List of castles in England
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This list of castles in England is not a list of every building and site that has "castle" as part of its name, nor does it list only buildings that conform to a strict definition of a castle as a medieval fortified residence.[1] It is not a list of every castle ever built in England, many of which have vanished without trace, but is primarily a list of buildings and remains that have survived. In almost every case the buildings that survive are either ruined, or have been altered over the centuries. For several reasons, whether a given site is that of a medieval castle has not been taken to be a sufficient criterion for determining whether or not that site should be included in the list.
Castles that have vanished or whose remains are barely visible are not listed, except for some important or well-known buildings and sites. Fortifications from before the medieval period are not listed, nor are architectural follies. In other respects it is difficult to identify clear and consistent boundaries between two sets of buildings, comprising those that indisputably belong in a list of castles and those that do not. The criteria adopted for inclusion in the list include such factors as: how much survives from the medieval period; how strongly fortified the building was; how castle-like the surviving building is; whether the building has been given the title of "castle"; how certain it is that a medieval castle stood on the site, or that the surviving remains are those of a medieval castle; how well-known or interesting the building is; and whether including or excluding a building helps make the list, in some measure, more consistent.
In order to establish a list that is as far as possible comprehensive as well as consistent, it is necessary to establish its boundaries. Before the list itself, a discussion of its scope includes lengthy lists of buildings excluded from the main lists for various reasons. The Castellarium Anglicanum, an authoritative index of castles in England and Wales published in 1983, lists over 1,500 castle sites in England.[2] Many of these castles have vanished or left almost no trace. The present list includes more than 800 medieval castles of which there are visible remains, with over 300 having substantial surviving stone or brick remains.
History
A castle is a type of fortified structure, developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first castles appeared in France in the 10th century,[3] and in England during the 11th century. A few castles are known to have been built in England before the Normans invaded in 1066;[4] a great many were built in the years following, the principal mechanism by means of which the Normans were able to consolidate their control over the country.[5] Whilst a few important castles, such as the White Tower in the Tower of London, were built of stone, most early castles were motte-and-bailey castles of earthwork and timber, which could be constructed quickly. Some were later rebuilt in stone,[6] but there are a great many castle sites in England where all that is visible today are traces of earthworks.[7]
Castles continued to be built in England for several hundred years, reaching a peak of military sophistication in the late 13th century.[8] The two principal elements in their construction were the great tower or keep, such as the White Tower, and the fortified enclosure, such as is provided by the outer wall of the Tower of London. During the 14th century, largely as a result of the decline of feudalism,[9] the construction of strong castles began to decline, in favour of more lightly fortified structures often described as fortified manor houses.[10] In the far north of England, where conditions remained unsettled, fortified buildings continued to be built as late as the 16th century, not only by the rich and powerful but by any with adequate means, as defence not against great armies, but against the notorious Border Reivers. Many took the form of the pele tower, a smaller, more modest version of the castle keep,[11] and many of these still survive, often incorporated in later buildings.
Castles differed from earlier fortifications in that they were generally private fortified residences. Typically, a castle was the residence of a feudal lord, providing the owner with a secure base from which to control his lands,[12] and also a symbol of wealth and power. Earlier fortified structures, such as the Saxon burh or the Iron Age hillfort, provided public or communal defences,[13] as did medieval town or city walls. The many Roman forts of which ruins survive in Britain differed in being wholly military in nature; they were camps or strongholds of the Roman army. The Romans also built town or city walls in England, which can still be seen, for instance at Silchester.
By the 16th century the role of fortifications had changed once more with the development of artillery capable of breaching even thick stone walls. In the reign of Henry VIII, fears of invasion[14] led to the building of a series of new fortresses along the south coast of England,[15] known as the Device Forts or Henrician Castles. These were designed to use and to defend against artillery, and since they were not private residences, but national fortifications, they do not possess what architectural historians have come to see as the defining characteristics of a castle.[16] Nonetheless, they are visibly castle-like, being compact, with battlemented walls, squat turrets and sometimes a keep; and they were the last generation of fortresses in England to be known as castles, long before architectural historians began to argue that they should not be.[17] One of them, Pendennis Castle, was one of the last Royalist strongholds to fall to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War—starvation forcing surrender after a siege of five months.[18]
As the role of the castle as a fortress declined in the later medieval period, its role as a residence increasingly became the more important. Castles such as Herstmonceux were built with fortifications seemingly designed more for show than for strength,[19] implying a further evolution in the role and concept of the castle, becoming less a means of enforcing power but instead a symbol of its possession, a castle becoming a grand residence proclaiming the status of its owner. Once fortifications had become altogether redundant, it became increasingly rare in England for new buildings to be described as castles, in contrast to France, where country houses continued to be known as châteaux.
