List of countries by system of government

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Systems of government This is a list of sovereign states by their de jure systems of government, as specified by the incumbent regime's constitutional law. This list does not measure the degree of democracy, political corruption, or state capacity of governments.

Parliamentary systems

Constitutional monarchies

These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained by constitutional law.

Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases, the prime minister is also the leader of the legislature, while in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature (although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence). The head of state is a monarch who normally only exercises their powers with the consent of the government, the people and/or their representatives (except in emergencies, e.g. a constitutional crisis or a political deadlock).Template:Efn

• AndorraTemplate:Efn
• Antigua and BarbudaTemplate:Efn
• AustraliaTemplate:Efn
• BahamasTemplate:Efn
• Belgium
• BelizeTemplate:Efn
• Cambodia
• CanadaTemplate:Efn
• Cook IslandsTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
• DenmarkTemplate:Efn
• GrenadaTemplate:Efn
• JamaicaTemplate:Efn
• Japan
• Lesotho
• Luxembourg
• Malaysia
• Netherlands
• New ZealandTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
• NiueTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
• Norway
• Papua New GuineaTemplate:Efn
• Saint Kitts and NevisTemplate:Efn
• Saint LuciaTemplate:Efn
• Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesTemplate:Efn
• Solomon IslandsTemplate:Efn
• Spain
• Sweden
• Thailand
• TuvaluTemplate:Efn
• United KingdomTemplate:Efn

Parliamentary republics

In a parliamentary republic, the head of government is selected or nominated by the legislature and is also accountable to it. The head of state is usually called a president and (in full parliamentary republics) is separate from the head of government, serving a largely apolitical, ceremonial role. In these systems, the head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In mixed republican systems and directorial republican systems, the head of government also serves as head of state and is usually titled president.

In some full parliamentary systems, the head of state is directly elected by voters. Under other classification systems, however, these systems may instead be classed as semi-presidential systems as presidents are always attached to a political party and may have broad powers (despite their weak presidency). Full parliamentary republican systems with presidents being purely ceremonial and neutral with no broad powers usually do not have a directly elected head of state and instead often use either an electoral college or a vote in the legislature to appoint the president.

Parliamentary republics with directly elected ceremonial heads of state

• Bosnia and HerzegovinaTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
• Bulgaria
• Croatia
• Czech Republic
• Finland
• Iceland
• Ireland
• Moldova
• Montenegro
• Template:Country data North Macedonia
• Serbia
• Singapore
• Slovakia
• Slovenia

Parliamentary republics with indirectly elected ceremonial heads of state

• Albania
• Armenia
• Barbados
• Dominica
• Estonia
• Ethiopia
• Fiji
• Template:Country data Georgia
• Germany
• Greece
• Hungary
• India
• Iraq
• Israel
• Italy
• Kosovo
• Latvia
• Lebanon
• Malta
• Mauritius
• Pakistan
• Samoa
• San MarinoTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
• Somalia
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Togo
• Vanuatu

Parliamentary republics with an executive president

A combined head of state and head of government in the form of an executive president is either elected by the legislature or by the voters from among candidates nominated by the legislature (in the case of Kiribati), and they must maintain the confidence of the legislature to remain in office. In effect, "presidents" in this system function the same as prime ministers do in other parliamentary systems.

• BotswanaTemplate:Efn
• GuyanaTemplate:EfnTemplate:Efn
• KiribatiTemplate:Efn
• Marshall Islands
• Nauru
• South Africa
• SurinameTemplate:Efn

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Presidential systems

In presidential system, a president is both the head of state and head of government, and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve purely at the discretion of the president.

Presidential republics without a prime minister

• AngolaTemplate:Efn
• Argentina
• Benin
• BoliviaTemplate:Efn
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Comoros
• Costa Rica
• Cyprus
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• El Salvador
• Gabon
• The Gambia
• Ghana
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Indonesia
• Liberia
• Malawi
• Maldives
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Nigeria
• Palau
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Philippines
• Seychelles
• Somaliland
• Syria
• Turkey
• Turkmenistan
• United States
• UruguayTemplate:Efn
• Venezuela
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Presidential republics with a prime minister

The following countries have presidential systems where the post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's role is to mostly assist the president.

