List of animals by number of neurons

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The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence.^[1] The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex.^[2]^[1]

Neuron counts constitute an important source of insight on the topic of neuroscience and intelligence: the question of how the evolution of a set of components and parameters (~10¹¹ neurons, ~10¹⁴ synapses) of a complex system leads to the phenomenon of intelligence.^[3]

Overview

Neurons are the cells that transmit information in an animal's nervous system so that it can sense stimuli from its environment and behave accordingly. Not all animals have neurons; Trichoplax and sponges lack nerve cells altogether.

Neurons may be packed to form structures such as the brain of vertebrates or the neural ganglions of insects.

The number of neurons and their relative abundance in different parts of the brain is a determinant of neural function and, consequently, of behavior.

Whole nervous system

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All numbers for neurons (except Caenorhabditis and Ciona), and all numbers for synapses (except Ciona) are estimations.

Name	Neurons in the brain & whole nervous system	Synapses	Details	Image	Source
Sponge	0			File:Sponge.JPG	^[4]
Trichoplax	0		Despite no nervous system, it exhibits coordinated feeding and response behaviors.^[5]	File:Trichoplax mic.jpg	^[6]
Asplanchna brightwellii (rotifer)	Template:Nts		Brain only	File:Rotifera (Genusː Philodina) - 40X view.jpg	^[7]
Tardigrade	Template:Nts		Brain only	File:SEM image of Milnesium tardigradum in active state - journal.pone.0045682.g001-2.png	^[8]
Ciona intestinalis larva (sea squirt)	Template:Nts	Template:Nts (central nervous system only)		File:Cionaintestinalis.jpg	^[9] ^[10]
Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm)	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	First organism with its whole connectome (neuronal "wiring diagram") completed.^[11]^[12]^[13]	File:Adult Caenorhabditis elegans.jpg	^[14]
Starfish	Template:Nts		ring of neurons surrounding the mouth	File:Fromia monilis (Seastar).jpg	Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Hydra vulgaris (fresh-water polyp)	Template:Nts			File:Hydra biology.jpg	^[15]
Megaphragma mymaripenne	Template:Nts			File:Megaphragma mymaripenne-SEM (cropped-B).tif	^[16]
Box jellyfish	Template:Nts–Template:Nts		Adult Tripedalia cystophora (8 mm diameter) Does not include 1000 neurons in each of the four rhopalia	File:Tripedalia-cystophora.png	^[17]
Medicinal leech	Template:Nts			File:Svømmende blodigle.JPG	^[18]
Pond snail	Template:Nts			File:Lymnaea stagnalis.JPG	^[19]
Sea slug	Template:Nts			File:Aplysia californica.jpg	^[20]
Amphioxus	Template:Nts		central nervous system only	File:Branchiostoma lanceolatum.jpg	^[21] ^[22]
Larval zebrafish	Template:Nts			File:Zebrafish embryos.png	^[23]
Fruit fly	Template:Nts		Another organism with the connectome mapped, 139,255 neurons in the female brain^[24] and ~20,000 neurons in the ventral nerve cord.^[25]	File:Drosophila melanogaster - side (aka).jpg	^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]
Wandering spider	Template:Nts			File:Cupiennius salei, Juvenile.jpg	^[29]
Calliopsis (bee)	Template:Nts			File:Calliopsis edwardsii, right, Broward co, Florida 2017-08-03-11.25 (36396361693).jpg	^[30]
Ant	Template:Nts		Varies per species	File:Ant head closeup.jpg	^[31]
Perdita (bee)	Template:Nts				^[30]
Melissodes	Template:Nts				^[30]
Bombus impatiens	Template:Nts			File:Bombus impatiens male.jpg	^[30]
Western honey bee	Template:Nts			File:Western honey bee grazing.jpg	^[30]
Honey bee	Template:Nts	Template:Nts		File:Bees Collecting Pollen 2004-08-14.jpg	^[32]
Cockroach	Template:Nts			File:Cockroach.jpg	^[33]
Coconut crab	Template:Nts		c. 1,000,000 interneurons are dedicated to analysing olfactory input alone.		^[34]
California carpenter bee	Template:Nts			File:Female California carpenter bee 1.jpg	^[30]
Steudner's dwarf gecko	Template:Nts			File:Tropiocolotes steudneri 1.jpeg	^[35]
Brown anole	Template:Nts			File:Cuban brown anole (Anolis sagrei sagrei) juvenile.JPG	^[35]
Mochlus sundevallii	Template:Nts			File:Sundevall's Writhing Skink (Mochlus sundevallii subsp. sundevallii).jpg	^[35]
Peloponnese slowworm	Template:Nts			File:Benny Trapp Anguis cephallonicus.jpg	^[35]
Common house gecko	Template:Nts			File:Common House Gecko with open mouth, in Laos.jpg	^[35]
Takydromus sexlineatus	Template:Nts			File:Takydromus sexlineatus W009a.jpg	^[35]
Anolis cristatellus	Template:Nts			File:Anolis cristatellus in Picard, Dominica-2012 02 15 0349.jpg	^[36]
Papua snake lizard	Template:Nts				^[35]
Guppy	Template:Nts			File:Guppy.jpg	^[37]
Natal Midlands dwarf chameleon	Template:Nts			File:Natalmidlandsdwarfchameleon.jpg	^[35]
Acontias percivali	Template:Nts			File:Acontias percivali.jpeg	^[35]
Sand lizard	Template:Nts			File:Lacerta agilis female 2013 G2.jpg	^[35]
Ocelot gecko	Template:Nts			File:Paroeudura Picta.jpg	^[38]
Darevskia raddei	Template:Nts			File:Darevskia raddei.jpeg	^[35]
Anolis evermanni	Template:Nts				^[36]
Echis carinatus	Template:Nts			File:Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN8792 (1).jpg	^[35]
Cerastes cerastes	Template:Nts			File:Hornviper Cerastes cerastes.jpg	^[35]
Tenerife gecko	Template:Nts			File:Tarentola delalandii.jpg	^[35]
Draco sumatranus	Template:Nts			File:Draco sumatranus.jpg	^[35]
Blue-throated keeled lizard	Template:Nts			File:Blue-throated keeled lizard (Dalmatian algyroides). Algyroides nigropunctatus (44191025654).jpg	^[35]
Crested gecko	Template:Nts			File:Baby crested gecko.jpg	^[35]
Lacerta strigata	Template:Nts			File:Пара полосатых ящериц.jpg	^[35]
San Francisco garter snake	Template:Nts			File:Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia (2005 10 16) - uitsnede.jpg	^[35]
Red-eyed crocodile skink	Template:Nts			File:Red-Eyed Crocodile Skink.jpg	^[35]
Emoia cyanura	Template:Nts			File:Emoia cyanura.jpg	^[35]
East African spiny-tailed lizard	Template:Nts			File:East African spiny-tailed lizard (Cordylus tropidosternum).jpg	^[35]
Chalcides ocellatus	Template:Nts			File:Chalcides ocellatus MNHN.jpg	^[35]
Cylindrophis ruffus	Template:Nts			File:Cyl ruffus 061212 2021 tdp.jpg	^[35]
