Dependent territory
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A dependent territory, dependent area, or dependency (sometimes referred as an external territory) is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a sovereign state and remains politically outside the controlling state's integral area. As such, a dependent territory includes a range of non-integrated not fully to non-independent territory types, from associated states to non-self-governing territories (e.g. a colony).
A dependent territory is commonly distinguished from a country subdivision by being considered not to be a constituent part of a sovereign state. An administrative subdivision, instead, is understood to be a division of a state proper. A dependent territory, conversely, often maintains a great degree of autonomy from its controlling state. Historically, most colonies were considered to be dependent territories. Not all autonomous entities are considered to be dependent territories.[1]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Most inhabited, dependent territories have their own ISO 3166 country codes.
Some political entities inhabit a special position guaranteed by an international treaty or another agreement, thereby creating a certain level of autonomy (e.g. a difference in immigration rules). Those entities are sometimes considered to be, or are at least grouped with, dependent territories,[2] but are officially considered by their governing states to be an integral part of those states.[2] Such an example is Åland, an autonomous region of Finland.
Summary
The lists below include the following:
Dependent territories
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- Two states in free association, one dependent territory, and one Antarctic claim in the listing for New Zealand
- One uninhabited territory and two Antarctic claims in the listing for Norway
- 13 overseas territories (ten autonomous, two used primarily as military bases, and one uninhabited), three Crown dependencies, and one Antarctic claim in the listing for the United Kingdom
- 13 unincorporated territories (five inhabited and eight uninhabited) and two claimed but uncontrolled territories in the listing for the United States
Similar entities
- Six external territories (three inhabited and three uninhabited) and one Antarctic claim in the listing for Australia
- Two special administrative regions in the listing for China
- Two self-governing territories with autonomy in internal affairs in the listing for Denmark
- One autonomous region governed according to an act and international treaties in the listing for Finland
- Five autonomous overseas collectivities, one sui generis collectivity, and two uninhabited overseas territories (one of which includes an Antarctic claim) in the listing for France
- Three constituent countries with autonomy in internal affairs in the listing for the Netherlands
- One internal territory with limited sovereignty in the listing for Norway
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Lists of dependent territories
This list includes all territories that have not been legally incorporated into their governing state, including several territories that are not on the list of non-self-governing territories of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[3] All claims in Antarctica are listed in italics.
New Zealand
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New Zealand has two self-governing associated states, one dependent territory, and a territorial claim in Antarctica.[4]Template:Better source needed
| Associated state | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Cook Islands | Self-governing state in free association with New Zealand since 1965. Cook Islands' status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs.[5] Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of the Cook Islands. These responsibilities confer no rights of control and are exercised only at the request of the Cook Islands Government. The government of New Zealand does not consider it appropriate for the Cook Islands to have a separate seat at the United Nations, due to its continued use of the right of Cook Islanders to have New Zealand citizenship.[6] | CK |
| Template:Country data Niue | Self-governing state in free association with New Zealand since 1974. Niue's status is considered to be equivalent to independence for international law purposes, and the country exercises full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs.[5] Under the terms of the free association agreement, however, New Zealand retains some responsibility for the foreign relations and defence of Niue. These responsibilities confer no rights of control and are exercised only at the request of the Government of Niue. The government of New Zealand does not consider it appropriate for Niue to have a separate seat at the United Nations, due to its continued use of the right of Niueans to have New Zealand citizenship.[6] | NU |
| Dependent territory | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Tokelau | Territory of New Zealand. A UN-sponsored referendum on self-governance in February 2006 did not produce the two-thirds supermajority necessary for changing the current political status. Another one was in October 2007, which failed to reach the two-thirds margin.[7] Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. | TK |
| Dependent territory (uninhabited, claimed) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Ross Dependency | This is New Zealand's Antarctic claim. Unlike Tokelau and the associated states (Cook Islands and Niue), the Ross Dependency is, according to the New Zealand government, constitutionally part of New Zealand.[8] | No unique ISO 3166 country codes |
Norway
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Norway has one dependent territory and two Antarctic claims. Norway also possesses the inhabited islands of Svalbard where Norwegian sovereignty is limited (see below).
| Dependent territory (uninhabited) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Bouvet Island | Dependency administered from Oslo by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police. | BV |
| Dependent territory (uninhabited, claimed) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Peter I Island | Dependencies (subject to the Antarctic Treaty System) administered from Oslo by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police. | No unique ISO 3166 country codes |
| Template:Country data Queen Maud Land |
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom has three "Crown Dependencies", thirteen "Overseas Territories" (ten autonomous, two used primarily as military bases, and one uninhabited), and one Antarctic claim.
