List of animals displaying homosexual behavior

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File:Manchot 01.jpg
Roy and Silo, two Central Park Zoo male chinstrap penguins similar to those pictured, became internationally known when they successfully hatched and cared for an egg they were given.[1]
File:Couple of two male mallard ducks - homosexual Anas platyrhynchos - Moenchbruch - Mönchbruch - May 3rd 2013 - 01.jpg
Couple of male mallard ducks in a nature reserve in Germany

For these animals, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity.

Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not "officially" observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to observer bias caused by social attitudes towards nonheterosexual people, making the homosexual theme taboo.[2][3] Bagemihl devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality" and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) 'explanations' for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities."[4]

Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realize that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles." Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[3] In 1986, it was even discovered amongst insects when butterfly scientist W.J. Tennent observed four male Mazarine blues competing for the attention of another male in Morocco.[5]

Sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about five hundred species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[2][6] Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate natural animal behaviors to morality.[7][8] Sexual preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior, however this article conforms to the usage by modern research,[9][10][11][12] applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

In October 2023, biologists reported studies of mammals (over 1,500 different species) that found same-sex behavior (not necessarily related to human orientation) may help improve social stability by reducing conflict within the groups studied.[13][14]

Mammals

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Selected mammals from the full list

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Birds

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".Homosexual behaviour is demonstrated by 120 known species of birds.[40] While an uptick in research on bird homosexuality – and animal homosexuality in general – has been coming out in recent years, it is common for some authors to labour in articulating the view any root cause or function of bird homosexuality is poorly understood.[41]

Hypotheses contrived in an attempt to explain the behaviour – homosexuality in birds – typically diverge from one another, further exacerbating an apparent perception in the concerned scientific communities knowledge's quest to realise bird homosexuality remains elusive as an objective. Some authors posit the behaviours are a result of any bird demonstrably homosexual being less inclined to rear young,[40] while other authors posit the timing of emergence from the egg is a factor.[42]

In 1977, The New York Times also reported on a colony of lesbian seagulls "off [the] coast of California."[43]

Selected birds from the full list

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Fish

File:Arctic Grayling.jpg
Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) leaping for a fly fisherman's bait. Research going back to the 1950s has shown both male and female graylings exhibit homosexual behavior.[53]

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Reptiles

File:Cnemidophorus-ThreeSpecies.jpg
Three species of Aspidoscelis

The all-female Whiptail lizard species Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (center), which reproduces via parthenogenesis, is shown flanked by two sexual species having males, A. inornatus (left) and A. tigris (right). Research has shown that simulated mating behavior increases fertility for Aspidoscelis neomexicanus. One female lies on top of another, playing the role of the male, the lizard that was on bottom has larger eggs, in most cases. The lizards switch off this role each mating season.[60]

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Amphibians

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  • Appalachian woodland salamander[69]
  • Black-spotted frog[70]
  • Mountain dusky salamander[69]
  • Tengger desert toad[62]

Insects

File:Head of dragonfly 2.jpg
The head of a darner dragonfly (Basiaeschna janata)

Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies. A survey of damsel and dragonflies reveals characteristic cloacal pincher mating damage in 20–80 percent of the males, indicating a fairly high occurrence of sexual coupling between males.[71][72]

File:Tribolium castaneum.jpg
Male flour beetles engage in same-sex coupling to practice mating and to rid themselves of "old, less effective" sperm.

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Other invertebrates

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See also

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Bibliography

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References

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  1. ↑ Smith (February 7, 2004)
  2. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999)
  3. ↑ a b c News-medical.net (2006)
  4. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 213
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Harrold (1999)
  7. ↑ Solimeo (2004)
  8. ↑ Solimeo (2004b)
  9. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
  10. ↑ Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
  11. ↑ Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
  12. ↑ Sommer & Vasey (2006)
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 405
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 441
  18. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 469
  19. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
  20. ↑ Bagemihl 1999) pages 81, 88
  21. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
  22. ↑ de Waal (2001)
  23. ↑ Liggett (1997–2006)
  24. ↑ Imaginova (2007j)
  25. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279
  26. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 339
  27. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 334
  28. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314
  29. ↑ name="Biol. Exuberance: Dolphin
  30. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 427
  31. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317
  32. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 391
  33. ↑ Imaginova (2007d)
  34. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
  35. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 432
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles. London, UK: Penguin Books.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457
  40. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 632-5
  45. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 83
  46. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 544-8
  47. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 621-6
  48. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 602-5
  49. ↑ 365 Gay.com (2005)
  50. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 491-5
  51. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 606-10
  52. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 639
  53. ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999), page 665
  54. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), page 37
  55. ↑ a b c d Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 664
  56. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bagemihl (1999), page 658
  57. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), page 664
  58. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 665
  59. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 233, 244
  60. ↑ LeVay, (19 September 2007)
  61. ↑ Vilet (2000), page 401 (page 19 in PDF)
  62. ↑ a b c d e f g Bagemihl (1999), page 657
  63. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999), page 657, 658
  64. ↑ a b Budzinski, R.-M. (1997) Homosexuelles Verhalten bei Geckos der Gattung Phelsuma. Sauria 19 (3): 33-34
  65. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 664
  66. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999), pages 663–664
  67. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999), pages 657, 658
  70. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), pages 243, 664
  71. ↑ Dunkle (1991)
  72. ↑ Young, L.C., et al. (2008)
  73. ↑ a b c d e Bagemihl (1999), page 666
  74. ↑ Tatarnic1 et al., 22 March 2006
  75. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999) page 660
  76. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 667
  77. ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 704, 713
  78. ↑ a b c d e Bagemihl (1999) pages 150, 232, 236, 246
  79. ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 33–34, 196, 217, 219, 232
  80. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 668
  81. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) page 666
  83. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 595
  84. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 9, 649, 665
  85. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 658
  86. ↑ Out magazine Template:Webarchive, By The Numbers sourced to the Journal of Evolutionary Biology; February 2009. Accessed 2009-01-17.
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 3
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 666, 660
  91. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) pages 661–2
  92. ↑ Bagemihl (1999) page 661
  93. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bagemihl (1999), pages 661–2
  95. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), page 659
  96. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), page 661
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Zimmer (2000)
  104. ↑ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 657
  105. ↑ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 236, 704, 713
  106. ↑ Bagemihl (1999), pages 668, 667
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