Cat gecko	Template:Nts			File:Aeluroscalabotes felinus.jpg	^[35]
Aspidoscelis deppii	Template:Nts			File:Aspidoscelis deppii.jpeg	^[35]
Brown water snake	Template:Nts			File:Brown Water Snake.jpg	^[35]
Aspidelaps lubricus	Template:Nts			File:Cape Coral Snake, Aspidelaps lubricus, RsDSC 0417.jpg	^[35]
Scincus scincus	Template:Nts			File:Scincus scincus on glass particles.png	^[35]
Montivipera xanthina	Template:Nts			File:Benny Trapp Montivipera xanthina.jpg	^[35]
Hispaniolan curlytail lizard	Template:Nts			File:Leiocephalus schreibersii Prague Zoo.jpg	^[35]
Sceloporus malachiticus	Template:Nts			File:Green Spiny Lizard (Sceloporus malachiticus) - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg	^[35]
Crotalus durissus	Template:Nts			File:Crotalus durissus terrificus (mounted).JPG	^[35]
Agama agama	Template:Nts			File:Common Agama (Agama agama) male (7609816076).jpg	^[35]
Agama aculeata	Template:Nts			File:Ground Agama (Agama aculeata).jpg	^[35]
Gekko kuhli	Template:Nts			File:Kuhl's Flying Gecko (Ptychozoon kuhli) (8744025989).jpg	^[35]
Leopard gecko	Template:Nts			File:Eublepharis macularius 2009 G6.jpg	^[35]
Latastia longicaudata	Template:Nts			File:Latastia longicaudata (Wroclaw zoo)-1.JPG	^[35]
Razor-backed musk turtle	Template:Nts			File:Sternotherus carinatus by LA Dawson.jpg	^[35]
Greek tortoise	Template:Nts			File:Testudo graeca at Dibbeen2.JPG	^[35]
Phelsuma grandis	Template:Nts			File:Madagascar giant day gecko (Phelsuma grandis) Nosy Komba.jpg	^[35]
Acanthocercus atricollis	Template:Nts			File:Southern Tree Agama (Acanthocercus atricollis) (6002525679).jpg	^[35]
Tokay gecko	Template:Nts			File:Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) adult male and juvenile.jpg	^[35]
Russian tortoise	Template:Nts			File:Testudo horsefieldii.jpg	^[35]
Marginated tortoise	Template:Nts			File:Testudo marginata.JPG	^[35]
Psammophis elegans	Template:Nts				^[35]
Xenopeltis unicolor	Template:Nts			File:Sunbeam Snake (Xenopeltis unicolor) (7121228691).jpg	^[35]
Zonosaurus Karsteni	Template:Nts			File:Zonosaurus karsteni.jpg	^[35]
Oplurus quadrimaculatus	Template:Nts			File:Duméril's Madagascar swift (Oplurus quadrimaculatus) Isalo.jpg	^[35]
Malagasy giant chameleon	Template:Nts			File:Oustalet's chameleon (Furcifer oustaleti) female.jpg	^[35]
Ahaetulla prasina	Template:Nts			File:Ahaetulla prasina, oriental whipsnake - Kaeng Krachan National Park (15895767306).jpg	^[35]
Dasia olivacea	Template:Nts			File:Dasia olivacea.jpg	^[35]
Adult zebrafish	Template:Nts		cells (neurons + other)	File:Zebrafisch.jpg	^[39]
Timon tangitanus	Template:Nts			File:Lacertidae - Timon tangitanus.JPG	^[35]
Corn snake	Template:Nts			File:CornSnake.jpg	^[35]
Acanthosaura capra	Template:Nts			File:Acanthosaura capra, Zoo Prague.jpg	^[35]
Gallotia galloti	Template:Nts			File:Gallotia galloti LC0211.jpg	^[35]
Eutropis multifasciata	Template:Nts			File:Common sun skink (Eutropis multifasciata).jpg	^[35]
Rainbow boa	Template:Nts			File:Rainbow boa (Epicrates cenchria) coiled around a branch.jpg	^[35]
East African black mud turtle	Template:Nts			File:Pelusios subniger.jpg	^[35]
Indochinese spitting cobra	Template:Nts			File:Naja-siamensis-indochinese-spitting-cobra-southwest-thailand.jpg	^[35]
Cyrtodactylus irianjayaensis	Template:Nts				^[35]
Uromastyx ornata	Template:Nts			File:Uromastyx ornata.JPG	^[35]
Yellow-throated plated lizard	Template:Nts			File:Yellow-throated Plated Lizard (Gerrhosaurus flavigularis) (14033889705), crop.jpg	^[35]
Meller's chameleon	Template:Nts			File:Mellers.chameleon.bristol.zoo.arp.jpg	^[35]
Twist-necked turtle	Template:Nts			File:Twist-neck Turtle (Platemys platycephala) (10358928446).jpg	^[35]
Western whiptail	Template:Nts			File:Aspidoscelis tigris-1.jpg	^[35]
Gehyra vorax	Template:Nts			File:Gehyra vorax.jpg	^[35]
White-lipped mud turtle	Template:Nts				^[35]
Painted wood turtle	Template:Nts			File:Rhinoclemmys Pulcherrima Bebé 1.jpg	^[35]
Sheltopusik	Template:Nts			File:Pseudopus apodus01.jpg	^[35]
Standing's day gecko	Template:Nts			File:Phelsuma-standingi.jpg	^[35]
Common snapping turtle	Template:Nts			File:Common snapping turtle - Chelydra serpentina.jpg	^[35]
Painted turtle	Template:Nts			File:Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta picta) (49866261538) (cropped).jpg	^[35]
Ocellated lizard	Template:Nts			File:Timon lepidus.jpg	^[35]
Oplurus cuvieri	Template:Nts			File:Oplurus Cuvieri Kirindy Madagascar.jpg	^[35]
African spurred tortoise	Template:Nts			File:African Spurred Tortoise in Toronto.jpg	^[35]
Boa imperator	Template:Nts			File:Boa constrictor imperator.jpg	^[35]
Red-eared slider	Template:Nts			File:Trachemys scripta elegans partially submerged.jpg	^[35]
Plumed basilisk	Template:Nts			File:Corytophanidae Basiliscus plumifrons 4.jpg	^[35]
Red-bellied short-necked turtle	Template:Nts			File:Emydura subglobosa lateral.jpg	^[35]
Frog	Template:Nts			File:Magnificent tree frog (Litoria splendida) crop.jpg	^[40]
Corallus hortulana	Template:Nts			File:Corallushortulanus.png	^[35]
Blue-tongued skink	Template:Nts			File:Tiliqua scincoides (White, 1790).jpg	^[35]
Gran Canaria giant lizard	Template:Nts			File:GallotiaStehlini.jpg	^[35]
Chinese water dragon	Template:Nts			File:Chinese Water Dragon (Physignathus cocincinus) - Khao Yai National Park - 1.jpg	^[35]
Chlamydosaurus	Template:Nts			File:Chlamydosaurus kingii 01.jpg	^[35]
Northern snake-necked turtle	Template:Nts			File:Chelodina oblonga gnangarra.JPG	^[35]
Spiny-tailed monitor	Template:Nts			File:Varanus acanthurus25.JPG	^[35]
Boa constrictor	Template:Nts			File:Boa constrictor, Vaňkovka, Brno (2).jpg	^[35]
Ameiva ameiva	Template:Nts			File:Giant ameiva (Ameiva atrigularis).jpg	^[35]
Chinese softshell turtle	Template:Nts			File:Pelodiscus sinensis 02.jpg	^[35]
Amboina box turtle	Template:Nts			File:Zolw sundajski - Cuora amboinensis - Zoo Warszawa.JPG	^[35]
Alligator snapping turtle	Template:Nts			File:Alligator snapping turtle.jpg	^[35]
Yellow anaconda	Template:Nts			File:Yellow Anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) (48292380166).jpg	^[35]
Mexican beaded lizard	Template:Nts			File:Heloderma exasperatum exposé au Palais de la Découverte en août 2019.jpg	^[35]
Major skink	Template:Nts			File:Major Skink (Egernia frerei) (9951680974).jpg	^[35]
