LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Template other The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4-6-0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of Template:Whyte steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951. A total of 842 were built, initially numbered 4658-5499 then renumbered 44658-45499 by BR. Several members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved.

Origins

The Black Five was a mixed-traffic locomotive, a "do-anything go-anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul Template:Whyte, experimenting with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again, realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS version of the GWR Halls, but they were not copies, as the Hall was too wide to run in most places in Britain. They shared a similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters.

In their early days the locomotives were known as the "Black Staniers" from their black livery, in contrast to Stanier's other class of 4-6-0, the LMS Jubilee Class, which were painted crimson (and known until April 1935 as the "Red Staniers"). Later on, the nickname of the former became "Black Five", the number referring to the power classification. This was originally 5P5F, but from 1940 was shown on cabsides as the simple figure 5. Eight hundred and forty-two were constructed.Template:Sfn The locomotives were an instant success and were well-liked by their crews for their versatility. One of them was recorded to have reached a speed of 96 mph in service.

Construction

There were a number of detail variations in the locomotives and they did not all remain in the same condition as built. Some locomotives built under British Railways administration were used as test beds for various design modifications, with a view to incorporating the successful modifications in the Standard Classes of locomotives built from 1951 onwards. These modifications included outside Caprotti valve gear, roller bearings (both Timken and Skefco types) on the coupled and tender axles in varying combinations, and an experimental steel firebox. Other locomotives had modified draughting to "self clean" the smokebox (thereby reducing turn-around and disposal times and eliminating or mitigating one of the most unpopular jobs).

The domeless engines

File:Black 5 45073 at Rose Grove.jpg

45073 at Rose Grove shed, spring 1968. Although it has a domeless boiler, the casing over the top feed is often mistaken for a dome

Template:More citations needed section Numbering started from 5000, with the first twenty being ordered from Crewe Works in April 1934, and a further fifty (5020–5069) ordered from the Vulcan Foundry in 1933.Template:Sfn The first of the Vulcan Foundry engines entered service in 1934, and the entire order of 50 was delivered before the first Crewe-built engine, No. 5000, was completed in February 1935.Template:Sfn

The first 57 locomotives were built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and a low degree of superheat (14 elements in two rows), the boilers of the remaining 13 (5007–5019) were provided with a three-row version (21 elements)Template:Sfn having greater total surface area and giving less obstruction to gas flow.Template:Sfn The original 57 boilers were converted later to higher superheat (24 elements) and fitted with a dome. Further orders were placed with Crewe (5070–5074), Vulcan Foundry (5075–5124) and Armstrong Whitworth (5125–5224) for a total of 155 locomotives which were also built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and 21 element superheaters. All these boilers, including the early converted ones with a dome, were fitted indiscriminately to any of the first 225 engines, which could appear at various times with domed or domeless boilers.

However, many of the early frames were converted to accept sloping throatplate boilers, as listed below. This modification was carried out to provide a stock of spare boilers for the early engines, which would minimise the time spent in works by engines awaiting a fresh boiler. All locomotives from no. 5225 were fitted when new with the sloping throatplate boiler. All extra boilers made had the sloping throatplate arrangement, and only one example of a later engine having been fitted with a straight throatplate boiler is known - no. 45433. Several different patterns of boiler were used on the locomotives, running into double figures. The throatplate design was the most significant, but there were also different numbers of superheater flues, firegrate arrangement, stay material, dome and water feed arrangements, washout plug placement, etc. in various combinations.

The following locomotives were built with straight throatplate boilers, but were later fitted with a sloping throatplate boiler (date in brackets). Conversion was done by relocating the frame stretcher immediately in front of the firebox. Some of them reverted to straight throatplate at a later date, and these are also shown where known. Those marked with an asterisk were fitted with a boiler which had the top feed on the front ring on the date shown. In the case of no. 45087 it had previously been converted. The first conversion was carried out on no. 5022, and the last known was on no. 45163, which has been preserved.

5002 (12/37), 45007 (1/60), 45008 (1/60*), 45011 (1/49*+), 5020 (2/37), 5022 (10/36) reverted (10/58), 5023 (2/38) reverted (3/53), 5026 (2/37) reverted (1/59), 5027 (12/36), 5040 (11/36), 5045 (11/54), 5047 (1/37), 45049 (7/54) reverted (8/59), 5054 (1/37), 5057 (11/37), 5058 (11/37), 5059 (7/45), 45066 (4/60), 45082 (12/56*), 45087 (9/55) (12/60*), 5097 (1/37), 5108 (6/45), 45109 (5/48), 5142 (12/37), 45151 (3/51), 45163 (5/61), 45169 (7/55), 45197 (5/60)

The pre-war domed engines

A further 227 were ordered from Armstrong-Whitworth in 1936, the largest single locomotive order ever given by a British railway to an outside contractor. Crewe built a further 20, which had higher degree superheat boilers, with 28 elements, unlike the AW boilers, which had 24 elements.

