List of Roman domes

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File:Rome (Italy, October 2019) - 275 (50589571796).jpg
The Pantheon in Rome. Largest dome in the world for more than 1,300 years.
File:Pantheon (Rome) - Dome.jpg
Oculus of the Pantheon

This is a list of Roman domes. The Romans were the first builders in the history of architecture to realize the potential of domes for the creation of large and well-defined interior spaces.[1] Domes were introduced in a number of Roman building types such as temples, thermae, palaces, mausolea and later also churches. Semi-domes also became a favoured architectural element and were adopted as apses in Christian church architecture.[2]

Monumental domes began to appear in the 1st century BC in Rome and the provinces around the Mediterranean Sea. Along with vaults and trusses, they gradually replaced the traditional post and lintel construction which makes use of the column and architrave. The construction of domes was greatly facilitated by the invention of concrete, a process which has been termed the Roman Architectural Revolution.[3] Their enormous dimensions remained unsurpassed until the introduction of structural steel frames in the late 19th century (see List of largest domes).[1][4][5]

Domes

All diameters are clear span in m; for polygonal domes applies to the in-circle diameter. Main source is Jürgen Rasch's study of Roman domes (1985).

Diameter ⌀
(m) 		Name,
Part 		Location Built Shape of dome,
Ground plan 		Material,
Roof construction 		Shell
Thickness ST 
(m)
ST to ⌀ 		Curtain Wall
Thickness CWT 
(m)
CWT to ⌀ 		Diameter Oculus DO
(m)
DO to ⌀ 		Comments/
Other Characteristics
Script error: No such module "sort". [6] Pantheon Rome 126 AD Rotunda Concrete,
Lead plate roofing 		~ 1.35
1:32 		~ 5.93
1:7.3 		8.95
1:4.9 		Largest dome of the world until 1436; largest unreinforced solid concrete dome in the world till present;[7] archetype of Western dome construction to this day[4][8]
Script error: No such module "sort". [9] Script error: No such module "sort". Lake Avernus 1st c.
Script error: No such module "sort". [5] Baths of Caracalla,
Caldarium 		Rome 3rd c. Amphoras Eight pillars; largest dome of the world out of ceramic hollowware
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Script error: No such module "sort". Baiae 2nd c. 1.20
1:25 		~ 5,70 [11]
1:5.2
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Script error: No such module "sort". Baiae 2nd c. - ~ 2.90 [12]
1:9.1 		Outer wall pillars
Script error: No such module "sort". [13] Mausoleum of Maxentius Rome 4th c. Rotunda
Script error: No such module "sort". [14] Baths of Agrippa,
'Arco della Ciambella' 		Rome Script error: No such module "sort". Rotunda First Thermae in Rome with central dome;[14] largest dome of the world
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Arch of Galerius and Rotunda Thessaloniki 4th c. Brick ~ 1
1:24 		6.00
1:4 		Largest brick dome of the world
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Sanctuary of Asclepius Pergamon 2nd c. Brick - 3.35
1:7.1 		Earliest monumental brick dome;[15] largest brick dome of the world
Script error: No such module "sort". to
~ 19.80 [16] 		St. Gereon's Basilica Cologne 4th c. Oval with eight niches and apse Later medieval structure with Roman building fabric largest occidental dome between Hagia Sophia and Florence Cathedral[17]
Script error: No such module "sort".[10] Script error: No such module "sort". Rome 4th c. Decagon Concrete with brick ribs 0.56
1:42 		~ 2.60 [12]
1:9.1 		Outer wall pillars
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Baths of Antoninus Carthage 2nd c. Polygon Seven domes with diameters between 17 and 22 m[18]
Script error: No such module "sort". [19] Rotunda at the Hippodrome Constantinople 5th c. Rotunda with ten niches
Script error: No such module "sort". [20] Baths of Diocletian,
San Bernardo 		Rome ~ 300 Concrete with brick ribs
Script error: No such module "sort". or
21.25 [21][22] 		Baths of Diocletian,
'Planetarium' 		Rome ~ 300 Umbrella dome,
Octagon 		Concrete with inner brick covering 4.20
1:5.1
Script error: No such module "sort". [22] Script error: No such module "sort". Baiae Script error: No such module "sort". Concrete[23] 3.65
1:5.9 		Earliest monumental dome;[24] largest dome of the world
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Mausoleum of Helena Rome 4th c. Ceramic amphora incorporated into dome's base 0.90
1:22 		2.40
1:8.4
Script error: No such module "sort". [21] Baths of Caracalla,
Side building 		Rome 3rd c. Octagon Preliminary form of the pendentive dome[21]
Script error: No such module "sort". [21] Baths of Bacucco Script error: No such module "sort". 4th c. Umbrella dome,
Octagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [22] Baths of Diocletian,
Tepidarium 		Rome ~ 300 3.68
1:5.2
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Script error: No such module "sort". Ostia 3rd c. - 1.98
1:9.3
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Church of Euphemia Constantinople 5th c. Hexagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [25] Hadrian's Villa,
'Serapeum' 		Tivoli 2nd c. Umbrella dome Concrete Hollow space system
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Imperial Baths,
Tepidarium 		Trier 4th c. Concrete
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Basilica of San Vitale Ravenna 6th c. Clay pipe,
Wooden roof construction
Script error: No such module "sort". [22] Nymphaeum in Albano Laziale ? 1st c. Concrete 2.08
1:7.6 		Earliest evidence for hollow spaces at dome's base for reduction in weight[26]
Script error: No such module "sort". to
~ 13.00 [15] 		Southern baths Bosra 3rd-4th c. Octagon Concrete
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Western baths Jerash 2nd c. Square Voussoir One of the earliest stone domes with square plan;[16] largest stone dome of the world
Script error: No such module "sort".[10] Script error: No such module "sort". Rome 4th c. Lead plate roofing 0.90
1:16 		~ 1.80
1:8.2 		3,70
1:4.0
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Script error: No such module "sort". Porto ~ 3rd c. Concrete with inner brick covering - ~ 2.20
1:6.6
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Mausoleum of Tor de' Schiavi Via Prenestina 4th c. 0.60
1:23 		2.60
1:5.3 		Four openings at dome's base