Sudan plated lizard	Template:Nts			File:Gerrhosaurus major.jpg	^[35]
Mata mata	Template:Nts				^[35]
Naked mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Naked Mole rat baby.jpg	^[41]
Weber's sailfin lizard	Template:Nts			File:Hydrosaurus weberi - Ménagerie du jardin des plantes - Paris.JPG	^[35]
Green iguana	Template:Nts			File:Iguana iguana Portoviejo 04.jpg	^[35]
Argentine black and white tegu	Template:Nts			File:Tupinambis merianae 2.jpg	^[35]
Cyclura nubila	Template:Nts			File:Cyclura nubila,.jpg	^[35]
Gold tegu	Template:Nts			File:Tupinambis teguixin - Flickr - Dick Culbert.jpg	^[35]
Varanus macraei	Template:Nts			File:Blauer Baumwaran (Varanus macraei).JPG	^[35]
Little free-tailed bat	Template:Nts			File:Chaerephon pumilus.jpeg	^[42]
Smoky shrew	Template:Nts			File:SmokyShrew23.jpg	^[43]
Sand goanna	Template:Nts			File:Varanus gouldii.jpg	^[35]
Short-tailed shrew	Template:Nts			File:Blarina carolinensisPCSL20933B.jpg	^[43]
Pig-nosed turtle	Template:Nts			File:Carettochelys insculpta 02.JPG	^[35]
Common bent-wing bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
African sheath-tailed bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
Hottentot golden mole	Template:Nts			File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 39) (8557402518).jpg	^[44]
Woermann's bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
Zenker's fruit bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
Commerson's roundleaf bat	Template:Nts			File:Commerson's Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros commersoni) (10291616316).jpg	^[42]
Rufous trident bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
House mouse	Template:Nts	Template:Nts		File:Mouse white background.jpg	^[45]
Asian water monitor	Template:Nts			File:Varanus salvator - 01.jpg	^[35]
King quail	Template:Nts			File:Excalfactoria chinensis (aka).jpg	^[35]
Nile crocodile	Template:Nts			File:Nile Crocodile (17038929167).jpg	^[46]
Heart-nosed bat	Template:Nts			Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya. Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya.	^[42]
Diamond dove	Template:Nts			File:Geopelia cuneata - Wüstenhaus 3.jpg	^[35]
Golden hamster	Template:Nts			File:Golden hamster front 1.jpg	^[45]
Short-palated fruit bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
Ansell's mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Graumull IMG 4042.jpg	^[47]
Mashona mole-rat	Template:Nts				^[47]
Common quail	Template:Nts			File:Caille des blés - Coturnix coturnix.JPG	^[35]
Hairy-tailed mole	Template:Nts			File:The quadrupeds of North America (Plate LXXIV) (7748318398).jpg	^[44]
Eastern rock elephant shrew	Template:Nts			File:Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew.jpg	^[44]
Star-nosed mole	Template:Nts			File:Condylura.jpg	^[43]
Zebra finch	Template:Nts		Brain only	File:Taeniopygia guttata -Karratha, Pilbara, Western Australia, Australia -male-8 (2).jpg	^[48]
African collared dove	Template:Nts			File:20190730 Streptopelia roseogrisea 01.jpg	^[35]
Silvery mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Silvery mole-rat.png	^[47]
Northern bobwhite	Template:Nts			File:Colinus virginianus - Bird Walk.jpg	^[35]
Four-toed elephant shrew	Template:Nts			File:Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi - Royal Museum for Central Africa - DSC06793.JPG	^[44]
Eurasian blackcap	Template:Nts			File:Sylvia atricapilla -Lullington Heath, East Sussex, England -male-8.jpg	^[48]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat	Template:Nts			File:Epomophorus wahlbergi1.jpg	^[42]
Goldcrest	Template:Nts			File:Goldcrest (10649615636).jpg	^[48]
Cape mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Georychus capensis - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02826.JPG	^[47]
Grey partridge	Template:Nts			File:Perdix perdix (Marek Szczepanek).jpg	^[35]
Egyptian fruit bat	Template:Nts			File:Rousettus aegyptiacus.jpg	^[42]
Mechow's mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Cryptomys mechowi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg	^[47]
Damaraland mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Damaraland mole-rat.jpg	^[47]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat	Template:Nts				^[42]
Brown rat	Template:Nts	Template:Nts		File:Rattus norvegicus.jpg	^[49]
Guyenne spiny rat	Template:Nts				^[44]
Eastern mole	Template:Nts			File:ScalopusAquaticus.jpg	^[43]
Elegant crested tinamou	Template:Nts			File:Tinamou, Elegant-crested2.jpg	^[35]
Red junglefowl	Template:Nts			File:Red Junglefowl - Thailand.jpg	^[48]
Great tit	Template:Nts			File:Great tit side-on.jpg	^[48]
Green-rumped parrotlet	Template:Nts			File:Forpus passerinus -Venezuela-8.jpg	^[48]
Quebracho crested tinamou	Template:Nts			File:Eudromia formosa (cropped).jpg	^[35]
Guinea pig	Template:Nts			File:Guinea pig.jpg	^[45]
Chilean tinamou	Template:Nts			File:Chilean Tinamou.jpg	^[35]
Gray mouse lemur	Template:Nts			File:Gray Mouse Lemur 1.JPG	^[50]
Common wood pigeon	Template:Nts			File:Columba palumbus Glasgow 02.jpg	^[35]
Common treeshrew	Template:Nts			File:Stavenn Tupaia glis 00.jpg	^[51]
Hammer-headed bat	Template:Nts			File:Hypsignathus monstrosus.png	^[42]
Wood duck	Template:Nts			File:Brautente Wood Duck Aix sponsa.jpg	^[35]
Pigeon	Template:Nts		Brain only	File:Pigeon.jpg	^[48]
Budgerigar	Template:Nts			File:Yellow budgerigar.jpg	^[48]
Pygmy falcon	Template:Nts			File:Polihierax semitorquatus -Buffalo Springs National Park, Kenya-8.jpg	^[35]
Cape dune mole-rat	Template:Nts			File:Bathyergus suillus - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02831.JPG	^[47]
Mallard	Template:Nts			File:Anas platyrhynchos male female.jpg	^[35]
Eurasian teal	Template:Nts			File:Eurasian teal (Anas crecca).jpg	^[35]
Common blackbird	Template:Nts			File:Common Blackbird.jpg	^[48]
Marbled duck	Template:Nts			File:Marmaronetta angustirostris qtl1.jpg	^[35]
Reeves's pheasant	Template:Nts			File:Syrmaticus reevesii.jpg	^[35]
Eurasian sparrowhawk	Template:Nts			File:Accipiter nisus, яструб малий.jpg	^[35]
Ferret	Template:Nts			File:Black footed ferret whole.jpg	^[52]
Cockatiel	Template:Nts			File:Cockatiel Sleeping.jpg	^[48]
Gray squirrel	Template:Nts			File:Grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 02.jpg	^[41]
Banded mongoose	Template:Nts			File:Banded Mongoose.jpg	^[52]
