List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description

File:BWC Participation.svg
Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention[1] <templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css"/>

The list of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention encompasses the states which have signed and ratified or acceded to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), a multilateral treaty outlawing biological weapons.

On 10 April 1972, the BWC was opened for signature. The Netherlands became the first state to deposit their signature of the treaty that same day. The treaty closed for signature upon coming into force on 26 March 1975 with the deposit of ratification by 22 states. Since then, states that did not sign the BWC can only accede to it.

A total of 197 states may become members of the BWC, including all 193 United Nations member states, the Cook Islands, the Holy See, the State of Palestine and Niue. As of May 2025, 189 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the Kiribati in May 2025.[1] Additionally, the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by Template:Numrec, deposited an instruments of ratification of the BWC with the United States government prior to the US's decision to switch their recognition of the sole legitimate government of China from the Republic of China (ROC) to the People's Republic of China (PRC). A further four states have signed but not ratified the treaty.

Several countries made reservations when ratifying the agreement declaring that it did not imply their complete satisfaction that the BWC allows the stockpiling of biological agents and toxins for "prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes", nor should it imply recognition of other countries they do not recognise.

States Parties

According to the treaties database maintained by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, as of May 2025, 189 states have ratified or acceded to the BWC.[1]

Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington D.C.

State[1][2][3][4] Signed Deposited Method
File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg Afghanistan Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of Albania.svg Albania Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Accession
File:Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Angola.svg Angola Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Template:Dts (M, W) Accession
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Austria.svg Austria Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Template:Dts (M, W) Accession
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Accession
File:Flag of Barbados.svg Barbados Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Template:Dts (M) Template:Dts (M) Ratification as Template:Country data Byelorussian SSR
File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Belize.svg Belize Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Succession from File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
File:Flag of Benin.svg Benin Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts (W) Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR Yugoslavia
File:Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Template:Dts (M, W) Template:Dts (L)Template:Efn Ratification
Template:Country data Cabo Verde Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg Central African Republic Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Chile.svg Chile Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Template:Dts (L, M, W) Accession
File:Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of the Congo Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg Cook Islands Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
Template:Country data Côte d'Ivoire Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Template:Dts (W) Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR YugoslaviaTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Template:Dts (M) Template:Dts (M) Ratification
File:Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Template:Dts (L, W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Succession from File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia
Signed 10 April 1972
Deposited 30 April 1973
File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of the Congo Template:Dts (M, W) Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification as File:Flag of Zaire (1971–1997).svg Zaire
File:Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Dominica.svg Dominica Template:Dts (L) SuccessionTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Accession
File:Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Accession
File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Finland.svg Finland Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of France.svg France Template:Dts (L, M, W) Accession
File:Flag of Gabon.svg Gabon Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts (L, M) Accession
File:Flag of Germany.svg Germany Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, W) Ratification as File:Flag of Germany.svg West Germany
Also ratified by File:Flag of East Germany.svg East Germany on 28 November 1972 prior to German reunification
File:Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Template:Dts (M, W) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of Greece.svg Greece Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Grenada.svg Grenada Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Guinea.svg Guinea Template:Dts (L)Template:Efn Accession
File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg Guinea-Bissau Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg Holy See Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of India.svg India Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Template:Dts (M, W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Iran.svg Iran Template:Dts (M, W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (L, W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Template:Dts (M) Template:Dts (M) Ratification
File:Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Template:Dts (L, W) Template:Dts (L, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Italy.svg Italy Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Japan.svg Japan Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L, M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Template:Dts (M, W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Laos.svg Laos Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Template:Dts (L, W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Libya.svg Libya Template:Dts (M) Template:Dts (M) Ratification
File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L) 		Accession
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Template:Dts (L, M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Mali.svg Mali Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Malta.svg Malta Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg Marshall Islands Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
Template:Country data Micronesia Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Template:Dts (M, W) Accession
File:Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L) 		Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1992–2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).svg Serbia and MontenegroTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg Mozambique Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Nauru.svg Nauru Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg Kingdom of the Netherlands Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification, for the whole Kingdom
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Template:Dts (L, W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Niger.svg Niger Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Niue.svg Niue Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Template:Dts (M) Accession
Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR YugoslaviaTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Norway.svg Norway Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Oman.svg Oman Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L, W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Palau.svg Palau Template:Dts (W) Accession
Template:Country data Palestine Template:Dts (L, M) Accession
File:Flag of Panama.svg Panama Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Accession
File:Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Peru.svg Peru Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Template:Dts (L, W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Poland.svg Poland Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of Romania.svg Romania Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Russia.svg Russia Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification as File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Soviet Union
File:Flag of Rwanda.svg Rwanda Template:Dts (M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Template:Dts (L) Succession from File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Template:Dts (L) Succession from File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
File:Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Ratification
File:Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg Sao Tome and Principe Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR Yugoslavia
Signed 10 April 1972
Deposited 25 October 1973[5]
Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1992–2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).svg Serbia and MontenegroTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M) 		Accession
File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Succession from File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czechoslovakia
Signed 10 April 1972
Deposited 30 April 1973
File:Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Template:Dts (L, M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Succession from File:Flag of Yugoslavia (1946-1992).svg SFR Yugoslavia
File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Template:Dts (L) Succession from File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom
File:Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Template:Dts (L, W) Template:Dts (L, W) Ratification
File:Flag of South Sudan.svg South Sudan Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Spain.svg Spain Template:Dts (L, W) Template:Dts (L, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
Signed as Ceylon
File:Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Accession
File:Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Template:Dts (L, M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Accession
Template:Country data Swaziland Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L, W) 		Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (L) Ratification
File:Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of East Timor.svg Timor-Leste Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg Togo Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (W) Ratification
File:Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (W)
Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L)
Template:Dts (W) 		Ratification
File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (W) 		Accession
File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Template:Dts (M) Template:Dts (M) Ratification as Template:Country data Ukrainian SSR
File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Template:Dts (L) Template:Dts (L) [6] Ratification
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of the United States.svg United States Template:Dts (L, M, W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Template:Dts (W) Accession
File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Template:Dts (M) Accession
File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg Vanuatu Template:Dts (L) SuccessionTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Template:Dts (W) Template:Dts (L, M, W) Ratification
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Template:Dts (M) Template:Dts (M) Ratification as the File:Flag of Vietnam.svg Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Signed by the File:Flag of North Vietnam (1955–1975).svg Democratic Republic of Vietnam and File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg Republic of Vietnam on 10 April 1972 prior to Vietnamese reunification[7]
File:Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Template:Dts (M)
Template:Dts (L) 		Template:Dts (M) Ratification as File:Flag of South Yemen.svg South Yemen
Also signed by File:Flag of the Yemen Arab Republic.svg North Yemen on 10 April 1972 prior to Yemeni unification
File:Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Template:Dts (L) Accession
File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Template:Dts (L) Accession
Notes