Script error: No such module "sort". [24] Domus Aurea Rome 1st c. Cloister vault,
Octagon 		Concrete 5.99
1:2.3 		First dome with octagonal plan; earliest in palace architecture[24]
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Mausoleum of Diocletian Split ~ 300 Brick,
Tiled roof 		0.68
1:20 		3.40 [11]
1:3.9 		Double-walled dome[13]
Script error: No such module "sort". [13] Chapel of Saint Aquilino Milan 4th c. Brick
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Script error: No such module "sort". Tivoli 4th c. Concrete with brick ribs 1.30
1:9 		2.08
1:5.9 		2.10
1:5.9
Script error: No such module "sort". [20] Hadrian's Villa,
Summer Triclinium (Exedra) 		Tivoli 2nd c. Concrete with inner brick covering
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Baths of Aquae Flavianae El Hammam 3rd c. Clay pipes Largest dome of the world out of ceramic hollowware
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Church of Hodegetria Constantinople 5th c. Hexagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Skeuophylakion Constantinople ~ 5th c. Dodecagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Baptistery Nocera Superiore
Campania 		6th c. Eight rectangular dome windows
Script error: No such module "sort". [28] Hadrian's Villa,
'Heliocaminus' 		Tivoli 2nd c. Double-walled dome with spacing for ceiling heating[28]
Script error: No such module "sort". [29] Script error: No such module "sort". Pergamon ~ 2nd c. Brick Two Rotunda; largest brick dome of the world
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Santa Costanza Rome 4th c. Concrete with brick ribs,
Tiled roof directly resting on dome shell 		~ 0.70
1:16 		1.45
1:7.9 		Tambour[30]
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Mor Gabriel Monastery Tur Abdin 6th c. Brick yes
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Praetorium Cologne 4th c. Octagon - 2.00 [11]
1:5.7
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Gordian's Villa Rome,
Via Prenestina 		3rd c. Octagon - ~ 1.35 [11]
1:8.2 		Preliminary form of the pendentive dome;[21] eight openings at dome's base
Script error: No such module "sort". [5] Therme d’Allance ? ?
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Mausoleum of Gallien Rome,
Via Appia 		3rd c. Rotunda with six niches - ~ 1.60
1:6.8
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Script error: No such module "sort". Centcelles,
near Tarragona 		4th c. Brick and stone ~ 0.40
1:27 		~ 1.90
1:5.6
Script error: No such module "sort". to
~ 9.40 [25] 		Hadrian's Villa,
small baths 		Tivoli 2nd c. Elliptical dome with wavelike rim
Script error: No such module "sort". [25] Gordian's Villa,
Hall 		Via Prenestina ~ 2nd c.
Script error: No such module "sort". [26] Script error: No such module "sort". Via Latina 2nd c. Ceramic amphora at dome's base Earliest known use of amphora at dome's base[26]
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Cathedral,
Baptistery 		Ravenna 5th c.
Script error: No such module "sort". [31] Rotunda of St. George, Sofia Sofia early 4th c. Rotunda Built by the Romans in the 4th century, it is a cylindrical domed structure built on a square base.
Script error: No such module "sort". [21] Hadrian's Villa,
Piazza d'Oro (vestibule) 		Tivoli 2nd c. Umbrella dome ~ 1,90
1:5.0
Script error: No such module "sort". [19] Praetextat catacomb,
'Calventier tomb' 		Rome 3rd c. Rotunda with six niches
Script error: No such module "sort". [15] Capito Thermae,
Laconicum 		Miletus 1st c. Concrete
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Small Roundtemple Baalbek 3rd c.
Script error: No such module "sort". [19] Domus Augustana Rome 1st c. Cloister vault,
Octagon 		One of the earliest cloister vaults with octagonal curtain walls[19]
Script error: No such module "sort". [27] Script error: No such module "sort". Rome,
Via Appia 		~ 4th c. ~ 0.90
1:9 		2,30
1:3.5 		~ 1.50
1:5.4
Script error: No such module "sort". [21] Baths of Maxentius Rome 4th c. Umbrella dome,
Octagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [5] Domus Flavia Rome 1st c.
Script error: No such module "sort". to
~ 6.20 [19] 		Hadrian's Villa,
'Heliocaminus' 		? 2nd c. Cloister vault,
Uneven octagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Nymphaeum Riza,
Epirus 		~ 250-350 Dodecagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [21] Script error: No such module "sort". Baiae 2nd c. Flat umbrella dome,
Octagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [22] Hall of Thermae Pisa ? ~ 2nd c. Cloister vault with eight windows,
Octagon 		2.00
1:3.3
Script error: No such module "sort". [24] Stabian Thermae,
Laconicum 		Pompeii Script error: No such module "sort". Cone vault (early form of the dome) Concrete yes Oldest known concrete domes[24]
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Hunting Thermae Leptis Magna ~ 200 Cloister vault with eight windows
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Arch of Marcus Aurelius Tripoli ? Cloister vault Voussoir
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Water Castellum Pompeii Script error: No such module "sort".-
14 AD 		Flat dome
Script error: No such module "sort". [21] Octagon near 'Temple of Mercury' Baiae 2nd c. Umbrella dome,
Octagon
Script error: No such module "sort". [13] San Vitale,
Stair towers 		Ravenna 6th c. Brick
Script error: No such module "sort". [16] Script error: No such module "sort". Rome,
Via Nomentana 		2nd c. Square
Script error: No such module "sort". [19] Tabularium Rome Script error: No such module "sort". Cloister vault,
Square 		Earliest cloister vault[16]
Script error: No such module "sort". [25] Script error: No such module "sort". Baiae 2nd c. Umbrella dome above circular ground plan 0.59
1:7.5
Script error: No such module "sort". [32] Script error: No such module "sort". Ravenna 5th c. Tiled roof
Script error: No such module "sort". [10] Tomb at Casal de' Pazzi Rome,
Via Nomentana 		2nd c. In-circle dome,
Square 		Concrete Preform of pendentive dome;[10] hollow space system
Script error: No such module "sort". [24] Script error: No such module "sort". Pompeii Script error: No such module "sort". Cone vault (early form of the dome) Brick and clay (upper calotte) Concrete wall shell[33]
Script error: No such module "sort". [19] Mausoleum of Constantine at the Church of the Holy Apostles Constantinople 4th c. Presumably Rotunda with twelve niches