Prairie dog	Template:Nts			File:Black-Tailed Prairie Dog.jpg	^[41]
Red-breasted goose	Template:Nts			File:Red-Breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) (3).JPG	^[35]
Common starling	Template:Nts			File:Common Starling in Wormwood Scrubs Park in spring 2013.JPG	^[48]
Wild turkey	Template:Nts			File:Male wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) strutting.jpg	^[35]
European rabbit	Template:Nts			File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg	^[41]
Octopus	Template:Nts			File:Octopus.jpg	^[53]
Bigfin reef squid	>Template:Nts			File:Bigfin reef squid (11760).jpg	^[54]
Western tree hyrax	Template:Nts			File:Beecroft'sTreeHyrax.JPG	^[44]
Eurasian pygmy owl	Template:Nts			File:Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum).jpg	^[35]
Indian peafowl	Template:Nts			File:Indian peafowl,Pavo cristatus.jpg	^[35]
Victoria crowned pigeon	Template:Nts			File:Goura victoria LC0384.jpg	^[35]
Little owl	Template:Nts			File:Athene noctua - Little owl 02.jpg	^[35]
Common kestrel	Template:Nts			File:Common kestrel falco tinnunculus.jpg	^[35]
Common marmoset	Template:Nts			File:Marmoset copy.jpg	^[51]
Eastern rosella	Template:Nts			File:Eastern Rosella at Hobart Domain upright.jpg	^[48]
Yellow-knobbed curassow	Template:Nts			File:Yellow-knobbed Curassow RWD3.jpg	^[35]
Barn owl	Template:Nts			File:Barn Owl (9652234894).jpg	^[48]
Monk parakeet	Template:Nts			File:Monk Parakeet (4303100054).jpg	^[48]
Greylag goose	Template:Nts			File:Greylag Goose - St James's Park, London - Nov 2006.jpg	^[35]
Azure-winged magpie	Template:Nts			File:Azure-winged Magpie RWD2.jpg	^[48]
Rock hyrax	Template:Nts			File:Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis) (7042223567).jpg	^[44]
Cat	Template:Nts	Template:Nts		File:Cat mouth closed.jpg	^[55]
Black-rumped agouti	Template:Nts			File:Dasyprocta punctata (Mexico).jpg	^[45]
Magpie	Template:Nts			File:Magpie.arp.750pix.jpg	^[48]
Common hill myna	Template:Nts			File:Common Hill Myna - Gracula religiosa - Ninoy Aquino Parks & Wildlife Center 02.jpg	^[48]
Northern greater galago	Template:Nts				^[51]
Western jackdaw	Template:Nts			File:Jackdaw arp 750pix.jpg	^[48]
Long-eared owl	Template:Nts			File:Asio Otus Otus - Waldohreule - northern Germany, wild.jpg	^[35]
Mute swan	Template:Nts			File:Cygnus olor flirt edit.jpg	^[35]
Common buzzard	Template:Nts			File:Buteo buteo - Common Buzzard 03.jpg	^[35]
Black vulture	Template:Nts			File:Coragyps atratus brasiliensis Black vulture Belém 01.jpg	^[35]
Greater rhea	Template:Nts			File:Greater Rhea.jpg	^[35]
Eurasian jay	Template:Nts			File:Eurasian Jay on balcony.jpg	^[48]
Alexandrine parakeet	Template:Nts			File:Alexandrine Parakeet at Lochmara Lodge.jpg	^[48]
Raccoon dog	Template:Nts			File:Chapultepec Zoo - Raccoon dog (03).jpg	^[56]
Tanimbar corella	Template:Nts			File:A Goffin's Cockatoo on a perch.jpg	^[48]
Saker falcon	Template:Nts			File:Saker Falcon RWD4.jpg	^[35]
Emu	Template:Nts			File:Emu chick 1.jpg	^[48]
Three-striped night monkey	Template:Nts				^[51]
Rook	Template:Nts			File:Rook Corvus frugilegus.jpg	^[48]
Grey parrot	Template:Nts			File:Congo African Grey Parrot -head detail.jpg	^[48]
Tawny owl	Template:Nts			File:Waldkauz Strix aluco (Linnaeus, 1785).jpg	^[35]
Capybara	Template:Nts			File:Capybara.jpg	^[45]
Common ostrich	Template:Nts			File:Masai Mara National Reserve 17 - common ostrich (Struthio camelus).jpg	^[35]
White-tailed eagle	Template:Nts			File:White tailed eagle raftsund square crop.jpg	^[35]
Jackal	Template:Nts			File:2012-bb-jackal-1.jpg	^[56]
Snowy owl	Template:Nts			File:Snowy Owl (240866707).jpeg	^[35]
Eurasian eagle-owl	Template:Nts			File:Bubo bubo.jpg	^[35]
Fox	Template:Nts			File:Fox.jpg	^[56]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo	Template:Nts			File:Cacatua galerita portrait.jpg	^[48]
Raccoon	Template:Nts			File:Racoon (3813039203).jpg	^[52]
Kea	Template:Nts			File:Kea on car.jpg	^[48]
Raven	Template:Nts		Brain only	File:Raven (Corvus corax) (8).jpg	^[48]
Domestic pig	Template:Nts			File:Sow and five piglets.jpg	^[57]
Dog	Template:Nts			File:Domestic Dog.jpg	^[52]
Dog (Chihuahua)	Template:Nts			File:Chihuahua2.jpg	^[56]
Dog (Chow Chow)	Template:Nts			File:Chow Chow im Harz.JPG	^[56]
Dog (Yorkshire Terrier)	Template:Nts			File:Yorkshire terrier dog 02.jpg	^[56]
Springbok	Template:Nts			File:Springbok.JPG	^[57]
Dog (West Highland White Terrier)	Template:Nts			File:West Highland White Terrier.JPG	^[56]
Blesbok	Template:Nts			File:Blesbok - Damaliscus pygargus albifrons.jpg	^[57]
Blue-and-yellow macaw	Template:Nts		Brain only	File:Ara ararauna Luc Viatour.jpg	^[48]
Common squirrel monkey	Template:Nts			File:Common.squirrel.monkey.arp.jpg	^[51]
Crab-eating macaque	Template:Nts			File:Crab eating macaque face.jpg	^[50]
Dog (German Shepherd)	Template:Nts			File:Black-german-shepherd-29944091920.jpg	^[56]
Tufted capuchin	Template:Nts			File:Sapajus apella apella (French Guyana) 4.jpg	^[51]
Bonnet macaque	Template:Nts			File:Bonnet Macaque Kodaikanal.jpg	^[50]
Striped hyena	Template:Nts			File:Striped Hyena 5.jpg	^[52]
Dog (Komondor)	Template:Nts				^[56]
Dog (Transylvanian Hound)	Template:Nts			File:Siculus Alma Tisza.JPG	^[56]
Lion	Template:Nts			File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg	^[52]
Greater kudu	Template:Nts			File:Male greater kudu.jpg	^[57]
Rhesus macaque	Template:Nts			File:Macaca mulatta in Guiyang.jpg	^[51]
Brown bear	Template:Nts			File:Kamchatka Brown Bear near Dvuhyurtochnoe on 2015-07-23.jpg	^[52]
Giraffe	Template:Nts			File:Giraffe.jpg	^[57]
Yellow baboon	Template:Nts			File:Yellow Baboon - Mikumi National Park.jpg	^[50]
Chimpanzee	Template:Nts			File:Lightmatter chimp.jpg	^[58]
Orangutan	Template:Nts			File:Orang Utan, Semenggok Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia.JPG	^[59]
Gorilla	Template:Nts			File:Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg	^[59]
Common minke whale	Template:Nts			File:Balaenoptera acutorostrata - Minke whale - Horta.jpg	^[60]
Human	Template:Nts	Template:Nts	Neurons for average adult	File:Akha cropped hires.JPG	^[61]^[62]^[63]
Short-finned pilot whale	Template:Nts			File:Globicephala macrorhynchus Tenerife 2012.jpg	^[60]
African elephant	Template:Nts			File:African Bush Elephant.jpg	^[64]^[65]

Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium) only

Proxies for animal intelligence have varied over the centuries. One early suggestion was brain size (or weight, which provides the same ordering.) A second proposal was brain-to-body-mass ratio, and a third was encephalization quotient, sometimes referred to as EQ. The current best predictor is number of neurons in the forebrain, based on Herculano-Houzel's improved neuron counts.^[1] This accounts for variation in the number of neurons in the rest of the brain, for which no link to intelligence has been established. Elephants, for example, have an exceptionally large cerebellum, while birds make do with a much smaller one.

Differing methods have been used to count neurons, and these may differ in degree of reliability. The primary methods are the optical fractionator, an application of stereology and the isotropic fractionator, a recent methodological innovation. Most numbers in the list are the result of studies using the newer isotropic fractionator.^[1]^[41]^[30]^[45]^[46]^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51]^[57]^[58]^[59]^[61]^[62]^[64]^[66] A variation of the optical fractionator was responsible for the previous total human brain neuron count of 100,000,000,000 neurons, which has been revised down to 86,000,000,000 by the use of the isotropic fractionator. This is in part why it may be considered to be less reliable. Finally, some numbers are the result of estimations based on correlations observed between number of cortical neurons and brain mass within closely related taxa.

The following table gives information on the number of neurons estimated to be in the sensory-associative structure: the cerebral cortex (aka pallium) for mammals, the dorsal ventricular ridge ("DVR" or "hypopallium") of the pallium for birds, and the corpora pedunculata ("mushroom bodies") for insects.