5471, built at Crewe in 1938, would be the last built for five years. During the early stages of the Second World War, the priority was for heavy freight engines, and the closely related 8Fs were produced in large numbers.

Wartime and postwar domed engines

In 1943 construction was restarted, with Derby Works building its first. Construction continued up to no. 5499. As the numbering block from 5500 was allocated to the Patriot Class, a further batch of 200 locomotives were numbered from 4800 to 4999, followed by a batch from 4658 to 4799. By this time the LMS had been nationalised, and British Railways added 40000 to all numbers. Eventually the 842 examples would number 44658–45499.

Ivatt engines and experimental modifications

From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from No. 4998), and Nos 44758-767 had a longer wheelbase (Template:Cvt rather than Template:Cvt, with the coupled wheelbase extended from Template:Cvt to Template:Cvt); this was done to accommodate the Timken roller-bearing housings without fouling the ashpan.Template:Sfn In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear; other experimental Ivatt features included the use of steel rather than copper fireboxes on certain engines, and the fitting of double blastpipes and chimneys in some instances. 44738-57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, Nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4-6-2.

No. 4767, built at Crewe and delivered in December 1947, had outside Stephenson valve gear: instead of eccentrics, double return cranks were used to drive the eccentric rods, and a launch-type expansion link was used. This one cost £13,278, which was about £600 more than those built at the same time with Walschaerts' valve gear. The aim of the experiment was to find out if a valve gear having variable lead (as opposed to the constant lead of the Walschaerts' motion) would affect performance. On trial, it proved to have no advantage, although in normal service it did gain a reputation as a good performer on banks.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Accidents and incidents

• On 13 October 1939, No. 5025 was hauling an express passenger train from Euston to Stranraer (pilot to locomotive 6130 The West Yorkshire Regiment, an LMS Royal Scot Class 4-6-0) when it was in collision with locomotive LNWR Class G1 0-8-0 9169, which was attaching a van to the rear of an Inverness train at Template:Rws, Buckinghamshire, severely damaging it. Five people were killed and more than 30 were injured. No. 5025 was repaired and survives at the Strathspey Railway.
• In 1941, locomotive No. 5425 was severely damaged in a Luftwaffe air raid. It was subsequently repaired at Crewe Works.Template:Sfn
• On 1 January 1946, engine No. 5495 was involved in the Lichfield rail crash, in which the freight train it was hauling was derailed at Template:Rws station, Staffordshire due to faulty points. The train collided with a passenger train, which was hauled by LNWR Prince of Wales Class 4-6-0 no. 25802, killing 20 people and injuring 21.Template:Sfn
• On 23 January 1955, locomotive No. 45274 was hauling an express passenger train that was derailed due to excessive speed on a curve, in the Sutton Coldfield rail crash. Nineteen people were killed and 64 were injured.Template:Sfn
• On 16 January 1958, a locomotive of the class was hauling a passenger train that collided with a light engine that was standing foul of the line at Template:Rws due to a signalman's error. Both trains were derailed; thirteen people were injured.
• On 4 February 2006, locomotive 45305 Alderman A. E. Draper collided with a rake of six carriages at Template:Rws, damaging the locomotive and one of the carriages. Two people were injured. An investigation by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) found that the driver was not wearing spectacles at the time of the accident, despite it being a requirement on his medical certificate to do so when driving.
• On 2 October 2015, locomotive No. 45231 was working a private charter train for West Coast Railways (WCRC) through Doncaster when it was noticed that its TPWS (Train Protection and Warning System) had been isolated by the footplate crew. Isolation of the TPWS had been a factor in the Wootton Bassett SPAD incident in March of the same year. As a result, WCRC were suspended from operating on the national network by the Office of Rail and Road.