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The United States has 13 "unincorporated" dependent territories under its administration and two claimed territories outside its control.[13] The uninhabited Palmyra Atoll is administered similarly to some of these territories, and is usually included on lists of U.S. overseas territories, but it is excluded from this list because it is classified in U.S. law as an incorporated territory.[14] The U.S. Constitution does not apply in full to the insular areas.[15]
| Unincorporated organized territory | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Guam | Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S.; policy relations conducted through the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories | GU or |
| Template:Country data Northern Mariana Islands | Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S. with Commonwealth status; federal funding administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior | MP or |
| Template:Country data Puerto Rico | Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S. with Commonwealth status; local government and residents are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government of the United States | PR or |
| Template:Country data U.S. Virgin Islands | Unincorporated organized territory of the U.S. Policy relations conducted by the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior. Appears on the Department of the Interior | VI or |
| Unincorporated unorganized territory | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data American Samoa | Unincorporated unorganized territory administered by the Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories | AS or |
| Unincorporated unorganized territory (uninhabited)Template:Refn |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Baker Island | Unincorporated unorganized territories of the U.S. administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior | UM-81 |
| Template:Country data Howland Island | UM-84 | |
| Template:Country data Jarvis Island | UM-86 | |
| Template:Country data Johnston Atoll | UM-67 | |
| Template:Country data Kingman Reef | UM-89 | |
| Template:Country data Midway Atoll | UM-71 | |
| Template:Country data Navassa Island | Unincorporated unorganized territory of the U.S. administered by the Fish and Wildlife Service of the Department of the Interior from the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge in Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico | UM-76 |
| Template:Country data Wake Island | Unincorporated unorganized territory of the U.S. administered by the U.S. Air Force under an agreement with the Department of the Interior | UM-79 |
| Unincorporated unorganized territory (uninhabited, claimed) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Noflag | Administered by Colombia. Claimed by the United States (under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice, although the U.S. was not a party to that case and does not recognize the court's compulsory jurisdiction.[16] | |
| Template:Noflag | Administered by Colombia; site of a naval garrison. Claimed by the United States (since 1879 under the Guano Islands Act) and Jamaica. A claim by Nicaragua was resolved in 2012 in favor of Colombia by the International Court of Justice, although the United States was not a party to that case and does not recognize the court's compulsory jurisdiction.[16] A claim by Honduras was settled in a 1986 treaty over maritime boundaries with Colombia.[17] |
Lists of similar entities
The following entities are, according to the law of their state, integral parts of the state but exhibit many characteristics of dependent territories. This list is generally limited to entities that are either subject to an international treaty on their status, uninhabited, or have a unique level of autonomy and are largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. It generally does not include entities with no unique autonomy, such as the five overseas departments and regions (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion) of France; the BES islands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba) of the Netherlands; Jan Mayen of Norway; and Palmyra Atoll of the United States.
Entities with only limited unique autonomy, such as Barbuda of Antigua and Barbuda; Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia; the two autonomous regions (the Azores and Madeira) of Portugal; Nevis of Saint Kitts and Nevis; the Canary Islands and the two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla) of Spain; Northern Ireland of the United Kingdom; and entities with non-recognized unique autonomy, such as Kurdistan of Iraq; Wa of Myanmar; Gaza of Palestine; Puntland of Somalia; Rojava of Syria; and Zanzibar of Tanzania are also not included. All claims in Antarctica are listed in italics.
Australia
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Australia has six external territories in its administration and one Antarctic claim.
Debate remains as to whether the external territories are integral parts of Australia,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". due to their not being part of Australia in 1901, when its constituent states federated (with the exception of the Coral Sea Islands, which was a part of Queensland).[18] Norfolk Island was self-governing from 1979 to 2016.[19] The external territories are often grouped separately from Australia proper for statistical purposes.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
| External territory | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Christmas Island | Administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts[20] | CX |
| Template:Country data Cocos (Keeling) Islands | CC | |
| Template:Country data Norfolk Island | NF | |
| External territory (uninhabited) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Ashmore and Cartier Islands | Administered from Canberra by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts[20] | No unique ISO 3166 country codes |
| Template:Country data Coral Sea IslandsTemplate:NoteTag | ||
| Template:Country data Heard Island and McDonald Islands | Administered from Canberra by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment[20] | HM |
| External territory (uninhabited, claimed) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Australian Antarctic Territory | Administered from Canberra by the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment[20] | No unique ISO 3166 country codes |
China
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The People's Republic of China (PRC) has two special administrative regions (SARs) that are governed according to the constitution and respective basic laws. The SARs greatly differ from Mainland China in administrative, economic, legislative, and judicial terms including by currency, left-hand versus right-hand traffic, official languages, and immigration control. Although the PRC does claim sovereignty over Taiwan (governed by the Republic of China), it is not listed here as the PRC government does not have de facto control of the territory.