Once no longer needed as fortresses, castles – if they were not abandoned – were, over the centuries, adapted and modernised to make them more suitable for continued use as residences:[20] large windows were inserted in defensive walls, as at Lumley; outer walls were demolished or lowered to open up views from within, as at Raby; new residential ranges were built to improve and extend accommodation, as at Windsor. Some castles were restored after falling into ruin, like Bamburgh;[21] others, like Belvoir, were demolished and rebuilt, retaining little or none of the original structure.[22] In the 18th and 19th centuries especially, many castles underwent "improvements" by architects such as Anthony Salvin, and in this period a fashion developed for entirely new houses to be built in the style of castles, and to be known as castles.[23][24] Amongst these was Peckforton Castle, built by Salvin: a building so authentic in its recreation of a medieval castle that it has been described as possibly the last serious fortified home built in Britain.[25]
Scope and exclusions
No list of castles in England is ever likely to be complete, because there will never be complete agreement in every case as to whether the remains of a building are those of a castle, whether a given place is the site of a castle, or whether a surviving building should be considered to be a castle.[26]
Perhaps because the castle has become the most familiar type of fortification, many sites of fortifications earlier than the 10th century have become known as castles. Most of these are Iron Age hill forts. Amongst the best known are Abbotsbury Castle, Barbury Castle, Bratton Castle, Cadbury Castle, Castle Dore, Chûn Castle, Liddington Castle, Maen Castle, Maiden Castle and Uffington Castle,[27] whilst many more appear in the List of hillforts in England. Others, such as Melandra Castle, Reculver Castle, Richborough Castle and Whitley Castle, are Roman forts, whilst Daw's Castle is a Saxon burh.[27] None of these is included in the present list unless it is also the site of a medieval castle, as is the case with, for instance, Portchester Castle, where an imposing castle was built within the surviving walls of the Roman fort.[28]
Nor are all medieval fortified sites included in the present list. The remains of town and city walls are excluded—most of these appear in the List of town walls in England and Wales. Also excluded are churches with defensive towers, such as Ancroft, Burgh by Sands, Edlingham, Garway, Great Salkeld and Newton Arlosh, as well as other fortified ecclesiastical sites such as Alnwick Abbey, Battle Abbey, Thornton Abbey, Wetheral Priory, Whalley Abbey and St Mary's Abbey, York. Some of the pele towers of Northern England are included, but the more modest fortified buildings known as bastles are not, though the distinction between them is not always altogether clear. Amongst fortified manor houses, those given the title of castle are included, whilst many others were more lightly fortified and are excluded. Amongst these are Baddesley Clinton, Cowdray House, Farnhill Hall, Hipswell Hall, Ightham Mote, Little Wenham Hall, Markenfield Hall and Walburn Hall.[29]
The list includes pele towers that became known as castles, or preserve a castle-like aspect. Many others, or their remains, survive much altered—incorporated in later country houses or farmhouses, and are excluded. Amongst these are: Aske Hall, Biddlestone RC Chapel, Bolling Hall, Bolton Old Hall, Boltongate Rectory, Causey Park House, Clennell Hall, Cliburn Hall, Corbridge Low Hall, Cowmire Hall, Craster Arms (Beadnell), Croglin Old Pele, Denton Hall, Dovenby Hall, Dunstan Hall, East Shaftoe Hall, Godmond Hall, Great Salkeld Rectory, Hardrigg Hall, Hepscott Hall, Hetton Hall, Hollin Hall, Hutton Hall (Penrith), Irton Hall, Johnby Hall, Killington Hall, Kirkoswald College, Levens Hall, Little Harle Tower, Nether Hall, Netherby Hall, Ormside Hall, Pockerley Pele, Preston Patrick Hall, Randalholme Hall, Rock Hall, Rudchester Hall, Sella Park, Selside Hall, Skelsmergh Hall, Smardale Hall, Thistlewood Farmhouse, Warnell Hall, Weetwood Hall and Witton Tower.[29]
In the post-medieval period, the distinction between true castles and later mock castles is blurred by the extent to which medieval castles were adapted and rebuilt. At Greystoke a new castle was built incorporating a medieval pele tower;[30] at Thurland a new castle was built from the ruins of the old;[31] at Belvoir the old castle was demolished and a new one built.[22] The building of mock castles might be seen as the logical conclusion of a process already apparent in castles such as Herstmonceux or Tattershall, where the castle-like aspect of the building was becoming more for show than for strength.[19]
Amongst post-medieval buildings in England that are known as castles, a few, such as Peckforton Castle, closely resemble medieval castles. Many others, such as Clearwell Castle, have some castle-like features, and some, like Mereworth Castle, bear no resemblance whatsoever to a castle. The list excludes buildings that neither look like castles, nor incorporate the remains of castles. Amongst these are Bolebroke Castle, Bovey Castle, Bruce Castle, Castle Ashby, Castle Howard, Clifton Castle, Highclere Castle, Mereworth Castle, New Wardour Castle, Sherborne Castle, Wentworth Castle, and Wisbech Castle.[32] Many other buildings with some castle-like features are also excluded. Amongst these are Acton Castle, Allerton Castle, Augill Castle, Avon Castle, Bell's Castle, Bolesworth Castle, Bude Castle, Castle Eden Castle, Castle Goring, Cave Castle, Cholmondeley Castle, Clearwell Castle, Cliffe Castle, Coates Castle, Creech Castle, Droskyn Castle, Edmond Castle, Enmore Castle, Ewell Castle, Farleigh Castle, Farley Castle, Fillingham Castle, Hatherop Castle, Headingley Castle, Highcliffe Castle, Hilfield Castle, Kenwith Castle, Kirby Knowle Castle, Knepp Castle, Luscombe Castle, Midford Castle, Mulgrave Castle, Otterburn Tower, Pentillie Castle, Reeve Castle, Ryde Castle, St. Clare Castle, Sibdon Castle, Sneaton Castle, Stanhope Castle, Studley Castle, Swinton Castle, The Citadel (Weston-under-Redcastle), Tregenna Castle, Vanbrugh Castle, Wadhurst Castle, Wattisham Castle, Whitehaven Castle, Whitstable Castle, Willersley Castle, and Willsbridge Castle.[32] Amongst those that have been demolished is Steephill Castle.