Common name	Average number of sensory-associative structure neuronsTemplate:Efn	Intraspecific variationTemplate:Efn	MethodTemplate:Efn	Sensory-associative structure	Binomial nomenclature	Image	Source
Common fruit fly	2,500*		Optical fractionator	Corpora pedunculata	Drosophila melanogaster	File:Drosophila melanogaster Proboscis.jpg	^[67]
House cricket	50,000*		Optical fractionator	Corpora pedunculata	Acheta domesticus	File:Acheta domesticus, adultes Weibchen.jpg	^[67]
Honey bee	170,000*		Optical fractionator	Corpora pedunculata	Genus: Apis	File:The Lone Pollinator.jpg	^[67]
Common cockroach	200,000*		Optical fractionator	Corpora pedunculata	Genus: Periplaneta	File:American-cockroach.jpg	^[67]
African sheath-tailed bat	5,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Coleura afra		^[42]
Rufous trident bat	6,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Triaenops persicus		^[42]
Naked mole-rat	6,000,000	± 1,065,587^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Heterocephalus glaber	File:Naked Mole rat baby.jpg	^[41]
Little free-tailed bat	6,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Chaerephon pumilus	File:Chaerephon pumilus.jpeg	^[42]
Common bent-wing bat	6,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Miniopterus schreibersii		^[42]
Commerson's roundleaf bat	8,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Hipposideros commersoni	File:Commerson's Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros commersoni) (10291616316).jpg	^[42]
Heart-nosed bat	10,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Cardioderma cor	Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya. Heart-nosed bat (Cardioderma cor) in Samburu National Reserve, Kenya.	^[42]
Ansell's mole-rat	10,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Fukomys anselli	File:Graumull IMG 4042.jpg	^[47]
Smoky shrew	10,000,000	± 352,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Sorex fumeus	File:SmokyShrew23.jpg	^[44]
Short-palated fruit bat	10,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Casinycteris argynnis		^[42]
Mashona mole-rat	12,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Fukomys darlingi		^[47]
Woermann's bat	12,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Megaloglossus woermanni		^[42]
Northern short-tailed shrew	12,000,000	± 1,569,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Blarina brevicauda	File:Blarina brevicauda.jpg	^[44]
Zenker's fruit bat	13,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Scotonycteris zenkeri		^[42]
House mouse	14,000,000	± 2,242,257^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Mus musculus	File:Мышь 3.jpg	^[44]
Hairy-tailed mole	16,000,000	± 2,611,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Parascalops breweri	File:The quadrupeds of North America (Plate LXXIV) (7748318398).jpg	^[44]
Star-nosed mole	17,000,000	± 3,105,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Condylura cristata	File:Condylura.jpg	^[44]
Golden hamster	17,000,000	± 3,619,934^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Mesocricetus auratus	File:Peach the pet hamster.jpg	^[44]
Diamond dove	18,209,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Geopelia cuneata	File:Geopelia cuneata - Wüstenhaus 3.jpg	^[35]
King quail	20,523,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Synoicus chinensis	File:Excalfactoria chinensis (aka).jpg	^[35]
Damaraland mole-rat	21,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Fukomys damarensis	File:Damaraland mole-rat.jpg	^[47]
Hottentot golden mole	22,000,000	± 2,154,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Amblysomus hottentotus	File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 39) (8557402518).jpg	^[44]
Gray mouse lemur	22,310,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Microcebus murinus	File:Gray Mouse Lemur 1 edit.JPG	^[50]
Common quail	22,568,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Coturnix coturnix	File:Kerro- Coturnix coturnix.jpg	^[35]
Mechow's mole-rat	23,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Fukomys mechowii	File:Cryptomys mechowi Plzen zoo 02.2011.jpg	^[47]
Franquet's epauletted fruit bat	23,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Epomops franqueti		^[42]
Hammer-headed bat	24,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Hypsignathus mostrosus		^[42]
Hedgehog	24,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Subfamily Erinaceinae, various species	File:Igel01.jpg	^[68]
Silvery mole-rat	25,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Heliophobius argenteocinereus	File:Silvery mole-rat.png	^[47]
Wahlberg's epauletted fruit bat	26,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Epomophorus wahlbergi	File:Epomophorus wahlbergi1.jpg	^[42]
Cape mole-rat	26,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Georychus capensis	File:Georychus capensis - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02826.JPG	^[47]
Guyenne spiny rat	26,000,000	± 2,155,723^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Proechimys cayennensis		^[44]
Eastern rock elephant shrew	26,000,000	± 4,020,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Elephantulus myurus	File:Eastern Rock Elephant Shrew.jpg	^[44]
Eastern mole	27,000,000	± 5,113,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Scalopus aquaticus	File:ScalopusAquaticus.jpg	^[44]
Opossum	27,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Didelphis virginiana	File:Opossum 2.jpg	^[68]
Egyptian fruit bat	29,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Rousettus aegyptiacus	File:Rousettus aegyptiacus.jpg	^[42]
Brown Rat	31,000,000	+ 3,034,654^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Rattus norvegicus	File:Rat diabetic.jpg	^[44]
Four-toed elephant shrew	34,000,000	± 5,840,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Petrodromus tetradactylus	File:Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi - Royal Museum for Central Africa - DSC06793.JPG	^[44]
Grey partridge	36,882,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Perdix perdix	File:Perdix perdix (Marek Szczepanek).jpg	^[35]
Ferret	38,950,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Mustela putorius furo	File:Black footed ferret cropped.jpg	^[52]
Northern bobwhite	39,112,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Colinus virginianus	File:Colinus virginianus - Bird Walk.jpg	^[35]
African collared dove	39,997,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Streptopelia roseogrisea	File:Streptopelia roseogrisea, Waza NP, Cameroon.jpg	^[35]
Cape dune mole-rat	43,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Bathyergus suillus	File:Georychus capensis - Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria - Genoa, Italy - DSC02826.JPG	^[47]
Guinea pig	43,510,000	± 3,169,924^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Cavia porcellus	File:Cavia porcellus.jpg	^[41]
Quebracho crested tinamou	48,292,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Eudromia formosa	File:Eudromia formosa (cropped).jpg	^[35]
Common wood pigeon	51,325,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Columba palumbus	File:20200525 Gołąb grzywacz w Krakowie 1614 1886.jpg	^[35]
Elegant crested tinamou	51,384,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Eudromia elegans	File:Tinamou, Elegant-crested2.jpg	^[35]
Eurasian blackcap	52,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Sylvia atricapilla	File:Sylvia atricapilla -Lullington Heath, East Sussex, England -male-8.jpg	^[48]
Prairie dog	53,770,000	± 6,044,322^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Genus:Cynomys	File:Prairie Dog Washington Zoo.JPG	^[41]
Zebra finch	55,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Taeniopygia guttata	File:Taeniopygia guttata - profile - dundee wildlife park.jpg	^[48]
Chilean tinamou	59,130,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Nothoprocta perdicaria	File:Chilean Tinamou.jpg	^[35]
Common treeshrew	60,000,000	± 26,510,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Tupaia glis	File:Stavenn Tupaia glis 00.jpg	^[44]
Red junglefowl	61,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Gallus gallus	File:Gallus gallus.jpg	^[48]
Goldcrest	64,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Regulus regulus	File:Goldcrest 1.jpg	^[48]
European rabbit	71,450,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Oryctolagus cuniculus	File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2.jpg	^[41]
Rock dove	72,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Columba livia	File:Rock Pigeon Columba livia.jpg	^[48]
Eastern gray squirrel	77,330,000	± 2,634,444^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Sciurius carolinensis	File:Eastern Grey Squirrel in St James's Park, London - Nov 2006 edit.jpg	^[41]
Reeves's pheasant	80,688,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Syrmaticus reevesii	File:20200318Syrmaticus reevesii.jpg	^[35]
Great tit	83,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Parus major	File:Great tit side-on.jpg	^[48]
Eurasian sparrowhawk	87,832,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Accipiter nisus	File:Accipiter nisus, яструб малий.jpg	^[35]
Western tree hyrax	99,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Dendrohyrax dorsalis	File:Beecroft'sTreeHyrax.JPG	^[44]
Green-rumped parrotlet	103,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Forpus passerinus	File:Forpus passerinus-Venezuela-8a.jpg	^[48]
Wild turkey	105,654,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Meleagris gallopavo	File:Male wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) strutting.jpg	^[35]
Mallard	112,255,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Anas platyrhynchos	File:Anas platyrhynchos male female.jpg	^[35]
Black-rumped agouti	113,000,000	± 2,576,768^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Dasyprocta prymnolopha	File:Dasyprocta punctata (Mexico).jpg	^[1]
Banded mongoose	115,770,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Mungos mungo	File:Mungos mungo qtl1.jpg	^[52]
Victoria crowned pigeon	118,445,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Goura victoria	File:Goura victoria LC0384.jpg	^[35]
Yellow-knobbed curassow	124,624,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Crax daubentoni	File:Crax daubentoni - zoo de Vincennes.JPG	^[35]
Indian peafowl	129,621,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Pavo cristatus	File:Indian peafowl,Pavo cristatus, dance.jpg	^[35]
Marbled duck	130,142,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Marmaronetta angustirostris	File:Marmaronetta angustirostris qtl1.jpg	^[35]
Pygmy falcon	131,898,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Polihierax semitorquatus	File:PygmyFalcon.jpg	^[35]
Common blackbird	136,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Turdus merula	File:Common Blackbird.jpg	^[48]
Wood duck	138,206,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Aix sponsa	File:Aix sponsa -Ouwehands Dierenpark-8a.jpg	^[35]
Red-breasted goose	148,617,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Branta ruficollis	File:Red-Breasted Goose (Branta ruficollis) (3).JPG	^[35]
Budgerigar	149,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Melopsittacus undulatus	File:Budgie001.jpg	^[48]
Eurasian teal	167,287,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Anas crecca	File:Anas crecca × Anas carolinensis, Redwood City, California.jpg	^[35]
Rock hyrax	198,000,000	± 29,082,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Procavia capensis	File:Rock Hyrax (Procavia capensis) (7042223567).jpg	^[44]
Northern greater galago	226,000,000	± 87,570,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Otolemur garnettii	File:Garnett's Galago (Greater Bushbaby).jpg	^[44]
Common starling	226,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Sturnus vulgaris	File:Sturnus vulgaris -California-8.jpg	^[48]
Common kestrel	237,903,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Falco tinnunculus	File:Common kestrel falco tinnunculus.jpg	^[35]
Raccoon dog	240,180,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Nyctereutes procyonoides	File:Nyctereutes procyonoides 2 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg	^[56]
Common marmoset	245,000,000	± 81,180,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Callithrix jacchus	File:Marmoset copy.jpg	^[44]
House cat	249,830,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Felis catus	File:Cat mouth closed.jpg	^[52]
Brown bear	250,970,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Ursus arctos	File:Brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) running.jpg	^[52]
Cockatiel	258,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Nymphicus hollandicus	File:Nymphicus hollandicus -perching on wires -Australia-6a.jpg	^[48]
Greylag goose	258,650,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Anser anser	File:Greylag Goose - St James's Park, London - Nov 2006.jpg	^[35]
Capybara	306,500,000	± 62,726,120^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris	File:Capybaras in riga zoo.jpg	^[41]
Tarsius	310,000,000		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Genus: Tarsius, unknown species	File:Tarsius tarsier Tandurusa zoo.JPG	^[69]
