Indus Kohistani

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Indus Kohistani or simply Kohistani (Template:Nq, Kōstaiñ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the former Kohistan District of Pakistan.[1] The language was referred to as Maiyã (Mayon) or Shuthun by early researchers, but subsequent observations have not verified that these names are known locally.Template:Sfn

Phonology

The phonology of Indus Kohistani varies between its major dialects as shown below.Template:Sfn

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

In the Kanyawali dialect, the back vowels /u/ and /o/ are described as variants of each other, as are the front vowels /i/ and /e/.

Consonants

File:Mother Tongue by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg
Kohistani is spoken in multiple districts of KPK in north as of the 2017 Pakistan Census

The consonant inventory of Indus Kohistani is shown in the chart below. (Consonants particular to the Kanyawali Dialect of Tangir and those found only in the Kohistan Dialects are color-coded respectively.)

Labial Coronal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Breathy Voiced (Template:IPA link)
Stop Voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link)
Aspirated Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Breathy Voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Affricate Voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Aspirated Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Voiced Template:IPA link
Fricative Voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Lateral Template:IPA link
Rhotic Voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Breathy Voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Semivowel Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

The phonemes /x/, /ɣ/, and /q/ are mainly found in loan words. The status of /q/ in the Kanyawali Dialect is unclear. The sounds /f, v/ can also be bilabial [ɸ, β].Template:Sfn

See also

References

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Bibliography

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Template:Languages of Pakistan Template:Indo-Aryan languages Template:Authority control