Script error: No such module "anchor".Artificial ruins and follies, often built as memorials or landscape features, are also excluded. Amongst these are Appley Tower, Black Castle, Bladon Castle, Blaise Castle, Bollitree Castle, Boston Castle, Braylsham Castle, Broadway Tower, Carr Hall Castle, Castlebourne, Clent Castle, Clopton Tower, Dinton Castle, Doyden Castle, Dunstall Castle, Durlston Castle, Fort Putnam, Hadlow Castle, Castle in Hagley Park Lawrence Castle, Long's Park Castle, Mow Cop Castle, Mowbray Castle, Pirton Castle, Radford Castle, Radway Tower, Ragged Castle (Badminton), Rivington Castle, Rodborough Fort, Ross Castle, Rothley Castle, Roundhay Castle, Sebergham Castle, Severndroog Castle, Shaldon Castle, Sham Castle (Bath), Sledmere Castle, Speedwell Castle, Stainborough Castle, Starlight Castle, Stowe Castle, Strattenborough Castle, Sundorne Castle, Toll House (Clevedon) and Wyke Castle.[32] Finally, the 16th-century Henrician Castles, whose design was closely inspired by medieval castles, are included, but later military fortifications—with just a few exceptions—are not.
However carefully the criteria for including a building or site on this list are set out, borderline cases are inevitable. Many buildings known to incorporate northern pele towers in their fabric, but are no longer castle-like—such as the Red Lion Tower in Haltwhistle—have been excluded. On the other hand, Corby Castle, in which a pele tower survives wholly encased in a later building,[33] is included because it is known as a castle, and by implication continued to fulfil the role of one, at least in part. Kimbolton Castle is included as the site of a medieval castle, and because the present mansion has a castellated aspect in deference to the medieval castle it replaced.
Key
| Key | |
|---|---|
| Accessible open space | Accessible open space |
| File:CL icon.svg | Castle open to the public |
| File:EH icon.svg | English Heritage |
| File:HH icon.svg | Historic House open to the public |
| File:Museum icon (red).svg | Museum |
| National Trust | National Trust |
| NGS | Private, grounds open under the National Gardens Scheme |
| Name | Usually the name of the surviving building, but not always—for instance the remains of the historic Bampton Castle were incorporated in a later building known as Ham Court |
| Type | Usually the type of castle represented by the predominant surviving fortified remains |
| Date | Usually the dates of the principal building works relating to the surviving remains |
| Condition | An indication as to what remains of the original castle structure |
| Image | The building or site as it currently exists |
| Ownership / Access |
Brief information relating to the current ownership or use of the site, an icon signifying that the site is frequently open to the public |
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Bedfordshire
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Someries Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Someries Castle.jpg | Template:Sort | Brick, unfinished, ruined gatehouse and chapel survive.[35] |
Berkshire
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Donnington Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Donnington Castle - geograph.org.uk - 35386.jpg | Template:Sort | Built by Richard Abberbury the Elder, destroyed during the English Civil War, gatehouse survives.[36] |
| Windsor Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Windsor Castle at Sunset - Nov 2006.jpg | Royal palace | Restored and extended by James Wyatt and Jeffry Wyattville, 1800–30.[37] |
Bristol
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Castles of which only vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
Buckinghamshire
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boarstall Tower | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Boarstall Tower - geograph.org.uk - 1062939.jpg | Template:Sort | Moated site, gatehouse survives, altered in the 16–17th centuries, converted to house 20th century.[38] |
Cambridgeshire
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buckden Palace | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Buckden Towers.jpg | Claretian conference centre | Renamed Buckden Towers, partly demolished and remnants incorporated with a 19th-century house.[39] |
| Elton Hall | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Elton Hall - geograph.org.uk - 1258739.jpg | Template:Sort | Gatehouse survives, incorporated in building of 1662–1689, remodelled and extended in the 18–19th centuries.[40] |
| Kimbolton Castle | Castellated house | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Kimbolton Castle 01.jpg | School | Site of medieval castle, rebuilt and later remodelled by Sir John Vanbrugh 1707–10.[41] |
| Kirtling Tower | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:A view of Kirtling Tower - geograph.org.uk - 525588.jpg | NGS | 16th-century gatehouse on supposed site of moated Saxon castle.[42] |
| Longthorpe Tower | Solar tower | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Longthorpe Tower1.jpg | Template:Sort | Elaborate scheme of domestic medieval wall paintings.[43] Only the tower is publicly accessible, while the hall is a private house. |
| Woodcroft Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Habitable fragment | File:WoodcroftCastle.jpg | Private | West range of original building survives, with alterations.[44] |
Cheshire
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beeston Castle | Enclosure castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Beeston Castle Gate.jpg | Template:Sort | Sited on crag high above Cheshire Plain, 19th-century outer gatehouse.[45] |
| Chester Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Agricola Tower, Chester Castle - geograph.org.uk - 675807.jpg | Template:Sort | Agricola tower sole feature of medieval castle to survive an 18th-century fire.[46] |
| Doddington Castle | Tower house | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:"Castle" in the park (cropped).jpg | Private | Also known as Delves Hall. Building at Risk.[47] |
| Halton Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Halton Castle - geograph.org.uk - 311820.jpg | Template:Sort Duchy of Lancaster |
Commanding position, 13th-century tower, 18th-century courthouse, folly of c. 1800.[48] |
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County Durham
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland Castle | Fortified palace | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Auckland Castle, Bishop Auckland - geograph.org.uk - 4826226.jpg | Template:SortJonathan Ruffer | The hall is the main survival of the medieval castle, former residence of the Bishop of Durham.[49] |
| Barnard Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Barnard Castle.jpg | Template:Sort | [50] Ruins of four enclosures and a round tower, built by the Balliol family. |
| Bowes Castle | Keep | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Bowes Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1158843.jpg | Template:Sort | Ruins of keep survive.[51] |
| Brancepeth Castle | Enclosure | Template:Sort | Reconstructed | File:Brancepeth Castle.jpg | Private | Substantial medieval portions, including 5 towers incorporated in 19th-century rebuilding.[52] |
| Durham Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Durham Castle - geograph.org.uk - 897762.jpg | University College, Durham | Much altered during continuous occupation since c. 1072.[53] |
| Lumley Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Lumley Castle 02.jpg | Hotel / Earl of Scarbrough | Altered c. 1580 and 1721.[54] |
| Mortham Tower | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Mortham Tower - geograph.org.uk - 1413899.jpg | Private | 15th-century tower, formerly in Yorkshire.[55] |
| Raby Castle | Enclosure | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Raby Castle - geograph.org.uk - 29645.jpg | Template:Sort Lord Barnard |
Altered in the 18–19th centuries.[56] |
| Raby Old Lodge | Tower house | Template:Sort | Restored | Holiday accommodation | Probably built as a hunting lodge for the Neville family of Raby Castle.[57] | |
