List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Hatnote".
This is a list of animals for which there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior. These animals have been observed practicing homosexual courtship, sexual behavior, affection, pair bonding, or parenting.
Bruce Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not officially observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to possible observer bias caused by social attitudes towards LGBT people, which made homosexuality in animals a taboo subject.[3][4] He devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality", and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) "explanations" for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities.[5] Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realise that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles". Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[4]
Animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sexual activity, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[3][6] Homosexuality in animals is controversial with some social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.[7][8] Animal preference and motivation is inferred from behavior, thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. Modern research[9][10][11][12] applies the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.
This is a list of some mammals that have been recorded engaging in homosexual behavior, which is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including birds, insects, fish, etc.
Selected images
-
Male bonnet macaques, similar to the youthful ones pictured, "give each other hand-jobs and sometimes eat the resulting semen"[1] although using "hand-job" can be seen as overly anthropomorphic.[13]
-
"Elevated levels of testosterone in utero"[15] increases aggressiveness and both male and female spotted hyenas mount submissive same-sex members who likely have lower levels of testosterone from their mothers.[16][17][18]
![Male bonnet macaques, similar to the youthful ones pictured, "give each other hand-jobs and sometimes eat the resulting semen"[1] although using "hand-job" can be seen as overly anthropomorphic.[13]](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Macaques_%C3%A0_bonnet_petits.jpg){kind=link}
![Ugandan kob - "Female kob perform oral sex on each other and even stroke each other's vulvas with their forelegs. They may exhibit urolagnia during sex, one female will urinate while the other sticks her nose in the stream."[1][14]](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Uganda-Kob.jpg){kind=link}
!["Elevated levels of testosterone in utero"[15] increases aggressiveness and both male and female spotted hyenas mount submissive same-sex members who likely have lower levels of testosterone from their mothers.[16][17][18]](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Spotted_hyena2.jpg){kind=link}
![In "slip-and-slide" orgies, groups of male grey whales, roll in the ocean rubbing their bellies against each other so that their genitals are touching.[19][20]](/wiki143/index.php?title=File:Graywhale_MMC.jpg){kind=link}
List
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>
- American bison[21][22]
- Antelope[23]
- Asian elephant[24]
- Asiatic mouflon[25]
- Atlantic spotted dolphin[19]
- Australian sea lion[26]
- Barasingha[27]
- Barbary sheep[28]
- Beluga[19]
- Bharal[29]
- Bighorn sheep[28]
- Black bear[30]
- Blackbuck[31]
- Black-footed rock wallaby[32]
- Black-tailed deer[27]
- Bonin flying fox[33]
- Bonnet macaque[13]
- Bonobo[34][35][36]
- Bottlenose dolphin[19][37]
- Bowhead whale[19]
- Brazilian guinea pig[38]
- Bridled dolphin[19]
- Brown bear[30]
- Brown capuchin[39]
- Brown long-eared bat[40]
- Brown rat[41]
- Buffalo[28]
- Caribou[42]
- Cat (domestic)[43]
- Cattle (domestic)[44]
- Chacma baboon[45]
- Cheetah[24]
- Chimpanzee[46]
- Chital[47]
- Collared peccary[48]
- Commerson's dolphin[19]
- Common brushtail possum[49]
- Common dolphin[19]
- Common marmoset[39]
- Common pipistrelle[50]
- Common tree shrew[51]
- Common wallaroo[32]
- Cotton-top tamarin[52]
- Crab-eating macaque[13]
- Crested black macaque[13]
- Dall's sheep[28]
- Daubenton's bat[40]
- Dog (domestic)[53]
- Donkey[54]
- Doria's tree kangaroo[32]
- Dugong[55]
- Dwarf cavy[38]
- Dwarf mongoose[56]
- Eastern cottontail rabbit[41][57]
- Eastern grey kangaroo[32]
- Elk[27]
- European bison[21]
- European polecat[58]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
- Fallow deer[27]
- False killer whale[19]
- Fat-tailed dunnart[59]
- Fin whale[19]
- Fox[60]
- François' langur[61]
- Gazelle[23]
- Gelada baboon[62]
- Goat (domestic)[28]
- Golden monkey[63]
- Giraffe[1][2]
- Gorilla[64][65]
- Grant's gazelle[23]
- Grey-headed flying fox[40]
- Grey seal[26]
- Grey squirrel[66]
- Grey whale[19][20]
- Grey wolf[67]
- Grizzly bear[30]
- Guinea pig (domestic)[38]
- Hamadryas baboon[62]
- Hamster (domestic)[38]
- Hanuman langur[68]
- Harbor porpoise[69]
- Harbor seal[26]
- Himalayan tahr[70]
- Hoary marmot[71]
- Horse (domestic)[72]