Half-domes

Diameter ⌀ Name,
Part 		Location Built Shape of dome,
Ground plan 		Material,
Roof construction 		Shell
thickness (ST)
ST to ⌀ 		Curtain wall
thickness (CWT)
CWT to ⌀ 		Comments/
Other characteristics
Script error: No such module "sort". [6] Baths of Trajan Rome Script error: No such module "sort". Largest dome(s) of the world
Script error: No such module "sort". [6] Baths of Diocletian,
Two apse halls 		Rome Script error: No such module "sort".
Script error: No such module "sort". [6] Trajan's Forum Rome Script error: No such module "sort".
Script error: No such module "sort". [18] Santi Cosma e Damiano,
Apse 		Rome Script error: No such module "sort".
Script error: No such module "sort". [15] Nymphaeum Jerash Script error: No such module "sort". Concrete
Script error: No such module "sort". [15] Basilica,
Apse 		Bostra Script error: No such module "sort". Concrete, inside covered with ashlar
Script error: No such module "sort". [15] Cathedral,
Annex rooms 		Bostra Script error: No such module "sort". Concrete
Script error: No such module "sort". [13] Pantheon,
Front niches 		Rome Script error: No such module "sort".

See also

Script error: No such module "Portal".

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  5. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  6. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  7. ↑ Romanconcrete.com
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  11. ↑ a b c d Corner
  12. ↑ a b Pillar
  13. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  15. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  18. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  22. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  24. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  25. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  26. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  27. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Footnotes".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

Main source
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Further sources
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

External links

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