Khaling language

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Khaling (kʰɛ̂l brâː ख्या:ल् ब्रा:) is a Kiranti language spoken in Solukhumbu district, Nepal and Sikkim, Darjeeling, and Kalimpong in India. It is one of the few Kiranti languages with tonal contrasts, which are of secondary origin.[1][2]

Khaling has approximately 15,000 speakers and is therefore considered a vulnerable language. Khaling has a complex system of stem alternations: as many as 10 distinct stems have to be posited for a word (Jacques et al. 2012). Khaling is very unusual in having an auditory demonstrative (see Jacques and Lahaussois 2014). Khaling is also known as Rai, Khalinge Rai, Khael Bra, and Khael Baat.[3]

General information

Khaling is still being acquired by children who live in Khaling-speaking areas, as well as non-Khaling children who happen to live in that area.

Geographical distribution

Khaling is spoken in the following VDC's of Nepal (Ethnologue).

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short long
High Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link
High-mid Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link
Low-mid Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr
Low Template:IPA link Template:Angbr Template:IPA link
  • Khaling language has rising-falling is denoted by using / ः/ while using Devanagari script.
  • /ʌ/ and /oɔ/ doesn't have long vowel sound.
  • Long vowel is denote by using /ऽ/.

Consonants

Khaling consonant phonemes
Bilabial Dental alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Affricate voiceless unaspirated Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPA link Template:Angbr
aspirated Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
voiced unaspirated Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
aspirated Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Fricative Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Trill Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Lateral Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
Frictionless continuant Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr
  • Glotta stop Template:IPAblink is one of the consonants of Koyu/Koyee(Koi) language which is represent by using Template:Angbr.
  • To write Khaling language Devanagari lipi or Kirat Sirijungga lipi is used.

See also

References

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Further reading

  • Hale, Austin, editor. 1973. Collected papers on Khaling, Kulung, Darai, Newari, Chitwan Tharu. Nepal Studies in Linguistics, 1. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute for Nepal and Asian Studies. vii, 87 p.
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  • Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Dhan Bahadur Rai & Yadav Kumar. 2015. Khaling-Nepali-English Dictionary, version 1.0. Paris: Projet HimalCo. http://himalco.huma-num.fr/.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1972. Khaling phonemic summary. Tibeto-Burman Phonemic Summaries, 12. Kirtipur: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal Studies, Tribhuvan University. 73 p.
  • Toba, Ingrid. 1973. "The Khaling verb." Nepal Studies in Linguistics 1: 1-14.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi and Ingrid Toba. 1975. A Khaling-English, English-Khaling glossary. Kathmandu: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies. xiii, 86 p.
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  • Toba, Sueyoshi. 1981. Khaling texts. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 97 p.
  • Toba, Sueyoshi. 1983. Khaling Texts. YAK 7. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
  • Toba, Sueyoshi. 1984. Khaling. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa
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  • Hansson, G. (1991). The Rai of Eastern Nepal, Ethnic and Linguistic Grouping: Findings of the Linguistic Survey of Nepal. Linguistic Survey of Nepal and Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University.
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External links

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