Luri language

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Luri (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs, an Iranian people native to West Asia. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian and are Central Luri, Bakhtiari,[1][2] and Southern Luri.[1][2] This language is spoken mainly by the Bakhtiari and the Northern and Southern Lurs (Lorestan, Ilam, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mamasani, Sepidan, Bandar Ganaveh, Bandar Deylam)[3] in Iran.

History

The Encyclopedia of Islam calls Luri “an aberrant form of archaic Persian.”[4] The language descends from either Middle Persian or Old Persian.[1][5] It belongs to the “Perside southern Zagros group” (as opposed to Kurdish dialects of northern Zagros),[6] and is lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.

According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts".[7] The Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian.[8] There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri (Lor-e bozorg), Template:Aka Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri (Lor-e kuček), Template:Aka Northern Luri.[7]

Geography

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Northern Luri

Luri dialects (Northern Luri [or Central Luri], Shuhani and Hinimini) are as a group the second largest language in the Lorestan province (around Template:Pct of the population), mainly spoken in the eastern counties of the province (Khoramabad, Dorud, Borujerd). In the Ilam province (around Template:Pct of the population) it is mostly spoken in villages in the southern parts of the province.[9] Around Template:Pct of Hamadan province speak Northern Luri.[10]

Southern Luri

Southern Luri is a dialect of Luri is spoken by Southern Lurs and Lurs people mainly in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, northwest Fars province, east Khuzestan province and some in Bushehr province.[11][2]

Bakhtiari

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Bakhtiari dialect is the main first language in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (around Template:Pct), except around Shahrekord, Borujen, Ben and Saman counties, where Persian, Turkic and Chaharmahali dialect predominate.[12] Around Template:Pct of Isfahan province speak Bakhtiari.[13]

Statistics

Province[14] Luri-speakers % Note
Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari 520,000 Template:Pct Bakhtiyari dialect
Gilan 2,600 Template:Pct
Hamadan 370,000 Template:Pct Northern Luri
Ilam 78,300 Template:Pct Hinimini, Shuhani and Northern Luri
Isfahan 350,000 Template:Pct Bakhtiyari dialect
Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad[15] 510,000 Template:Pct Southern Lori
Lorestan 450,000 Template:Pct Northern Lori

Internal classification

The language consists of Central Luri, Bakhtiari, and Southern Luri.[16] Central Luri is spoken in northern parts of Luri communities including eastern, central and northern parts of Luristan province, southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties, southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province. Bakhtiari is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province. Finally, Southern Luri is spoken throughout Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, and in western and central regions in Fars province, northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan. Several Luri communities are spread sporadically across the Iranian Plateau e.g. Khorasan (Beyranvand and Bakhtiari Luri descendants), Kerman, Guilan and Tehran provinces.[17][6]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link1 Template:IPA link
  1. /Template:IPA link/ may also range to a higher /Template:IPA link/ in the Northern dialect.

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link4
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link2 Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link2 Template:IPA link3
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link1
Tap/Trill Template:IPA link5
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
  1. /Template:IPA link/ occurs in Northern Luri.
  2. Velar fricatives /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/ as equivalent to uvular fricatives /Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link/, occur in Northern Luri.
  3. /Template:IPA link/ occurs in Southern Luri.
  4. /Template:IPA link/ occurs in Northern Luri, as well as in words borrowed from Persian.
  5. /Template:IPA link/ can also be heard as a trill [[[:Template:IPA link]]] in Southern Luri.

Vocabulary

In comparison with other Iranian languages, Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic. Nowadays, many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persians, different dialects of Luri, despite mainly common characteristics, have significant differences. The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.[21]

See also

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References

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Further reading

  • Freidl, Erika. 2015. Warm Hearts and Sharp Tongues: Life in 555 Proverbs from the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Vienna: New Academic Press. Template:ISBN
  • F. Vahman and G. Asatrian, Poetry of the Baxtiārīs: Love Poems, Wedding Songs, Lullabies, Laments, Copenhagen, 1995.[1]

External links

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Template:Languages of Iran Template:Languages of Iraq Template:Iranian languages

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  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c G. R. Fazel, 'Lur', in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ C.S. Coon, 1997, "Iran: Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopaedia of Islam: New Edition, Volume IV, Leiden, E. J. Brill, page 9. “In the mountains south of the Kurds live the Lurs, who speak an aberrant form of archaic Persian.”
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Erik John Anonby (2003). Update on Luri: How many languages?. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Beth Dougherty; Edmund Ghareeb (2013) p 209
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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