| Scargill Castle | Tower house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Scargill Castle Farm - geograph.org.uk - 75574.jpg | Private, farm | Amongst farm buildings.[58] |
| Walworth Castle | Country house | Template:Sort | Restored | File:Walworth 001.jpg | Hotel | South-west tower and adjoining wall survive medieval castle within Elizabethan castle-like country house.[59] |
| Witton Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Restored | File:Witton Castle - geograph.org.uk - 307577.jpg | Caravan site | Extended in 1790–95. Used as a leisure centre for a caravan site.[60] |
Cornwall
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Cumbria
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Derbyshire
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Devon
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Dorset
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East Riding of Yorkshire
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| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paull Holme Tower | Tower House | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Paull Holme Tower 2.jpg | Private | Originally part of larger house, roofless.[173] |
| Skipsea Castle | Motte and Bailey | Template:Sort | Earthworks | File:Skipsea Castle - geograph.org.uk - 79788.jpg | Template:Sort | Well-preserved earthworks.[174] |
| Wressle Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Wressle Castle.jpg | Private, farm | South range remains, inhabited until gutted by fire in 1796.[175] |
East Sussex
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Essex
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist † Pleshey Castle is a good example of a motte-and-bailey castle: only earthworks and a medieval brick bridge remain.[183]
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colchester Castle | Tower keep | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Colchester-castle.jpg | Template:Sort Local authority |
Reduced in height in 17th century.[184] |
| Hadleigh Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Hadleigh Castle.jpg | Template:Sort | [185] |
| Hedingham Castle | Tower keep | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:The Keep at Castle Hedingham - geograph.org.uk - 30510.jpg | Template:Sort | Castle demolished in the 17th century except for keep, well-preserved interior despite fire of 1954.[186] |
| Walden Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Walden castle.jpg | Template:Sort | Remains of keep.[187] |
Gloucestershire
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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berkeley Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Berkeley Castle 03.jpg | Template:Sort | Largely unaltered until the 1920s, when interior modernised by 8th Earl of Berkeley.[188] |
| Beverstone Castle | Pentagonal castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Beverston Castle - geograph.org.uk - 148310.jpg | NGS | 17th-century house built within ruins.[189] |
| St. Briavel's Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Habitable | File:St Briavels Castle - geograph.org.uk - 520136.jpg | Template:Sort | Youth hostel.[190] |
| Sudeley Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Restored | File:Sudeley Castle view from garden Oct07.jpg | Template:Sort | Restored as a country house in the 19th century.[191] |
| Thornbury Castle | Fortified house | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Thornbury.castle.from.church.arp.750pix.jpg | Hotel | Restored in the 19th century.[192] |
Greater London
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Castles of which no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
The table does not include The White House, a replica of a Polish palace in London.[193]
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tower of London | Concentric castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Tower of London, April 2006.jpg | Historic Royal Palaces | White Tower built c. 1077–1100, curtain walls added in the 13th century, working portcullis.[194] |
| Manor Farm, Ruislip | Motte-and-bailey castle | 11th century | Earthworks | File:Motte and Bailey site Manor Farm Ruislip.JPG | Public access |
Greater Manchester
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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Radcliffe Tower | Tower house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Radcliffe tower hdr.jpg | Template:Sort Local authority |
Ruinous tower formerly incorporated in timber house.[195] |
Hampshire
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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
Herefordshire
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Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist † Ewyas Harold Castle is recorded in the Domesday Book and was probably built c. 1048.[205] Template:Sticky header
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Hertfordshire
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Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berkhamsted Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Berkhamsted Castle Jan 2007.jpg | Template:Sort | Double Moat.[221] Unoccupied since 1495.[222] |
| Hertford Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragments | File:Hertford Castle.jpg | Local authority | 15th-century gatehouse survives, altered and extended in the 18–20th centuries.[223] |
Isle of Wight
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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carisbrooke Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Carisbrooke Castle gate 2.jpg | Template:Sort | Refortified in the 1590s as artillery fortress, former seat of the Governor of the Isle of Wight.[224] |
| Norris Castle | Neo-romantic castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Norris Castle - East Cowes - geograph.org.uk - 545339.jpg | Private | Gothic Revival, by James Wyatt.[225] |
| Yarmouth Castle | Artillery fort | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Yarmouth Castle.JPG | Template:Sort | Altered in the 17th century.[226] |
| West Cowes Castle | Artillery fort | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Cowes iw esplanade cropped.jpg | Royal Yacht Squadron | Fragments of a 16th-century structure incorporated in a later building.[227] |
Isles of Scilly
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Castles of which only vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cromwell's Castle | Artillery tower | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Cromwell's Castle - Scilly - geograph.org.uk - 15726.jpg | Template:Sort | [228] |
| Star Castle | Artillery fort | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Star Castle - geograph.org.uk - 615094.jpg | Hotel | Important and complete example of Elizabethan fort.[229] |
Kent
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Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
Lancashire
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Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashton Hall | Tower house | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Ashton Hall, south tower - geograph.org.uk - 1674506.jpg | Lancaster Golf Club | Near Stodday, 14th-century tower incorporated into a later building.[260] |
| Borwick Hall | Pele tower | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Borwick Hall, Lancashire (geograph 2173255).jpg | Outdoor education centre | Incorporated in mainly 16th-century building.[261] |
| Clitheroe Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Clitheroe Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1100108.jpg | Template:Sort | [262] |
| Hornby Castle | Keep | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Hornby Castle, Lancashire (3).jpg | Private | Keep rebuilt early 16th century, incorporated into an 18–19th-century house.[263] |
| Lancaster Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Lancaster Castle Ashton Memorial.JPG | Template:Sort Local authority |
Prison from 1745, 20th-century Shire Hall replaced medieval buildings, now Crown Court.[264] |