- Human (see Human sexual behavior)
- Humpback whale[73]
- Indian fruit bat[40]
- Indian muntjac[74]
- Indian rhinoceros[75]
- Japanese macaque[13]
- Javelina[76]
- Kangaroo rat[41]
- Killer whale[19]
- Koala[77][78]
- Kob[14][79]
- Larga seal[26]
- Least chipmunk[66]
- Lechwe[79]
- Lesser bushbaby[80]
- Lion[24][81][82][83][84][85]Template:Excessive citations inline
- Lion-tailed macaque[13]
- Lion tamarin[39]
- Little brown bat[40]
- Livingstone's fruit bat[40]
- Long-eared hedgehog[86]
- Long-footed tree shrew[51]
- Macaque[87]
- Markhor[88]
- Marten[89]
- Masked palm civet[90]
- Moco[91]
- Mohol galago[80]
- Moor macaque[13]
- Moose[92]
- Mountain goat[28]
- Mountain tree shrew[51]
- Mountain zebra[93]
- Mouse (domestic)[94]
- Moustached tamarin[52]
- Mule deer[27]
- Musk-ox[95]
- Natterer's bat[40]
- New Zealand sea lion[26]
- Nilgiri langur[68]
- Noctule[50]
- North American porcupine[96]
- Northern elephant seal[26]
- Northern fur seal[26]
- Northern quoll[59]
- Olympic marmot[97]
- Orangutan[98][99]
- Pacific striped dolphin[19]
- Patas monkey[100]
- Pere David's deer[27]
- Pig (domestic)[101]
- Pig-tailed macaque[13]
- Plains zebra[102]
- Polar bear[30]
- Pretty-faced wallaby[32]
- Proboscis monkey[63]
- Pronghorn[103]
- Pudú[47]
- Puku[104]
- Quokka[105]
- Rabbit[106]
- Raccoon[89]
- Raccoon dog[107]
- Red deer[27]
- Red fox[108]
- Red kangaroo[32]
- Red-necked wallaby[32]
- Red squirrel[66]
- Reeves's muntjac[74]
- Reindeer[42]
- Rhesus macaque[109][13]
- Right whale[19]
- Rock cavy[38]
- Rodrigues fruit bat[40]
- Roe deer[27]
- Rufous bettong[110]
- Rufous-naped tamarin[52]
- Rufous rat kangaroo[32]
- Saddle-back tamarin[52]
- Savanna baboon[62]
- Sea otter[111]
- Serotine bat[40]
- Sheep (domestic)[28][112]
- Siamang[113]
- Sika deer[27]
- Slender tree shrew[51]
- Snub-nosed monkey[114]
- Sooty mangabey[100]
- Sperm whale[19]
- Spider monkey[115]
- Spinifex hopping mouse[41]
- Spinner dolphin[19]
- Spotted hyena[15][18]
- Spotted seal[26]
- Squirrel monkey[116]
- Striped dolphin[19]
- Stuart's marsupial mouse[117]
- Stumptail macaque[13]
- Swamp deer[27]
- Swamp wallaby[32]
- Takhi[93]
- Talapoin[100]
- Tammar wallaby[32]
- Tasmanian devil[117]
- Tibetan macaque[118]
- Tasmanian rat kangaroo[32]
- Thinhorn sheep[28]
- Thomson's gazelle[23]
- Tiger[119]
- Tonkean macaque[13]
- Tucuxi[120]
- Urial[121]
- Ursine colobus[122]
- Vampire bat[40]
- Verreaux's sifaka[123]
- Vervet[100]
- Vicuna[124]
- Walrus[125][126]
- Wapiti[127]
- Warthog[128]
- Waterbuck[129]
- Water buffalo[28]
- Weeper capuchin[39]
- Western grey kangaroo[32]
- West Indian manatee[130]
- Whiptail wallaby[32]
- White-faced capuchin[39]
- White-fronted capuchin[39]
- White-handed gibbon[131]
- White-lipped peccary[132]
- White-tailed deer[27]
- Wild cavy[38]
- Wild goat[28]
- Yellow-bellied marmot[133]
- Yellow-footed rock wallaby[32]
- Yellow-toothed cavy[38]
See also
Bibliography
Template:Transcluded section Template:Trim
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ a b c d Kick (2001)
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b News-medical.net (2006)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 213
- ↑ Harrold (1999)
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
- ↑ Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
- ↑ Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
- ↑ Sommer & Vasey (2006)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999) page 316
- ↑ a b Imaginova (2007e)
- ↑ a b Forger (6 December 1998), Volume 375, Issue 2, Pages 333 – 343
- ↑ Forger (1998)
- ↑ Holekamp (2003)
- ↑ a b Wilson (Sexing the Hyena)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Bagemihl (1999) page 339
- ↑ a b Imaginova (2007h)
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 413
- ↑ Imaginova (2007b)
- ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 391
- ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) page 432
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 405, 690
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Bagemihl (1999) page 367
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999) page 378
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Bagemihl (1999) page 405
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 209, 408, 690
- ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 441
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 402
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bagemihl (1999) page 449
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ de Waal (2001)
- ↑ Liggett (1997–2006)
- ↑ Imaginova (2007j)
- ↑ Imaginova (2007c)
- ↑ a b c d e f g Bagemihl (1999) page 467
- ↑ a b c d e f Bagemihl (1999) page 334
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Bagemihl (1999) page 473
- ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 469
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 88
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
- ↑ Poiani (2010) page 52