Construction details

LMS No.	BR No.	Lot No.	Date	Built at	Boiler type	Valve gear (Walschaerts unless stated)	Bearings (plain unless stated)	Additional notes
	44658–67	199	1949	Crewe	Forward topfeed			Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44668/9	199	1949	Horwich	Forward topfeed		Skefco roller bearings on driving axles	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44670–7	199	1950	Horwich	Forward topfeed		Skefco roller bearings on driving axles	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44678–85	199	1950	Horwich	Forward topfeed		Skefco roller bearings throughout	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44686/7	199	1951	Horwich	Forward topfeed	British Caprotti	Skefco roller bearings throughout	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44688–97	199	1950	Horwich	Forward topfeed		Timken roller bearings on driving axles	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44698–717	192	1948	Horwich	Forward topfeed			Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44718–27	192	1948	Crewe	Forward topfeed			Steel firebox, Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44728–37	192	1948	Crewe	Forward topfeed			Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44738–47	187	1948	Crewe	Forward topfeed	Caprotti	Timken roller bearings throughout	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
4748–53	44748–53	187	1948	Crewe	Forward topfeed	Caprotti	Timken roller bearings throughout	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44754–5	187	1948	Crewe	Forward topfeed	Caprotti		Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
-	44756–7	187	1948	Crewe	Forward topfeed	Caprotti		double chimney, Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
4758–66	44758–66	187	1947	Crewe	Forward topfeed		Timken roller bearings throughout	Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
4767	44767	187	1947	Crewe	Forward topfeed	Stephenson link motion	Timken roller bearings throughout	double chimney, preserved - Coupled wheelbase 7'+ 8'3"
4768–82	44768–82	187	1947	Crewe	Forward topfeed
4783–99	44783–99	187	1947	Horwich	Forward topfeed
4800–6	44800–6	153	1944	Derby	Domed
4807–25	44807–25	170	1944	Derby	Domed
4826–60	44826–60	170	1945	Derby	Domed
4861–71	44861–71	170	1945	Crewe	Domed
4872–920	44872–920	174	1945	Crewe	Domed
4921–31	44921–31	174	1945	Crewe	Domed
4932–43	44932–43	174	1945	Horwich	Domed
4944–66	44944–66	174	1946	Horwich	Domed
4967–81	44967–81	174	1946	Crewe	Domed
4982–90	44982–90	183	1946	Horwich	Domed
4991–6	44991–6	183	1947	Horwich	Domed
4997–9	44997–9	187	1947	Horwich	Forward topfeed			4997 was fitted with boiler 12462 from new which had the top feed on the 2nd ring, the other two had later pattern boilers.
5000–19	45000–19	114	1935	Crewe	Domeless
5020–65	45020–65	119	1934	Vulcan Foundry	Domeless
5066–9	45066–9	119	1935	Vulcan Foundry	Domeless
5070–4	45070–4	122	1935	Crewe	Domeless
5075–5124	45075–5124	123	1935	Vulcan Foundry	Domeless
5125–5224	45125–5224	124	1935	Armstrong Whitworth	Domeless
5225–98	45225–98	131	1936	Armstrong Whitworth	Domed
5299–5451	45299–5451	131	1937	Armstrong Whitworth	Domed
5452–71	45452–71	142	1938	Crewe	Domed
5472–81	45472–81	151	1943	Derby	Domed
5482–91	45482–91	152	1944	Derby	Domed
5492–9	45492–9	153	1944	Derby	Domed

Names

File:45154 Lanarkshire Yeomanry, Kentish Town.jpg

A named LMS Black 5 No. 45154 Lanarkshire Yeomanry in 1960.

Only five Black Fives received names during their mainline working lives, a small percentage of the total produced, although seven more have been named in preservation (see below). All of those named in mainline service were named after Scottish regiments. Locomotive 5155 carried the name The Queen's Edinburgh for only two years during the Second World War. Some sources have noted that no photographic confirmation of this naming is extant, although this is neither unique to the class, nor unexpected given restrictions on photography during wartime. The evidence for the naming of the locomotive is set out in full in various sources.Template:Sfn

Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 namesTemplate:Sfn

LMS No.	BR No.	Name	Date named	Name removed
5154	45154	Lanarkshire Yeomanry	1937	1966 (withdrawal from service)
5155	45155	The Queen's Edinburgh	1942	1944 (remained in service until 1964)
5156	45156	Ayrshire Yeomanry	1936	1968 (withdrawal from service)
5157	45157	The Glasgow Highlander	1936	1962 (withdrawal from service)
5158	45158	Glasgow Yeomanry	1936	1964 (withdrawal from service)

Withdrawal

The class remained intact until 1961 when 45401 was the first Black Five to be withdrawn from stock following a collision at Warrington, although the boiler was re-used and actually lasted to the end of steam on BR. The remainder of the class were withdrawn between 1962 and 1968. Some members of the class, 46 in total, survived to the last day of steam on BR in August 1968. No. 45318, a Lostock Hall based engine, hauled the last scheduled train on 3 August 1968; a Preston to Liverpool exchange. The locomotive was withdrawn a few days later and then scrapped the following year at Drapers.