| Thurland Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Geograph-1896885-by-Karl-and-Ali.jpg | Private apartments | Near Tunstall, ruins rebuilt in 1879–85.[31] |
| Turton Tower | Pele tower | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Turton Tower - geograph.org.uk - 1271895.jpg | Template:Sort | Incorporated in later building.[265] |
.jpg){kind=link}
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Leicestershire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ashby de la Zouch Castle | Keep | Template:Sort | Fragmentary ruins | File:Ashbycastle.JPG | Template:Sort | Fortified manor converted to castle in 1474, slighted during English Civil War.[266] |
| Belvoir Castle | Neo-romantic castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Belvoir Castle Leicestershire.jpg | Template:Sort Duke of Rutland |
Rebuilt in 1655–68 incorporating fragments of medieval castle, remodelled in 1801–30.[22] |
| Kirby Muxloe Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Fragmentary ruins | File:Kirby Muxloe 2.jpg | Template:Sort | Unfinished.[267] |
| Leicester Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragments | File:Leicester Castle Yard south gateway.jpg | Template:Sort Local authority |
Great hall survives, much altered.[268] |
Lincolnshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist † Goltho Castle was built on the site of a Saxon fortified dwelling of c. 850, established by excavation.[269]
Merseyside
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brimstage Hall | Tower house | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Brimstage Hall - geograph.org.uk - 405620.jpg | Crafts centre | Tower incorporated in later building of 16th and 19th centuries.[279] |
Norfolk
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist † The surviving motte of Thetford Castle is one of the highest in England,[280] about Template:Convert high.[281]
Northamptonshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist † Fotheringhay Castle was the scene of the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587.[291]
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astwell Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Astwell castle, Northhamptonshire.jpg | Private, farm | Gatehouse survives alongside a 17th-century house.[292] |
| Barnwell Castle | Enclosure castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Barnwell Castle - Strictly private (geograph 4770702).jpg | Private | Curtain wall and towers survive, possibly never completed.[293] |
| Rockingham Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Rockingham Castle entrance.jpg | Template:Sort | 13th century gatehouse survives, largely rebuilt in the 16th century, remodelled in 1660 and by Anthony Salvin in 19th century.[294] |
| Thorpe Waterville Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Thorpewatervillecastle.jpg | Private | Great hall with fine open roof survives, altered for use as a barn.[295] |
.jpg){kind=link}
Northumberland
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
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North Yorkshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
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.jpg){kind=link}
Nottinghamshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Halloughton Manor House | Pele tower | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Halloughton Village - geograph.org.uk - 40839.jpg | Private | Attached to later building.[378] |
| Newark Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Newark Castle, 06-2013 (9).jpg | Template:Sort / Newark District Council | Gatehouse, part of curtain wall and a tower remain.[379] |
| Nottingham Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Nottingham Castle Gate 2009.jpg | Template:Sort Nottingham City Council |
Demolished in 1651, later mansion on site, a much-restored 14th-century gatehouse remains.[380] |
.jpg){kind=link}
Oxfordshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bampton Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:BamptonCastle.jpg | Private | Parts of gatehouse and curtain wall survive in later house, Ham Court.[381] |
| Broughton Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Broughton Castle entrance - geograph.org.uk - 1464252.jpg | Template:Sort | Remodelled in the 15–18th centuries.[382] |
| Hanwell Castle | Castellated house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Hanwell Castle Geograph-2517778-by-Ian-Rob.jpg | Private | Large surviving tower of unfortified building.[383] |
| Oxford Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Tidmarsh Lane - geograph.org.uk - 1621185 cropped.jpg | Hotel | Motte and the unusual, possibly Saxon, St. George's Tower.[384] |
| Rotherfield Greys Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Tower and ruined wall, Grey's Court.jpg | Template:Sort | Towers and section of wall survive, close to Greys Court.[385] |
| Shirburn Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Shirburn-cropped.jpg | Private | Originally stone, largely rebuilt in brick c. 1720, remodelled in the 19th century.[386] |
| Wallingford Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Wallingford castle ruins.jpg | Template:Sort | Slighted in 1652, impressive earthworks remain.[387] |
Rutland
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oakham Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Oakham Castle.jpg | Template:Sort / Rutland County Council | Aisled great hall built in 1180–1190 survives.[388] |
Shropshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
.jpg){kind=link}
Somerset
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
South Yorkshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conisbrough Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Conisbrough Castle Doncaster winter time.jpg | Template:Sort | Cylindrical keep, castle ruinous before English Civil War, so escaped slighting.[416] |
| Tickhill Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Tickhill Castle.JPG | Duchy of Lancaster | Ruined gatehouse and parts of curtain walls remain.[417] |
Staffordshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]
Template:Flatlist[418] Template:Sticky header
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alton Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Alton Castle.jpg | Youth centre | Cliff-top position, site partly occupied by a 19th-century building.[419] |
| Caverswall Castle | Enclosure castle | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Caverswall Castle.jpg | Private | Moated, walls and towers reduced in height, a 17th-century mansion built within.[420] |
| Chartley Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Chartley Castle ruins 2.jpg | Private | Altered in 13th century to form enclosure castle, abandoned by 1485.[421] |
| Eccleshall Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:EccleshallCastle.jpg | Private | Remains partly incorporated into house of c. 1695, rebuilt in the 19th century.[422] |
| Stafford Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Earthworks | File:Stafford Castle 2.jpg | Template:Sort / Stafford Borough Council | Medieval keep partly rebuilt in the 19th century, then partly demolished.[423] |
| Stourton Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Stourton Castle - geograph.org.uk - 196085.jpg | Private | Remains incorporated in later buildings.[424] |
| Tamworth Castle | Shell keep | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Tamworth Castle 343714.jpg | Template:Sort Local authority |
Largely rebuilt in the 16–18th centuries.[425] |
| Tutbury Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary ruins | File:The entrance to Tutbury Castle - geograph.org.uk - 632661.jpg | Template:Sort | Slighted in 1647–48, a 19th-century folly stands on the motte.[426] |
Suffolk
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
Surrey
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farnham Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Farnham Castle keep.jpg | Template:Sort | Shell keep replaced earlier keep part buried, part remodelled in the 17th century.[434] |
