Itonama language
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Itonama is a moribund language isolate once spoken by the Itonama people in the Amazonian lowlands of north-eastern Bolivia. It was spoken on the Itonomas River and Lake[1] in Beni Department.
In Magdalena town on the western bank of the Itonama River (a tributary of the Iténez River), located in Iténez Province, only a few elderly people remember a few words and phrases.[2]Template:Rp
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Nambikwaran languages due to contact.[3]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[4] found lexical similarities between Itonama and Movima, likely due to contact.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink |
| Mid | Template:IPAlink ~ Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink | |
| Low | Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Diphthongs: Script error: No such module "IPA". Template:Angbr.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink ~ Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
| ejectiveScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink ~ Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
||||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | |||||
| Fricative | Template:IPAlink | Template:IPAlink | |||||
| Liquid | lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink | |||||
| rhoticScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
||||||
| Semivowel | Template:IPAlink ~ Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
Template:IPAlink Template:Angbr |
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The postalveolar affricates Script error: No such module "IPA". have alveolar allophones Script error: No such module "IPA".. Variation occurs between speakers, and even within the speech of a single person.
The semivowel Script error: No such module "IPA". is realized as a bilabial fricative Template:IPAblink when preceded and followed by identical vowels.[5]
Morphology
Itonama is a polysynthetic, head-marking, verb-initial language with an accusative alignment system along with an inverse subsystem in independent clauses, and straightforward accusative alignment in dependent clauses.
Nominal morphology lacks case declension and adpositions and so is simpler than verbal morphology (which has body-part and location incorporation, directionals, evidentials, verbal classifiers, among others).[6]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Itonama.[1] They are shown here alongside the forms cited in the Intercontinental Dictionary Series (IDS).
gloss Itonama (Loukotka) Itonama (IDS) one chash-káni ukʼa’ne two chash-chupa -chupa tooth huomóte ohwomotʼe tongue páchosníla ohpochosnila hand mapára uhmaʼpara woman ubíka wabï’ka water huanúhue wanu’we fire ubári ubari moon chakakáshka u’tyahka’ka’ka maize udáme jaguar ótgu house úku uku
See also
Further reading
- Camp, E. L.; Liccardi, M. R. (1967). Itonama, castellano e inglés. (Vocabularios Bolivianos, 6.) Riberalta: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
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External links
- Sample of Itonama fragment
- Lenguas de Bolivia Template:Webarchive (online edition)
- Itonama (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Template:Languages of Bolivia Template:Language families Template:South American languages Template:Jesuit Missions of Moxos
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Template:Cite thesis
- ↑ Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013).
- ↑ Template:Cite Q
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".