Table of withdrawals

Year	Quantity in service at start of year	Quantity withdrawn	Locomotive numbers	Notes
1961	842	1	45401.
1962	841	21	Template:Ubl
1963	820	29	Template:Ubl
1964	791	67	Template:Ubl
1965	724	97	Template:Ubl	44901, 45163, 45293, 45337/79, 45491 preserved
1966	627	171	Template:Ubl
1967	456	305	Template:Ubl	44767, 45000/428 preserved
1968	151	151	Template:Ubl	44806/71/932, 45025/110, 45212/31, 45305, 45407 preserved

Preservation

Template:More citations needed section Eighteen Black Fives have been preserved, with twelve of them being purchased directly from BR for preservation (these being 44767, 44806, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45407 & 45428), the remaining six being rescued from Woodham Brothers' Barry Scrapyard (these being 44901, 45163, 45293, 45337, 45379 & 45491). Members of each of the builder's batches have survived into preservation: seven LMS-built engines and eleven by outside contractors. Of the eighteen to be preserved, fourteen have operated in preservation, the class members that have not yet run being 44901, 45163, 45293 & 45491. Twelve Black Fives have been operated on the main line in preservation: 44767, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45337, 45407 & 45428.

As of November 2024, there are seven Black Fives in traffic, five of which have valid main line certificates. 44871, 44932, 45212 & 45407 have full main line certificates for use over the national network, while 45428 is certified for main line use only between Grosmont and Whitby only. both 45025 and 44806 are only able to operate on preserved lines although the latter is currently awaiting more work to its AWS and GSM-R equipment so it can run to Whitby. 44767 & 45337 are in the process of undergoing overhauls, 45231 boiler certificate expired in January 2024 while four, 44901, 45163, 45293 and 45491, are undergoing restorations from Barry Scrapyard condition.

No. 44781 was a candidate for preservation, but was scrapped. In 2019, parts were rediscovered in Bartlow and in the National Railway Museum's collection in York.

Note: Some locos may usually have a nameplate but marked names indicate that the loco is not presently wearing them. Loco numbers in bold indicate their current number.

