where he transcribed 992 Bakhtiari couplets. However, he did not say the genealogical classification of Bakhtiari. After Zhukovski, the German linguist Oskar Mann published "Die Mundarten der Lur-stämme" in 1910, where he studied the Luri language and was the first linguist to claim that Luri, which was then thought to be a dialect of Kurdish, was a distinct language.[14]

Geography

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Northern Luri

Luri dialects (Northern Luri [or Central Luri], Shuhani and Hinimini) are as a group the second largest language in the Lorestan province (around Template:Pct of the population), mainly spoken in the eastern counties of the province (Khoramabad, Dorud, Borujerd). In the Ilam province (around Template:Pct of the population) it is mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province.[15] Around Template:Pct of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri.[16]

Southern Luri

Southern Luri is a dialect of Luri is spoken by Southern Lurs and Lurs people mainly in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, northwest Fars province, east Khuzestan province and some in Bushehr province.[17][4]

Bakhtiari

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The Bakhtiari dialect is the main first language in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (around Template:Pct), except around Shahrekord, Borujen, Ben and Saman counties, where Persian, Turkic and Chaharmahali dialect predominate.[18] Around Template:Pct of Isfahan province speak Bakhtiari.[19]

Statistics

Province[20] Luri-speakers % Note
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari 520,000 Template:Pct Bakhtiyari dialect
Gilan 2,600 Template:Pct
Hamadan 370,000 Template:Pct Northern Luri
Ilam 78,300 Template:Pct Hinimini, Shuhani and Northern Luri
Isfahan 350,000 Template:Pct Bakhtiyari dialect
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad[21] 510,000 Template:Pct Southern Lori
Lorestan 450,000 Template:Pct Northern Lori

Internal classification

The language consists of Central Luri, Bakhtiari, and Southern Luri.[22] Central Luri is spoken in northern parts of Luri communities including eastern, central and northern parts of Luristan province, southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties, southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province. Bakhtiari is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province. Finally, Southern Luri is spoken throughout Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, and in western and central regions in Fars province, northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan. Several Luri communities are spread sporadically across the Iranian Plateau e.g. Khorasan (Beyranvand and Bakhtiari Luri descendants), Kerman, Guilan and Tehran provinces.[23][8] Luri is not only spoken by Lurs, as the ethnic Persians in the Nahavand region spoke northern Luri as their native language, and while the dialects of Shushtar, Dezful, and Shahr-e-Kord were closer to Luri, the speakers identified as ethnic Persians.[24]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link1 Template:IPA link
  1. /Template:IPA link/ may also range to a higher /Template:IPA link/ in the Northern dialect.

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link4
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link2 Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link2 Template:IPA link3
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link1
Tap/Trill Template:IPA link5
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
  1. /Template:IPA link/ occurs in Northern Luri.
  2. Velar fricatives /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/ as equivalent to uvular fricatives /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/, occur in Northern Luri.
  3. /Template:IPA link/ occurs in Southern Luri.
  4. /Template:IPA link/ occurs in Northern Luri, as well as in words borrowed from Persian.
  5. /Template:IPA link/ can also be heard as a trill [[[:Template:IPA link]]] in Southern Luri.

Vocabulary

In comparison with other Iranian languages, Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic. Nowadays, many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persians, different dialects of Luri, despite mainly common characteristics, have significant differences. The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c G. R. Fazel, 'Lur', in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ C.S. Coon, 1997, "Iran: Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition, Volume IV, Leiden, E. J. Brill, page 9. “In the mountains south of the Kurds live the Lurs, who speak an aberrant form of archaic Persian.”
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Anonby EJ. Update on Luri: How manylanguages? Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2003;13(2):171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067
  12. ↑ The origins of the term "Luri language": a historical investigation, S.M. Dadras, O. Izadi, S. Rezaei, pp. 23-24, https://doi.org/10.26577/JOS.2021.v96.i1.010
  13. ↑ The origins of the term "Luri language": a historical investigation, S.M. Dadras, O. Izadi, S. Rezaei, pp. 23-24, https://doi.org/10.26577/JOS.2021.v96.i1.010
  14. ↑ The origins of the term "Luri language": a historical investigation, S.M. Dadras, O. Izadi, S. Rezaei, pp. 21, https://doi.org/10.26577/JOS.2021.v96.i1.010
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Erik John Anonby (2003). Update on Luri: How many languages?. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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Further reading

  • Freidl, Erika. 2015. Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Vienna: New Academic Press. Template:ISBN
  • F. Vahman and G. Asatrian, Poetry of the Baxtiārīs: Love Poems, Wedding Songs, Lullabies, Laments, Copenhagen, 1995.[1]

External links

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