• Abkhazia
• Burundi
• Cameroon
• Central African Republic
• Djibouti
• Equatorial Guinea
• Ivory Coast
• Kenya (see Prime Cabinet Secretary)
• Kyrgyzstan
• Senegal
• Sierra Leone (see Chief minister)
• South Korea
• Tajikistan
• Tanzania
• Tunisia
• Uganda

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Hybrid systems

Semi-presidential republics

In a semi-presidential republic a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature. It differs from a parliamentary system in that it has an executive president independent from the legislature; and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence.

President-parliamentary systems

In a president-parliamentary system, the prime minister and cabinet are dually accountable to the president and the legislature.

• AustriaTemplate:Efn
• Azerbaijan
• Belarus
• Chad
• Congo, Republic of the
• Guinea-Bissau
• Kazakhstan
• Mauritania
• Mozambique
• Namibia
• Peru
• Russia
• Rwanda
• South Ossetia
• TaiwanTemplate:Efn
• Transnistria
• Uzbekistan

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Premier-presidential systems

In a premier-presidential system, the prime minister and cabinet are exclusively accountable to the legislature.

• Algeria
• Cape Verde
• Congo, Democratic Republic of the
• Template:Country data East Timor
• Egypt
• France
• Lithuania
• Madagascar
• Mongolia
• Northern Cyprus
• PolandTemplate:Refn
• Portugal
• Romania
• São Tomé and Príncipe
• Sri Lanka
• Ukraine

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Assembly-independent republics

In an assembly-independent republic, the executive is elected by the legislature but, once in office, is not politically accountable to it and cannot be removed through a vote of no confidence. This places such systems outside the logic of parliamentary republics, in which the executive depends on continued legislative confidence, and presidential systems, in which the executive is elected independently of the legislature. In comparative politics, this institutional arrangement is commonly described as assembly-independent government, referring to systems that combine legislative election of the executive with its independence from parliamentary dismissal.

Assembly-independent parliamentary republics with an executive president

A combined head of state and head of government (usually titled president) is elected by the legislature but is not held accountable to it (as is their cabinet), thus acting more independently from the legislature. They may or may not also hold a seat in the legislature.

• Federated States of MicronesiaTemplate:Efn

Directorial republic

In a directorial republic, a council jointly exercises the powers of the head of government collectively. The council is elected by the parliament but is not subject to parliamentary confidence during its fixed term. The president who exercises the ceremonial roles of the head of state is a member of the directorial council in a primus inter pares (first among equals) capacity and has no powers over other members of the directory.

• SwitzerlandTemplate:Efn

Semi-constitutional monarchies

The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.

• Bahrain
• Bhutan
• Jordan
• Kuwait
• Liechtenstein
• Monaco
• Morocco
• Qatar
• Tonga
• United Arab EmiratesTemplate:Efn

Theocratic republic

Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage, and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen for life by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.

Absolute monarchies

Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law. The monarch acts as both head of state and head of government.

• Brunei
• Eswatini
• Oman
• Saudi Arabia
• Vatican CityTemplate:Efn

Non UN members or observers are in italics.

One-party states

States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (in contrast to states where a multi-party system formally exists, but this fusion is achieved anyway through election fraud or underdeveloped multi-party traditions).

• China (Communist Party leads eight minor political parties) (list)Template:Efn
• Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
• Eritrea (People's Front for Democracy and Justice) (list)
• North Korea (Workers' Party leads two minor parties) (list)
• Laos (People's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction) (list)
• Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front)
• Vietnam (Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front) (list)

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Military juntas

A committee of the nation's military leaders controls the government for the duration of a state of emergency. Constitutional provisions for government are suspended in these states; constitutional forms of government are stated in parentheses.

• Burkina Faso (semi-presidential republic)
• Madagascar (semi-presidential republic)
• Guinea (presidential republic)
• Guinea-Bissau (semi-presidential republic)
• Mali (presidential republic)
• Myanmar (assembly-independent republic)
• Niger (semi-presidential republic)
• Sudan (presidential republic)

Governments without a permanent constitution

Provisional governments

States that have a system of government that is in transition or turmoil. These regimes lack a permanent constitution.

• Bangladesh
• Haiti
• Libya
• Nepal
• Template:Country data Palestine
• South Sudan
• Syria
• YemenTemplate:Efn

Non-UN members or observers are in italics.

Islamic theocracy

AfghanistanTemplate:Efn has a theocratic system wherein the Supreme Leader holds unlimited political power and the Quran is used in place of a constitution.