Template:Notelist

State with limited recognition, abiding by treaty

The Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by Template:Numrec, deposited their instruments of ratification of the BWC with the United States government prior to the US's decision to switch their recognition of the sole legitimate government of China from the Republic of China (ROC) to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971. When the PRC subsequently ratified the treaty, they described the ROC's ratification as "illegal". The ROC has committed itself to continue to adhere to the requirements of the treaty, and the United States has declared that they still consider them to be "bound by its obligations".[8]

State Signed Deposited Method
File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China Apr 10, 1972 Feb 9, 1973 Ratification

Signatory states

The following four states have signed, but not ratified the BWC.[9]

State Signed Ratification statusTemplate:Efn[9]
File:Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Template:Dts (L, M) No action expected in near future
File:Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Template:Dts (W) Waiting for further information, assistance, or have other prioritiesTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Template:Dts (M) Waiting for further information, assistance, or have other priorities
File:Flag of the Syrian revolution.svg Syria Template:Dts (M) No action expected in near future
Notes

Template:Notelist

Non-signatory states

The following four UN member states have neither signed nor ratified the BWC.[9]

State Ratification statusTemplate:Efn[9]
File:Flag of Chad.svg Chad Process startedTemplate:Efn
File:Flag of Djibouti.svg Djibouti Waiting for further information, assistance, or have other priorities[10]
File:Flag of Eritrea.svg Eritrea Waiting for further information, assistance, or have other priorities
File:Flag of Israel.svg Israel No action expected in near future
Notes

Template:Notelist

Succession of UK dependent territories

When the United Kingdom ratified the BWC in 1975, it made a territorial declaration stating in part that the treaty would be applied:[11]

Template:Quote

This declaration bound its dependent territories of Dominica, Kiribati, Tuvalu and Vanuatu to the terms of the convention.[12]

Following their subsequent independence, their status with regards to the convention was initially unclear. According to the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, "newly independent states" (a euphemism for former colonies) receive a "clean slate", such that they do not automatically inherit the treaty obligations of their former colonial power, but may in most circumstances succeed to multilateral treaties to which their former colonizers were a party to without the consent of the other parties. All four states eventually formally submitted instruments of accession or succession to the convention.[12]

Dominica

After Dominica's independence in 1978, the Prime Minister of Dominica sent a note to the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UNSG) stating that:[12]

Template:Quote

The Government of Dominica later stated that it did not consider itself bound by the Convention.[12] However, Dominica was listed as a state party to the BWC in documents from the Meetings of the States Parties to the BWC.[13] The UK Treaty Office (as depositary) did not receive an instrument of succession from Dominica until 2016.[2]

Kiribati

Following Kiribati's independence in 1979, the President of Kiribati sent a note to the UNSG stating that:[12]

Template:Quote

The Government of Kiribati later made statements suggesting that it did not consider itself a party to the treaty,[12] before acceding as an independent state in 2025.[1]

Tuvalu

Following Tuvalu's independence in 1978, the Prime Minister of Tuvalu sent a note to the UNSC stating that:[12]

Template:Quote

The Government of Tuvalu later made statements suggesting that it did not consider itself a party to the BWC,[12] before acceding as an independent state in 2024.[1]

Vanuatu

Following Vanuatu's independence in 1980, it was listed as a state party to the BWC in documents from the Meetings of the States Parties to the BWC.[13] However the Government of Vanuatu made statements suggesting that it did not consider itself a party to the treaty,[12] and the UK depositary did not receive an instrument of succession from Vanuatu until 2016.[12][14]

See also

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
    Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=List_of_parties_to_the_Biological_Weapons_Convention&oldid=7100446"