| Guildford Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Guildford castle 1.jpg | Template:Sort Local authority |
Tower keep survives, roofless since c. 17th century.[435] |
Tyne and Wear
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little remains include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hylton Castle | Tower house | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Hylton Castle.jpg | Template:Sort | Large gatehouse tower, incorporated into an 18th-century house, since demolished.[436] |
| Newcastle Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Restored | File:Black Gate and Keep - Newcastle Upon Tyne - geograph.org.uk - 514240.jpg | Template:Sort / Newcastle City Council | Keep and gatehouse survive.[437] |
| Old Hollinside | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Old Hollinside - geograph.org.uk - 853962.jpg | On slope overlooking River Derwent.[438] | |
| Ravensworth Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Ravensworth Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1558897.jpg | Private | Two towers of medieval castle survive, amidst ruins of later building. Building at Risk.[439] |
| Tynemouth Castle | Enclosure castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Tynemouth Castle1.jpg | Template:Sort | Built to enclose and protect the priory, modified as artillery castle 16th century.[440] |
Warwickshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astley Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Shell | File:Astley Castle - geograph.org.uk - 480702.jpg | Landmark Trust | Altered 15–19th centuries, hotel prior to fire in 1978. Modern living space constructed within shell, winner of Stirling Prize 2013.[441] |
| Kenilworth Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Kenilworth Castle gatehouse landscape.jpg | Template:Sort | Altered in the 16th century, slighted in 1650.[442] |
| Maxstoke Castle | Quadrangular castle | Template:Sort | Substantially intact | File:Maxstoke Castle, 2010.jpg | NGS | Moated, domestic buildings of 15–19th centuries within curtain walls.[443] |
| Warwick Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:WarwickCastle FromStMarysChurch 2.jpg | Template:Sort | Guy's tower rises Template:Convert, 17th-century residential block, remodelled by Anthony Salvin after fire.[444] |
West Midlands
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dudley Castle | Keep and bailey | 700 AD or 1070/1 | Ruins | File:Dudley Castle -England-8.jpg | Template:Sort Dudley Zoo |
Slighted in 1647, then rebuilt and inhabited until destroyed by fire in 1750, partly restored in the 19th century.[445] |
West Sussex
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amberley Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Partly habitable | File:Amberley castle.jpg | Hotel | Remodelled in the 16th century and later, incorporates a 12th-century manor, working portcullis.[446] |
| Arundel Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Heavily restored | File:Arundel, the castle from the southeast - geograph.org.uk - 479538.jpg | Template:Sort Duke of Norfolk |
Remodelled in 1791–1815 and 1890–1903.[447] |
| Bramber Castle | Keep and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Bramber Castle from Bramber churchyard.jpg | Template:Sort | Commanding position, earthworks and fragment of wall remain.[448] |
| Halnaker House | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Halnaker House.jpg | Private | Altered in the 18th century, fell into ruin 1880s, replaced by later house of same name.[449] |
| (Old) Knepp Castle | Keep and motte | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Knepp Castle 5.jpg | Private | 11th century motte, with keep added in 1214. Mostly demolished in 1726.[450] |
West Yorkshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dobroyd Castle | Sham Castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Dobroyd Castle, Todmorden - geograph.org.uk - 94344.jpg | Activity centre | By John Gibson.[451] |
| Harewood Castle | Tower house | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Harewood Castle.jpg | Private | Shell of tower, substantially intact, within Harewood House estate.[452] |
| Pontefract Castle | Enclosure castle | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Pontefract Castle Keep1.jpg | Template:Sort Local authority |
Royal castle, withstood three sieges during English Civil War, afterwards dismantled.[453] |
| Sandal Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:SandalCastleMotte.jpg | Template:Sort | Well-preserved earthworks, excavated site with visitor centre.[454] |
Wiltshire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Devizes Castle | Neo-romantic castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Entrance, Devizes Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1022978.jpg | Private apartments | Present building begun 1842 on site of important medieval castle built in 1080.[455] |
| Longford Castle | Sham castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Longford Castle rear.jpg | Earl of Radnor | Remodelled in the 18th century.[456] |
| Ludgershall Castle | Ringwork | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Ludgershall Castle - geograph.org.uk - 218171.jpg | Template:Sort | Remains of a tower and extensive earthworks.[457] |
| Old Sarum Castle | Motte and bailey | Template:Sort | Fragmentary remains | File:Old Sarum Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1188552.jpg | Template:Sort | On site of Iron Age hill fort.[458] |
| Old Wardour Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Ruins | File:Old Wardour Castle, Wiltshire - geograph.org.uk - 1758573.jpg | Template:Sort | Remodelled in the 16–17th centuries, superseded by Palladian building known as New Wardour Castle.[459] |
Worcestershire
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Castles of which only earthworks remain include:[2] Template:Flatlist
| Name | Type | Date | Condition | Image | Ownership / Access | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caldwall Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:Caldwell Tower, Kidderminster (cropped).jpg | Private | Single surviving tower, in Kidderminster, Caldwall or Caldwell.[460] |
| Hartlebury Castle | Fortified manor house | Template:Sort | Rebuilt | File:Hartlebury Castle - geograph.org.uk - 419175.jpg | Template:Sort Church of England |
15th-century remains incorporated in later buildings, residence of Bishop of Worcester until 2007, houses Worcestershire County Museum.[461] |
| Holt Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Intact | File:Holt castle 850843 62546082.jpg | Wedding venue | Medieval tower incorporated in later buildings.[462] |
| Worcester Castle | Castle | Template:Sort | Fragment | File:The Edgar Tower, Worcester - geograph.org.uk - 503034.jpg | Church of England | Edgar Tower, now the entrance to College Green, may incorporate the remains of a castle gatehouse.[463] |
.jpg){kind=link}
See also
- Military history of the United Kingdom
- Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
- List of castles in Ireland
- Castles in Scotland
- Castles in the Isle of Man
- List of castles in Wales
- List of castles
References
- Key to sources
- BLB – British Listed Buildings website (retrieved March 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
- PSC – Pastscape website (retrieved September 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
Bibliography
- Blair, John (1998) Anglo-Saxon Oxfordshire London: Sutton. Template:ISBN.
- Brown, R. Allen (1962) English Castles London: Batsford. Template:ISBN.
- Creighton, Oliver (2002) Castles and Landscapes London: Continuum. Template:ISBN.
- Elton, Geoffrey R. (1991) England Under the Tudors London: Routledge. Template:ISBN.
- Emery, Anthony (1996) Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Volume 1, Northern England Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN
- Harrington, Peter (2007) The Castles of Henry VIII Oxford: Osprey. Template:ISBN.
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Higham, Robert; Barker, Philip (1992) Timber Castles London: Batsford. Template:ISBN.