Mute swan	323,661,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Cygnus olor	File:Cygnus olor flirt edit.jpg	^[35]
Greater rhea	330,342,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Rhea americana	File:Greater Rhea.jpg	^[35]
Eastern rosella	333,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Platycercus eximius	File:Platycercus eximius diemenensis.jpg	^[48]
Common buzzard	351,700,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Buteo buteo	File:CommonBuzzard DSCN4422.jpg	^[35]
Red fox	355,010,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Vulpes vulpes	File:Vulpes vulpes laying in snow.jpg	^[56]
Goeldi's marmoset	357,130,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Callimico goeldii	File:MP-Callimico goeldii.jpg	^[50]
Eurasian pygmy owl	364,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Glaucidium passerinum	File:Eurasian pygmy owl (Glaucidium passerinum).jpg	^[35]
Western grey kangaroo	370,170,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Macropus fuliginosus	File:Western Grey Kangaroo SMC 2006.JPG	^[70]
Golden jackal	393,620,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis aureus	File:Canis aureus Kaeng Krachan national park.jpg	^[56]
Monk parakeet	396,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Myiopsitta monachus	File:Myiopsitta monachus monachus 3.JPG	^[48]
Springbok	396,900,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Antidorcas marsupialis	File:Springbok.JPG	^[57]
Black vulture	398,899,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Coragyps atratus	File:Coragyps-atratus-001.jpg	^[35]
Azure-winged magpie	400,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Cyanopica cyanus	File:Cyanopica cyanus Yokohama 6.jpg	^[48]
Little owl	400,822,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Athene noctua	File:Athene noctua - the little owl.jpg	^[35]
Common hill myna	410,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Gracula religiosa	File:Gracula religiosa robusta-01.JPG	^[48]
Domesticated pig	425,000,000*		Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Sus scrofa domesticus	File:Sow with piglet.jpg	^[71]
Barn owl	437,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Tyto alba	File:Tyto alba 1 Luc Viatour.jpg	^[48]
Emu	439,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Dromaius novaehollandiae	File:Dromaius novaehollandiae - 02.jpg	^[48]
West Highland White Terrier	440,160,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:West Highland White Terrier Yoshi.jpg	^[56]
Three-striped night monkey	442,000,000	± 111,310,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Aotus trivirgatus	File:Stavenn Aotus trivirgatus 00.jpg	^[1]
Saker falcon	442,946,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Falco cherrug	File:Falco cherrug 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg	^[35]
Eurasian magpie	443,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Pica pica	File:Pica pica - 01.jpg	^[48]
Raccoon	453,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Procyon lotor	File:Raccoon (4152678243).jpg	^[66]
Chow Chow	471,500,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Chow Chow im Harz.JPG	^[56]
Common ostrich	479,410,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Struthio camelus	File:Avestruz de cuello azul (Struthio camelus australis), cabo de Buena Esparanza, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-23, DD 87.jpg	^[35]
Western jackdaw	492,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Coloeus monedula	File:CROP. Corvus monedula, naakka, Naantalin hautausmaa, Naantali, 8.11.2011..jpg	^[48]
Striped hyena	495,280,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Hyaena hyaena	File:Streifenhyaene Hyaena hyaena Zoo Augsburg-09.jpg	^[52]
Chihuahua	513,330,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Chihuahua2.jpg	^[56]
Eurasian jay	529,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Garrulus glandarius	File:Garrulus glandarius 1 Luc Viatour.jpg	^[48]
White-tailed eagle	542,926,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Haliaeetus albicilla	File:White tailed eagle raftsund square crop.jpg	^[35]
Lion	545,240,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Panthera leo	File:Lions Family Portrait Masai Mara.jpg	^[52]
Blesbok	570,670,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi	File:Blesbok at NC zoo.jpg	^[57]
Yorkshire Terrier	572,140,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Yorkshire terrier dog 03.jpg	^[56]
Alexandrine parakeet	575,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Psittacula eupatria	File:Alexandrine Parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), Jurong Bird Park, Singapore - 20090613.jpg	^[48]
Tanimbar corella	599,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Cacatua goffiniana	File:Cacatua goffiniana -captive-8a-3c.jpg	^[48]
Golden retriever	627,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Golden Retriever Carlos (10581910556).jpg	^[52]
Long-eared owl	673,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Asio otus	File:Asio Otus Otus - Waldohreule - northern Germany, wild.jpg	^[35]
Transylvanian Hound	725,760,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Transylvanian Hound.jpg	^[56]
Greater kudu	762,570,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Tragelaphus strepsiceros	File:Male greater kudu.jpg	^[57]
Crab-eating macaque	800,960,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Macaca fascicularis	File:Macaca-fascicularis flk18447014.jpg	^[50]
Rook	820,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Corvus frugilegus	File:Corvus Frugilegus Berlin-2.jpg	^[48]
Beagle	844,410,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Bronco the Beagle.JPG	^[56]
Grey parrot	850,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Psittacus erithacus	File:Psittacus erithacus qtl1.jpg	^[48]
Komondor	883,380,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Komondor IMG 0329.JPG	^[56]
German Shepherd	885,460,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Canis lupus familiaris	File:Black-german-shepherd-29944091920.jpg	^[56]
Sulphur-crested cockatoo	1,135,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Cacatua galerita	File:Cacatua galerita portrait.jpg	^[48]
Tufted capuchin	1,140,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Sapajus apella	File:Sapajus apella apella (French Guyana) 4.jpg	^[44]^[1]
Tawny owl	1,153,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Strix aluco	File:Waldkauz-Strix aluco.jpg	^[35]
Harp seal	1,168,000,000^ 6,100,000,000*		Estimated Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Pagophilus groenlandicus	File:Harp seal.jpg	^[72]^[73]
Horse	1,200,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Equus ferus caballus	File:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg	^[74]
Raven	1,204,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Corvus corax	File:Corvus corax jouveniles.jpeg	^[48]
Snowy owl	1,270,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Bubo scandiacus	File:Snowy Owl (240866707).jpeg	^[35]
Kea	1,281,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Nestor notabilis	File:Kea.jpg	^[48]
Eurasian eagle-owl	1,328,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Bubo bubo	File:Eagle Owl IMG 9203.JPG	^[35]
Common squirrel monkey	1,340,000,000	± 20,000,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Saimiri sciureus	File:Saimiri sciureus-1 Luc Viatour.jpg	^[44]
Bonnet macaque	1,660,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Macaca radiata	File:Bonnet Macaque Macaca radiata Threat display by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN5340 (5).jpg	^[44]
Rhesus macaque	1,710,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Macaca mulatta	File:Macaca mulatta in Guiyang.jpg	^[44]
Giraffe	1,731,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Giraffa camelopardalis	File:Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis.jpg	^[57]
Blue and yellow macaw	1,900,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (DVR)	Ara ararauna	File:Schläfrige Gelbbrustaras (sleepy Blue-and-yellow Macaws) Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2010.jpg	^[48]
Pygmy sperm whale	2,020,000,000*		Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Kogia breviceps	File:Pygmy sperm whale.jpg	^[75]
Leopard seal	2,386,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Hydrurga leptonyx	File:Leopard seal 2.jpg	^[72]
Guenon	2,500,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Genus: Cercopithecus, unknown species	File:FranceNormandieChamprepusCercopithecusDiana.jpg	^[69]
Pigtail Macaque	2,531,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Macaca nemestrina	File:(Macaca.nemestrina-1-PragueZOO.jpg	^[72]
Gelada baboon	2,568,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Theropithecus gelada	File:Gelada (Theropithecus gelada gelada) juvenile male.jpg	^[72]
Red-and-green macaw	2,646,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (DVR)	Ara chloropterus	File:Red-and-green Macaw 02.jpg	^[72]
Harbor porpoise	2,750,000,000*		Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Phocoena phocoena	File:Ecomare - bruinvis Michael in 2015 (bruinvis-michael2015-9313-sw).jpg	^[72]^[73]
Yellow baboon	2,880,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Papio cynocephalus	File:Papio cynocephalus.jpg	^[50]
Hyacinth macaw	2,944,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (DVR)	Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus	File:Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) feeding on palm nuts ... - Flickr - berniedup.jpg	^[72]
Hamadryas baboon	2,990,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Papio hamadryas	File:Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) female.jpg	^[72]
Mandrill	3,102,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Mandrillus sphinx	File:Mandrill portrait (2), Berlin Zoo.jpg	^[72]
Common minke whale	3,134,000,000 12,800,000,000*		Isotropic fractionator Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Balaenoptera acutorostrata	File:Minke Whale (NOAA).jpg	^[60]^[76]
Walrus	3,929,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Odobenus rosmarus	File:Noaa-walrus30.jpg	^[72]
Southern elephant seal	3,994,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Mirounga leonina	File:Southern Elephant Seal poses seductively on the beach (5797919211).jpg	^[72]
Fin whale	5,000,000,000^ 15,000,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Balaenoptera physalus	File:LMazzuca Fin Whale.jpg	^[72]^[77]
Blue whale	5,000,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Balaenoptera musculus	File:Anim1754 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg	^[72]
African elephant	5,600,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Loxodonta africana	File:Elephant in Botswana.JPG	^[64]
Pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo	6,250,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Pan paniscus	File:BonoboFishing02 cropped.jpeg	^[72]
Short-beaked common dolphin	6,700,000,000* 4,800,000,000^		Optical fractionator Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Delphinus delphis	File:Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) (14825276609).jpg	^[72]^[75]^[60]
Asian elephant	6,775,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Elephas maximus	File:Asian Elephant in Thailand.jpg	^[72]
Chimpanzee	7,400,000,000*		Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Pan troglodytes	File:Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) (7068198095) (cropped).jpg	^[78]
Orangutan	7,704,000,000^ - 8,900,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Genus: Pongo	File:Orang Utan, Semenggok Forest Reserve, Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia.JPG	^[72]^[59]
Western gorilla	9,100,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Gorilla gorilla	File:Gorilla 063.jpg	^[72]^[59]
Cuvier's beaked whale	9,100,000,000*		Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Ziphius cavirostris	File:Beached Cuvier's Beaked Whale (28740971527).jpg	^[75]
Beluga whale	10,000,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Delphinapterus leucas	File:Baby Beluga Whale.jpg	^[72]^[60]
Risso's dolphin	10,000,000,000^		Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Grampus griseus	File:Risso's dolphin.jpg	^[72]^[60]
Short-finned pilot whale	11,850,000,000		Isotropic fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Globicephala macrorhynchus	File:Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) (8604841637).jpg	^[72]^[60]
Bottlenose dolphin	12,700,000,000* 8,700,000,000^		Optical fractionator Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Tursiops truncatus	File:Tursiops truncatus 01.jpg	^[72]^[75]^[60]
Long-finned pilot whale	13,966,000,000^ 37,200,000,000*		Estimated Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Globicephala melas	File:Pilot whale spyhop.jpg	^[79]^[72]^[60]
Human	16,340,000,000 21,000,000,000*	± 2,170,000,000^[44]	Isotropic fractionator Optical fractionator	Pallium (cortex)	Homo sapiens	File:Akha cropped hires.JPG	^[44]^[61]^[1]^[80]^[81]
Orca	43,100,000,000* 21,000,000,000^		Optical fractionator Estimated	Pallium (cortex)	Orcinus orca	File:Orcinus Orca.jpg	^[72]^[75]^[60]

