Koho language
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Koho or K'Ho is a South Bahnaric language spoken by the Koho people and Mạ people, mainly in the Lâm Đồng Province of Vietnam. It is very close to the Mnong language.
The autonym of the Kơho people is kon cau (Script error: No such module "IPA".) while Koho (Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a Cham exonym.[1]
Subgroups and dialects
There are at least twelve Kơho dialect groups for the area: Chil (Cil, Til); Kalop (Tulop); Kơyon (Kodu, Co-Don); Làc (Làt, Lach); Mà (Mạ, Maa); Nồp (Nop, Xre Nop, Noup); Pru; Ryông Tô (Riồng, Rion); Sop, Sre (Chau Sơre, Xrê); Talà (To La); and Tring (Trinh). Although Mạ/Maa is a Koho dialect group, the Mạ people identify as a separate ethnic group.[2][1]
Phonology
Data below are from Olsen (2015).[1]
Consonants
Initial consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Voiceless | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Aspirated | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Voiced | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Implosive | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| Nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| Rhotic | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||
| Approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
- The phoneme /r/ is commonly a voiced alveolar trill [r] but also often reduces to a flap [ɾ] when it occurs as the second segment in a consonant cluster.
Final consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||
| Fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | ||||
| Rhotic | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||||
| Approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
- Before the palatal finals /c/ and /ɲ/, there is an audible palatal offglide after the vowel [Vʲ], so that /pwac/ ‘flesh’ is pronounced as [pwaʲc] and /ʔaɲ/ ‘I (1st person singular)’ as [ʔaʲɲ].
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Close-mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Open-mid | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| Low | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
- Vowels contrast in length.
Morphology
Compounding
Compounding is a common way of coining new words in Koho. Some examples:
- muh mat ‘face’ < muh (Script error: No such module "IPA".) ‘nose’ + mat (Script error: No such module "IPA".) ‘eye’
- phe mbar ‘sticky rice’ < phe (Script error: No such module "IPA".) ‘husked rice’ + mbar (Script error: No such module "IPA".) ‘sticky’
- ôi ao ‘clothes’ < ôi (Script error: No such module "IPA".) ‘blanket’ + ao (Script error: No such module "IPA".) ‘shirt’
Affixing
One of the more productive prefixes in Sre is the causative tơn- Script error: No such module "IPA"., converts intransitive verbs to causative verbs. If the prefixed verbs have a nasal initial, then the nasal cluster avoidance rule applied.
| Word | Meaning | Prefixed form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| duh Script error: No such module "IPA". | to be hot | tơnduh Script error: No such module "IPA". | to make hot |
| chơt Script error: No such module "IPA". | to die | tơnchơt Script error: No such module "IPA". | to kill |
| ring Script error: No such module "IPA". | to be flat, level, equal | tơnring Script error: No such module "IPA". | to equalize, make right |
| mut Script error: No such module "IPA". | to enter | tơmut Script error: No such module "IPA". | to make enter |
| muu Script error: No such module "IPA". | to descend, go down | tơmuu Script error: No such module "IPA". | to make descend, to lower |
Cultural References
- The Vietnamese acrobatic show Teh Dar by Lune Productions uses the Koho language.
References
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Sources
Template:Sister projectTemplate:Languages of Vietnam Template:Austro-Asiatic languages