| Special administrative region | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Hong Kong | Former British colony. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China since 1997 according to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations. The Hong Kong Basic Law purports to provide for the territory to enjoy a "high degree" of autonomy per the "one country, two systems" model under the central government of China. Although the territory is not part of mainland China, it is officially considered an integral part of the People's Republic of China.[21][22][23] | HK or |
| Template:Country data Macau | Former Portuguese colony. Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China since 1999 according to the Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations. The Macao Basic Law provides for the territory to enjoy a high degree of autonomy per the "one country, two systems" model under the central government of China. Although the territory is not part of mainland China, it is officially considered an integral part of the People's Republic of China. | MO or |
Denmark
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The Kingdom of Denmark contains two autonomous territories with their own governments and legislatures, and input into foreign affairs.[24]
| Autonomous territory | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Faroe Islands | Autonomous since 1948.[24] A constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but not of the European Union. Although it is not part of metropolitan Denmark, it is officially considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark. | FO |
| Template:Country data Greenland | Autonomous since 1979.[24] A constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but withdrew from the European Economic Community in 1985. Although it is not part of metropolitan Denmark, it is officially considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark. | GL |
Finland
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Finland has one autonomous region that is also subject to international treaties.
| Autonomous region | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Åland | Åland is governed according to the Act on the Autonomy of Åland and international treaties. These laws guarantee the islands' autonomy in Finland, which has ultimate sovereignty over them, as well as a demilitarised status. | AX or |
France
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France has overseas six autonomous collectivities and two uninhabited territories (one of which includes an Antarctic claim). This does not include its "standard" overseas regions (which are also overseas departments) of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion. Although also located overseas, they have the same status as the regions of metropolitan France. Nonetheless, all of France's overseas territory is considered an integral part of the French Republic.
| Overseas collectivity | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data French Polynesia | Overseas collectivity since 2003; overseas country since 2004. Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories | PF or |
| Template:Country data Saint Barthélemy | Seceded from Guadeloupe to become an overseas collectivity in 2007 | BL or |
| Template:Country data Saint Martin | Seceded from Guadeloupe to become an overseas collectivity in 2007. It is the only overseas collectivity that is fully part of the European Union. | MF or |
| Template:Country data Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Territorial collectivity since 1985. Overseas collectivity since 2003 | PM or |
| Template:Country data Wallis and Futuna | Overseas territory since 1961. Overseas collectivity since 2003 | WF or |
| Sui generis collectivity | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data New Caledonia | "Sui generis" collectivity[25] since 1998.[26] Appears on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories | NC or |
| Overseas state private property (uninhabited) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data Clipperton Island | The island is administered under the direct authority of the French government[27] by the French Minister of the Overseas. | FR-CP |
| Overseas territory (uninhabited) |
Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
| Template:Country data French Southern and Antarctic Lands | TAAF (Terres australes et antartiques françaises) is an overseas territory since 1955, administered from Paris by an Administrateur Supérieur. The territory includes the Antarctic claim of Adélie Land[28] and several islands in the Indian Ocean, including Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Islands, Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands and Scattered Islands | TF or |
Netherlands
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The Kingdom of the Netherlands comprises three autonomous "constituent countries" in the Caribbean (listed below) and one constituent country, the Netherlands, with most of its area in Europe but also encompassing three overseas Caribbean municipalities—Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba (these three Caribbean municipalities are excluded here because they are directly administered by the Government of the Netherlands[29]). All citizens of the Dutch Kingdom share the same nationality and are thus citizens of the European Union, but only the European portion of the Kingdom is a part of the territory of the Union, the Customs Union, and the Eurozone while other areas have overseas countries and territory status.
| Constituent country | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Aruba | Defined as a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom by the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Aruba obtained full autonomy in internal affairs upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986. Part of the Kingdom but not in Europe, its citizenship nonetheless includes status as citizens of the European Union (the Kingdom government coincides almost exactly with the Government of the Netherlands, and is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, and nationality law). | AW or |
| Template:Country data Curaçao | Defined as a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom by the Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten were part of the Netherlands Antilles until it was dissolved in October 2010. Part of the Kingdom but not in Europe, their citizenship nonetheless includes status as citizens of the European Union (the Kingdom government coincides almost exactly with the Government of the Netherlands, and is responsible for defence, foreign affairs, and nationality law). | CW or |
| Template:Country data Sint Maarten | SX or |
Norway
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Norway has, in the Arctic, one inhabited archipelago with restrictions placed on Norwegian sovereignty — Svalbard.[30][31] Unlike the country's dependent territory (Bouvet Island) and Antarctic claims (see above), Svalbard is a part of the Kingdom of Norway.[32] Norway also has one uninhabited remote archipelago located in the Arctic, Jan Mayen, but it is excluded in this list as the island is directly administered by the Nordland County Municipality and none of the considerations established for Svalbard Treaty are attributed to it.