Notes

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References

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[HofmanFalk2012-43] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[H-Houzel2015-44] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

[Herculano-Houzel_S,_Mota_B,_Lent_R._2006_12138–12143-45] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:6-46] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:5-47] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[OlkowiczKocourek2016-48] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Herculano-Houzel,_S._&_Lent,_R._2005_2518–2521-49] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:1-50] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Herculano-Houzel_S,_Collins_C,_Wong_P,_Kaas_J._2007_3562–3567-51] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:3-52] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[53] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[pmid31972515-54] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[55] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[:14-56] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Template:Cite thesis

[:0-57] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:7-58] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Herculano-Houzel2011-59] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:16-60] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[CompNeuro2009-61] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:8-62] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[pmid19915731-63] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Herculano-Houzel2014-64] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[65] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[:9-66] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[n_insects_1-67] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Fasolo2011-68] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[QuartonMelnechuk1967-69] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[dsa-70] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Table S1: Cellular composition of the Marsupial brains.

[71] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:11-72] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[Walløe_2129–2135-73] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[74] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[:10-75] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". Note:Total number of neurons listed in "S1 Table: Values from the current studies compared to published values", which downloads when you click on the "Click here for additional data file" in the "Supporting information" section.

[76] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[77] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[Kaas2015-78] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[79] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

[80] Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

[humans_optical-81] Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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List of animals by number of neurons

Contents

Overview

Whole nervous system

Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium) only

See also

Notes

References

Navigation menu

List of animals by number of neurons

Overview

Whole nervous system

Forebrain (cerebrum or pallium) only

See also

Notes

References

Navigation menu

Search