Preserved locos

Number	NameTemplate:Efn	Builder	Boiler Type	Built	Withdrawn	Home Location	Status	Livery	Dual Braked	Notes
LMS / BR				Service Life
4767 44767	George StephensonTemplate:Efn	Crewe Works	Forward Topfeed	Dec 1947	Dec 1967	Carnforth MPD	Undergoing a major overhaul.	BR Lined Black, Late Crest (on completion)	No	File:Bishops Lydeard - 44767.jpg This locomotive was the sole member of the class equipped with Stephenson valve gear.
				20 Years, 1 Month
4806 44806		Derby Works	Domed	Jul 1944	Aug 1968	North Yorkshire Moors Railway	Operational	BR Lined Black, Late Crest	No	File:44806 Carrog.jpg Formerly named Magpie and later renamed to Kenneth AldcroftTemplate:Efn The engine is to also be mainline certified for use on Grosmont to Whitby trains.
				24 Years, 1 Month
4871 44871		Crewe Works	Domed	Mar 1945	Aug 1968	East Lancashire Railway	Operational and mainline certified.	BR Lined Black, Early Emblem	Yes	File:LMS 44871 in the loop at Preston.jpg Hauled Fifteen Guinea Special in August 1968.
				23 Years, 5 Months
4901 44901		Crewe Works	Domed	Oct 1945	Aug 1965	Vale of Berkeley Railway	Awaiting restoration from ex-Barry condition	N/A	No	File:Awaiting restoration - geograph.org.uk - 1887942.jpg
				19 Years, 10 Months
4932 44932		Horwich Works	Domed	Sep 1945	Aug 1968	Carnforth MPD	Operational and mainline certified.	BR Lined Black, British Railways Lettering	No	File:'Black Five' 44932 at Skipton.JPG The engine is to be trialed out with the fitment of ETCS (in-cab signalling).
				22 Years, 11 Months
5000 45000		Crewe Works	Domeless	Mar 1935	Oct 1967	Shildon Locomotion Museum	Static Display.	LMS Lined Black	No	File:Black 5 5000 (5441473814).jpg Part of the National Collection
				32 Years, 8 Months
5025 45025		Vulcan Foundry	Domeless	Aug 1934	Aug 1968	Strathspey Railway	Operational	LMS Lined Black	No	File:Boat of Garten station, Strathspey Railway (geograph 7529736).jpg Oldest surviving member of the class
				34 Years
5110 45110		Vulcan Foundry	Domeless	Jul 1935	Aug 1968	Carnforth MPD	Stored	BR Lined Black, Late Crest	No	File:LMS Class 5 No 45110 (8062214958).jpg Purchased from Severn Valley Railway by private owner in August 2023. Hauled Fifteen Guinea Special in August 1968, and formerly named RAF Biggin Hill
				33 Years, 1 Month
5163 45163		Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Aug 1935	May 1965	Riley & Son	Under restoration.	N/A	No	File:45163 LMS Stanier 5MT "Black Five" 4-6-0.jpg
				29 Years, 9 Months
5212 45212		Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Nov 1935	Aug 1968	Keighley and Worth Valley Railway	Operational and mainline certified.	BR Lined Black, Late Crest	Yes	File:45212 Crewe 20180306.jpg
				32 Years, 9 Months
5231 45231	The Sherwood Forester	Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Aug 1936	Aug 1968	Crewe Diesel TMD	Boiler ticket expired January 2024	BR Lined Black, Late Crest	Yes	File:45231 Rabbit Bridge.jpg
				32 Years
5293 45293		Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Dec 1937	Aug 1965	Colne Valley Railway	Under restoration.	N/A	No	File:45293 frames Colne Valley Railway.jpg
				27 Years, 8 Months
5305 45305	Alderman A. E. Draper	Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Jan 1937	Aug 1968	Great Central Railway	Under overhaul	TBC	No	File:Hugh llewelyn 45305 & 70013 (5829915330).jpg
				31 Years, 7 Months
5337 45337		Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Apr 1937	Feb 1965	East Lancashire Railway	Under overhaul	LMS Lined Black (on completion)	No	File:Preserved steam at Irwell Vale - geograph.org.uk - 331546.jpg
				27 Years, 10 Months
5379 45379		Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Jul 1937	Jul 1965	Mid-Hants Railway	Stored	BR Lined Black, Late Crest	No	File:Crowcombe - 45379.jpg Boiler ticket expired in early September 2018
				28 Years 1 Month
5407 45407	The Lancashire Fusilier	Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Sep 1937	Aug 1968	East Lancashire Railway	Operational and Mainline Certified	BR Lined Black, Early Emblem	Yes	File:LMS 45407 The Lancashire Fusilier in Carlisle.jpg Owned by Ian Riley.
				30 Years, 11 Months
5428 45428	Eric Treacy	Armstrong Whitworth	Domed	Oct 1937	Oct 1967	North Yorkshire Moors Railway	Operational and mainline certified.	LMS Lined Black	No	File:Black Five 5428.jpg
				30 Years
5491 45491		Derby Works	Forward Topfeed	Dec 1943	Jul 1965	Great Central Railway	Under restoration	N/A	No	File:Lms Black 5 Great Central Railway.jpg Only surviving example having a boiler with top feed on the front ring in conjunction with Walschaerts valve gear.
				21 Years, 7 Months

Sound

• 45212 passing Green End

In fiction

In The Railway Series children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry and its television adaption Thomas and Friends, the character Henry the Green Engine, who was formerly based on flawed LNER Gresley A1 prototype designs, was rebuilt into a Black Five at Crewe Works after crashing into a goods train while pulling the Flying Kipper (a nightly fish train from Tidmouth, Sodor to Manchester) in 1935.Template:Sfn

In artwork

A Black 5 locomotive appears in the 1938 René Magritte painting Time Transfixed.

See also

• BR Standard Class 5

References

Further reading

• David Hunt, Bob Essery and Fred James with David Jennison and David Clarke LMS Locomotive Profiles (three volumes, three pictorial supplements):
  • No. 5 The mixed traffic class 5s. Part 1. Nos. 5000–5224. (+ pictorial supplement)
  • No. 6 The mixed traffic class 5s. Part 2. Walschaerts and Stephenson valve gear engines from the 5225–5499 and 4658–4999 series. (+ pictorial supplement)
  • No. 7 Mixed traffic class 5s: Caprotti valve gear engines and class summary (+ pictorial supplement)
• J.S. Whiteley, Gavin Morrison The Power of the Black Fives

External links

• Black Five classmember details

Bibliography

• Template:Rowledge-Engines of the LMS