| Territory | Administration | ISO 3166 country code |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Country data Svalbard | This Arctic archipelago is the northernmost permanent civilian settlement in the world. Not incorporated into any county, it is administered by a governor appointed by the Norwegian government. Since 2002, its main settlement of Longyearbyen has elected a local government. Other settlements include the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research station of Ny-Ålesund, and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognises Norwegian sovereignty (administered since 1925 as a sovereign part of the Kingdom of Norway) but established Svalbard as a free economic zone[30] and a demilitarised zone. | SJ or NO-21 |
Description
Three Crown Dependencies are in a form of association with the United Kingdom. They are independently administrated jurisdictions, although the British Government is solely responsible for defence and international representation and has ultimate responsibility for ensuring good government. They do not have diplomatic recognition as independent states, but neither are they integrated into the UK. The UK Parliament retains the ability to legislate for the crown dependencies even without the agreement of their legislatures. No crown dependency has representation in the UK Parliament.
Although they are British Overseas Territories, Bermuda and Gibraltar have similar relationships to the UK as do the Crown Dependencies. While the United Kingdom is officially responsible for their defence and international representation, these jurisdictions maintain their own militaries and have been granted limited diplomatic powers, in addition to having internal self-government.
New Zealand and its dependencies share the same governor-general and constitute one monarchic realm. The Cook Islands and Niue are officially termed associated states.
Puerto Rico (since 1952) and the Northern Mariana Islands (since 1986) are non-independent states freely associated with the United States. The mutually negotiated Covenant to Establish a Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States was approved in 1976. The covenant was fully implemented on November 3, 1986, under Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred U.S. citizenship on legally qualified CNMI residents.[33] Under the Constitution of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico is described as a Commonwealth and Puerto Ricans have a degree of administrative autonomy similar to that of a citizen of a U.S. state. Puerto Ricans "were collectively made U.S. citizens" in 1917, as a result of the Jones–Shafroth Act.[34][35] The commonly used name in Spanish of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, literally "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico", which sounds similar to "free association" particularly when loosely used in Spanish, is sometimes erroneously interpreted to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States is based on a Compact of Free Association and at other times is erroneously held to mean that Puerto Rico's relationship with the U.S. is based on an Interstate compact. This is a constant source of ambiguity and confusion when trying to define, understand, and explain Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States. For various reasons Puerto Rico's political status differs from that of the Pacific Islands that entered into Compacts of Free Association with the United States. As sovereign states, these islands have the full right to conduct their foreign relations, while the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has territorial status subject to U.S. congressional authority under the Constitution's Territory Clause, "to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory… belonging to the United States."[36] Puerto Rico does not have the right to unilaterally declare independence, and at the last referendum (1998), the narrow majority voted for "none of the above", which was a formally undefined alternative used by commonwealth supporters to express their desire for an "enhanced commonwealth" option.[36]
This kind of relationship can also be found in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is termed a federacy. The European continental part is organised like a unitary state. However, the status of its "constituent countries" in the Caribbean (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) can be considered akin to dependencies[37][38] or "associated non-independent states."
The Kingdom of Denmark also operates similarly, akin to another federacy. The Faroe Islands and Greenland are two self-governing territories or regions within the Kingdom. The relationship between Denmark proper and these two territories is semi-officially termed the Rigsfællesskabet ("Unity of the Realm").
Overview of inhabited dependent territories
See also
- Colonisation
- Colony
- Domestic dependent nations
- Gallery of flags of dependent territories
- Independence referendum
- List of administrative divisions by country
- List of autonomous areas by country
- List of countries by United Nations geoscheme
- Lists of former colonies, possessions, protectorates, and territories
- List of leaders of dependent territories
- List of sovereign states
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent
- Suzerainty
- Vassal state
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Bibliography
- George Drower, Britain's Dependent Territories, Dartmouth, 1992
- George Drower, Overseas Territories Handbook, TSO, 1998
Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration Template:Colonialism Template:Terms for types of administrative territorial entities Template:United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
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- ↑ New Zealand and Antarctica. NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 2010
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- ↑ 广电总局批准31个境外频道在涉外宾馆等申请接收. Gov.cn (2006-12-30). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ↑ 2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报（第1号） Template:Webarchive. Stats.gov.cn. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ↑ 項懷誠：香港是社保基金境外投資的首選地之一 Template:Webarchive. Big5.huaxia.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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- ↑ Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty, U.S. Department of State. "Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius now fall under the direct administration of the Netherlands". Retrieved 17 June 2016.
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- ↑ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 166, 178. "U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico under the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
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