- Impey, Edward; Parnell, Geoffrey (2000) The Tower of London: The Official Illustrated History Merrell Publishers in association with Historic Royal Palaces. Template:ISBN.
- King, D.J. Cathcart (1983) Castellarium Anglicanum: An Index and Bibliography of the Castles in England, Wales and the Islands London: Kraus International Publications Template:ISBN.
- King, D.J. Cathcart (1988) The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History London: Croom Helm. Template:ISBN.
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Template:Open access
- Thompson, Michael (1987) The Decline of the Castle Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.
External links
Template:Architecture of England Template:List of castles in EuropeTemplate:Châteaux
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.16.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw King (1983).
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.24.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.43.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.50.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.84
- ↑ Higham & Barker (1992), pp.194–198.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.95.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.221.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.129.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.131.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.172.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.15.
- ↑ Elton (1991), p.154.
- ↑ Harrington (2007), p.8.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.128.
- ↑ Harrington (2007), p.2.
- ↑ a b "Pendennis Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ a b Brown (1962), p.146.
- ↑ Creighton & Higham (2003), p.64.
- ↑ a b "Bamburgh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ a b c "Belvoir Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Thompson (1987), pp.161–163.
- ↑ Impey & Parnell (2000), pp.118–121.
- ↑ "Peckforton Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ Renn (1984) pp.277–278. See King (1988), p.173 for how some people criticised the inclusion of Henry VIII's artillery forts in King's index of castles, Castellarium Anglicanum.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b "Portchester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Greystoke Castle " Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ a b "Thurland Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b "Corby Castle " Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bedford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Someries Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Donnington Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Windsor Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Boarstall Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Buckden Palace" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Elton Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kimbolton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kirtling Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Longthorpe Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Woodcroft Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Beeston Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Chester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Delves Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Halton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Auckland Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Barnard Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bowes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brancepeth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Durham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lumley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Mortham Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Raby Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lambton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Scargill Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Walworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Witton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Caerhays Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Carn Brea Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ince Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Launceston Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pengersick Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Place House" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Restormel Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "St. Catherine's Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "St. Mawes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "St. Michael's Mount" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tintagel Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Trematon Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Appleby Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Armathwaite Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Arnside Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Askerton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Beetham Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bewcastle Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bewley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Blencow Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brackenburgh Old Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brackenhill Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Branthwaite Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brough Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brougham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brougham Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Broughton Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Burneside Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Carlisle Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Catterlen Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Clifton Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cockermouth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dacre Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dalston Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dalton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Drawdykes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Drumburgh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Gleaston Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Greystoke Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Harbybrow Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hayton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hazelslack Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Howgill Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hutton-in-the-Forest" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hutton John" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ingmire Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Isel Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kendal Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kentmere Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kirkandrews Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Linstock Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Middleton Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Millom Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Muncaster Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Naworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Newbiggin Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pendragon Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Penrith Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Piel Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Prior's Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Rose Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Scaleby Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sizergh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ubarrow Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wharton Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Whitehall, Allhallows" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ Emery (1996), p.256.