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279. Excerpt from the book: Common Chimpanzees engage in full mouth-to-mouth contact[...] Oral sex of various kinds also occurs in a number of species[, for example] cunnilingus in Common Chimpanzees[...] In [...] Common Chimpanzees, individuals often rub their anal and genital regions together[...] Other [...] forms of "manual" stimulation include [...] anal stimulation and penetration with fingers by male Common Chimpanzees.
- ↑ a b Poiani (2010) page 51
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 422–425
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 457
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 475
- ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 471
- ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 333
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314
- ↑ Poiani (2010) page 170
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 376
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 447–448
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Thierry Lodé La guerre des sexes chez les animaux Eds O Jacob, Paris, 2006.Template:ISBN
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 458–460
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 324–330
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 299–301
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 280–284
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 461–464
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 231, 436–440
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 293–298
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 347
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 412
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 465-466
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 386
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 430
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 422-425
- ↑ Feige, Stacey, et al. "Heterosexual and homosexual behaviour and vocalisations in captive female koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)Template:Cbignore." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 103.1-2 (2007): 131-145.
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 397-401
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 336-338
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 302–305.
- ↑ Cooper
- ↑ Eaton (1974)
- ↑ Schaller, (1972)
- ↑ Srivastav (2001)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 470–472
- ↑ Imaginova (2007)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 409
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 448
- ↑ Jia, Z. Y., et al. "Effects of number of homosexual partners on copulating date in female captive masked palm civets (Paguma larvata), and fluctuation of urine estrogen during breeding season." Acta Zoologica Sinica 48 (2002): 610-616.
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 109, 469
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 387–390
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 418–421
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 663, 693, 714
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 410–413
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 472
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 465–466
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 284–288
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999) page 328
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 225–226, 232–240
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 418-421
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 394–396
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–401
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 451
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 81
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 440
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 437–441
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 453–455
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 364–365
- ↑ Roselli (2004), Vol. 145, No. 2, pages 478–483
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 289–292
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 330–335
- ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 459
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Sommer (2006)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 340
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 405–409
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 366–368
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 425–426
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 370–374
- ↑ Imaginova (2007g)
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 231
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 421
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 397–400
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 374–377
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 288–290
- ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 424
- ↑ Poiani (2010) page 50
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Animal sexual behavior Script error: No such module "Navbox with collapsible groups".