Systems of internal structure

Unitary states

A state governed as a single power in which the central government is ultimately supreme and any administrative divisions (sub-national units) exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. The majority of states in the world have a unitary system of government. Of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states.

Centralized unitary states

States in which most power is exercised by the central government. What local authorities do exist have few powers.

Regionalized unitary states

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities, but where constitutional authority ultimately remains entirely at a national level.

• Azerbaijan (59 districts, and 1 autonomous republic)
• Bolivia (9 departments)
• Chile (16 regions)
• China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 province-level municipalities, 2 special administrative regions, and 1 claimed province)
• Colombia (34 departments, and 1 capital district)
• Template:Country data Côte d'Ivoire (14 autonomous districts)
• Denmark (5 regions, and 2 self-governing territories)
• Finland (19 regions, and Åland)
• France (18 regions, of which 5 are overseas regions)
• Template:Country data Georgia (9 regions, and 2 autonomous republics)
• Greece (7 decentralized administrations, and 1 autonomous monastic state)
• Indonesia (38 provinces, of which 9 have special status)
• Israel (6 districts, Judea and Samaria Area)
• Italy (20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
• Japan (47 prefectures)
• Kazakhstan (17 regions, 3 cities with region rights)
• Kenya (47 counties)
• Kingdom of the Netherlands (4 constituent countries)
• Mauritania (15 regions)
• Moldova (32 districts, 3 municipalities, and 2 autonomous territorial units)
• New Zealand (16 regions, 1 self-administering territory, and 2 states in free association)
• Nicaragua (15 departments, 2 autonomous regions)
• Norway (10 counties, 1 autonomous city, 2 integral overseas areas, 3 dependencies)
• Papua New Guinea (20 provinces, 1 autonomous region, and 1 national capital district)
• Peru (25 regions, and 1 province)
• Philippines (one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions)
• Poland (16 voivodeships)
• Portugal (18 districts, and 2 autonomous regions)
• São Tomé and Príncipe (6 districts, and Template:Country data Príncipe)
• Serbia (29 districts, 2 autonomous provinces (one of which is a partially recognized de facto independent state), and 1 autonomous city)
• Solomon Islands (9 provinces, and 1 capital territory)
• South Africa (9 provinces)
• South Korea (8 provinces, 6 special cities, and 1 autonomous province)
• Spain (17 autonomous communities, 15 communities of common-regime, 1 community of chartered regime, 3 chartered provinces, 2 autonomous cities)
• Sri Lanka (9 provinces)
• Tajikistan (3 regions, 1 autonomous region, and 1 capital city)
• Tanzania (21 regions, and Zanzibar)
• Trinidad and Tobago (9 regions, 1 autonomous island, 3 boroughs, and 2 cities)
• Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 cities with special status, and Crimea)
• United Kingdom (4 countries – England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales, of which 3 have devolved governments – Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales)
• Uzbekistan (3 regions, 1 independent city, and one autonomous republic: Karakalpakstan)

Federation

States in which the national government shares power with regional governments with which it has legal or constitutional parity. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional governments.

• Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city)
• Australia (six states, two self-governing territories and eight directly-administered territories)
• Austria (nine states)
• Belgium (three regions and three linguistic communities)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina (two entities and one district that is a condominium of the two entities)
• Brazil (26 states and the Federal District)
• Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
• Ethiopia (10 regions and 2 chartered cities)
• Germany (16 states)
• India (28 states and 8 union territories)
• Iraq (18 governorates and one region: Kurdistan)
• Malaysia (13 states and three federal territories)
• Mexico (32 states)
• Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
• Nepal (seven provinces)
• Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory: Federal Capital Territory)
• Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous territories and 1 federal territory)
• Russia (46 oblasts, 21 republics, nine krais, four autonomous okrugs, two federal cities, one autonomous oblast)
• Saint Kitts and Nevis (Saint Kitts, Nevis)
• Somalia (six federal member states)
• South Sudan (ten states)
• Sudan (17 states)
• Switzerland (26 cantons)
• United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
• United States (50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district: District of Columbia)
• Venezuela (23 states, one capital district, and the Template:Country data Federal Dependencies of Venezuela)

European Union

The exact political character of the European Union is debated, some arguing that it is (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. It has elements of intergovernmentalism, with the European Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism, with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.

See also

• List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government
• List of political systems in France
• List of current heads of state and government