- ↑ "Workington Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wraysholme Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Yanwath Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bolsover Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Codnor Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Elvaston Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Haddon Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Mackworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Peveril Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Riber Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Wingfield Manor" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Higham (1988), p.143.
- ↑ "Affeton Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Berry Pomeroy Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bickleigh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Compton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dartmouth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Castle Drogo" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Gidleigh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hemyock Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kingswear Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lydford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Marisco Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Okehampton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Plympton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Powderham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Rougemont Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Salcombe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tiverton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Totnes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Watermouth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brownsea Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Christchurch Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Corfe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lulworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pennsylvania Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Portland Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Rufus Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Template:NHLE
- ↑ "Sherborne Old Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Woodsford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Paull Holme Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Skipsea Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wressle Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bodiam Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Camber Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hastings Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Herstmonceux Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lewes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pevensey Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ypres Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pleshey Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Colchester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hadleigh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hedingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Walden Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Berkeley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Beverstone Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "St. Briavel's Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sudeley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Thornbury Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "White Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Radcliffe Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Calshot Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hurst Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Netley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Odiham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Southampton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Southsea Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Winchester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wolvesey Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ewyas Harold Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brampton Bryan Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Clifford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Croft Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Downton Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Eastnor Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Goodrich Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hampton Court" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kentchurch Court" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kinnersley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Longtown Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pembridge Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Snodhill Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Treago Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wigmore Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wilton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Berkhamsted Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hertford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Carisbrooke Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Norris Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Yarmouth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "West Cowes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cromwell's Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Star Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Allington Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Canterbury Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Chiddingstone Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Chilham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cooling Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Deal Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dover Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Eynsford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hever Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kingsgate Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Leeds Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Leybourne Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lullingstone Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lympne Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Otford Palace 1" Template:Webarchive "Otford Palace 2" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Penshurst Place" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.69.
- ↑ "Rochester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "St. Leonard's Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Saltwood Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sandgate Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Scotney Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sissinghurst Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Starkey Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Stone Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sutton Valence Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tonbridge Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Upnor Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Walmer Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Westenhanger Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ashton Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Borwick Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Clitheroe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hornby Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lancaster Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Turton Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ashby de la Zouch Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kirby Muxloe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Leicester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Goltho Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bolingbroke Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Grimsthorpe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hussey Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kyme Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lincoln Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Rochford Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Somerton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tattershall Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Torksey Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Brimstage Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Brown (1962), p.59.
- ↑ "Thetford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Baconsthorpe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Burgh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Caister Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Castle Acre Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Castle Rising Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Claxton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Norwich Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Oxburgh Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Weeting Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Fotheringhay Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Astwell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Barnwell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Rockingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Thorpe Waterville Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Alnham Vicars Pele" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Alnwick Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Aydon Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Barmoor Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Beaufront Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bellister Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Belsay Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Berwick Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bitchfield Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Blenkinsop Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bothal Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bywell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Callaly Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cartington Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Chillingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Chipchase Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cocklaw Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cockle Park Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Corbridge Vicar's Pele" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Coupland Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Craster Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Crawley Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cresswell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dilston Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dunstanburgh Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Edlingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Elsdon Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Embleton Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Etal Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Featherstone Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Halton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Harbottle Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Haughton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hexham Moot Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hexham Old Gaol" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Horsley Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Langley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lemmington Hall" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Lindisfarne Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Mitford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Morpeth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Norham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Preston Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Prior Castell's Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Prudhoe Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Shilbottle Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Shortflatt Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Thirlwall Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Warkworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Whittingham Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Whitton Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ayton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Barden Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bolton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cawood Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Clifford's Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Crayke Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Danby Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Gilling Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hazlewood Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hellifield Peel" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Helmsley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hornby Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Knaresborough Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Marmion Tower" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Middleham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Old Mulgrave Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Nappa Hall" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Pickering Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ravensworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Richmond Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ripley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Scarborough Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sheriff Hutton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Skelton Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Skipton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Snape Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "South Cowton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Spofforth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Whorlton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wilton Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Halloughton Manor House" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Newark Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Nottingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bampton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Broughton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hanwell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Blair (1998), p.137.
- ↑ "Greys Court" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Shirburn Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wallingford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Oakham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Acton Burnell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Alberbury Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bridgnorth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Broncroft Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Cheney Longville Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Clun Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hopton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ludlow Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Moreton Corbet Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Quatford Castle" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Red Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Rowton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Shrewsbury Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Stokesay Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wattlesborough Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Whittington Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Banwell Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Buildings of England, Somerset: South & West (1958) Template:ISBN.
- ↑ "Dunster Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Farleigh Hungerford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Newton St Loe" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Nunney Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Stogursey Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sutton Court" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Taunton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Walton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wells Bishop's Palace" Template:Webarchive BLB.
- ↑ "Conisbrough Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tickhill Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Alton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Caverswall Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Chartley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Eccleshall Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Stafford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Stourton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tamworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tutbury Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bungay Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Clare Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Eye Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Framlingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Mettingham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Orford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Wingfield Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Farnham Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Guildford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hylton Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Newcastle Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Old Hollinside" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ravensworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Tynemouth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Astley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Kenilworth Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Maxstoke Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Warwick Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Dudley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Amberley Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Arundel Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Bramber Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Halnaker House" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ "Dobroyd Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Harewood Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Pontefract Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Sandal Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Devizes Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Longford Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Ludgershall Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Old Sarum Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Old Wardour Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Caldwall Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Hartlebury Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Holt Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.
- ↑ "Worcester Castle" Template:Webarchive PSC.