Hotan Prefecture

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Hotan Prefecture[1] (see also § Etymology) is located in the Tarim Basin region of southwestern Xinjiang, China, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south and Union Territory of Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan to the west. The vast majority of the Aksai Chin region which is disputed between China and India is administered as part of Hotan Prefecture. The seat of Hotan Prefecture is Hotan and its largest county by population is Karakax County. The vast majority of the residents of the prefecture are Muslim Uyghurs and live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains.

The region was the center of the ancient Iranian Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan. Later, the region was part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, followed by the Qara Khitai, Chagatai Khanate, Moghulistan and the Dzungar Khanate, which was conquered by the Qing dynasty of China. Hotan became part of Xinjiang under Qing rule.[2] In the 1930s, the Khotan Emirate declared independence from China.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The People's Liberation Army entered Hotan in 1949.

The prefecture is known for its jade, silk and carpets.

Etymology

Hotan Prefecture is named for its seat, Hotan (or Khotan). The area was originally known as Godana in ancient Sanskrit cosmological texts.[3] The Chinese transcribed the name as Script error: No such module "Lang"., pronounced Gudana in Middle Chinese (Yutian in modern Standard Chinese); the pronunciation eventually morphed into Khotan. In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar Xuanzang attempted to remedy this lexical change. Xuanzang, who was well-versed in Sanskrit, proposed that the traditional name was in fact Kustana (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and asserted it meant "breast of the earth". However, this was likely borrowed from the Tibetan name for the region, Gosthana, which means "land of cows". It is therefore most likely that the original name of Hotan was Sanskritic in origin, a consequence of ancient Indian settlement in the area.[4][5]

The official Uyghur-Latin transliteration, and therefore English spelling, of the modern city's name is "Hotan" according to the Register of Chinese Geographic Places.[6] The Hanyu pinyin romanization Hetian has also been used on some maps.

History

The Hotan Prefecture region played a major part in the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877).[2]

Tunganistan was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin; the centre of the region was Khotan.

On 22 December 1949, PLA forces reached Hotan. In 1950, the area was redesignated as Hotan District (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[7]

In 1959, the Chinese character name of Hotan was changed from 'Script error: No such module "Lang".' to the homophonous 'Script error: No such module "Lang".'.[8][7]

In 1962, events of the Sino-Indian War occurred in parts of Aksai Chin administered as part of Hotan Prefecture.

In 1971, Hotan was changed from a district (Script error: No such module "Lang".) to a prefecture (Script error: No such module "Lang".).[7]

Between June 1991 and March 1992, there were six attacks with firearms on Han Chinese residents in Hotan Prefecture.[9]

According to a reporter for the Wen Wei Po in Ürümqi, between January and August 2005, authorities had disbanded six "illegal underground" religious schools in Hotan Prefecture and confiscated more than one hundred unauthorized religious books and periodicals as well as 972 audio and video tapes.[10][11]

In 2016, Kunyu was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, 171 Uyghur workers from Hotan Prefecture were sent to Changsha, Hunan.[12]

Geography

The vast majority of the residents live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains. To the north, the prefecture borders Aksu Prefecture, to the east Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, to the west Kashgar Prefecture, and to the south, Tibet and the areas disputed between China, India and Pakistan. Aksai Chin includes the southernmost point administered as part of Xinjiang. Most of the prefecture has a cold desert climate.

Administrative divisions

File:Oasis Covered By Poplar Folast Windbreak At Hotan Of The South Taklimakan Desert = 和田（ホータン）のポプラ防風林 36556483052 35ae0e8819 o.jpg
Windbreak forest in Hotan, July 1993
File:Khotan-melikawat-ruinas-d05.jpg
Melikawat

The Hotan Prefecture is divided into one county-level city and seven counties and surrounds Kunyu:[13][14]

File:Hotan mcp.png
(Outdated map: Kunyu was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture in 2016)
# Name Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Population (2020)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Area (km2) Density (/km2)
1 Hotan[1] (Hetian) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 501,028 466 1074.15
2 Hotan County[1] (Hetian) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 324,603 41,080Template:Efn 7.90
3 Karakax County[1] (Moyu) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 571,648 25,608 22.32
4 Pishan County[1] (Guma) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 281,573 39,463 7.14
5 Lop County (Luopu) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 286,900 14,114 20.33
6 Qira County (Chira, Cele) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 157,792 31,592 4.99
7 Keriya County (Yutian[1]) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 257,038 39,033 6.59
8 Niya County (Minfeng[1]) Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration 42,649 56,703 0.75
9 He'an County[15] Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration
10 Hekang County[15] Script error: No such module "Lang". Template:Transliteration Template:Linktext Template:Transliteration
File:Musicians at Hotan Sunday Market.jpg
Musicians at Hotan Sunday Market

Demographics

Template:Historical populations

As of 2015, 2,248,113 (96.7%) of the 2,324,287 residents of the prefecture were Uyghur, 71,233 were Han Chinese (3.1%) and 4,941 were from other ethnic groups.[16]

In 2014, according to a local government employee in the township of Langru in Hotan County, "Islamic beliefs are very strong" in the prefecture.[17]

As of the 2000s, the population of Hotan Prefecture was more than 95% Uyghur.[18][19][17][20]Template:Rp

As of 1999, 96.9% of the population of Hotan (Hetian) Prefecture was Uyghur and 3.1% of the population was Han Chinese.[21]

Residents of Hotan Prefecture commonly speak Uyghur and often do not speak Mandarin Chinese.[20]Template:Rp[22][23][24]Template:RpTemplate:Better source needed

Notable persons

Historical maps

Historical English-language maps including modern-day Hotan Prefecture area:

Notes

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Footnotes

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External links

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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g The official spelling is "Hotan" according to Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ (中国地名录, published in Beijing, SinoMaps Press Script error: No such module "Lang". 1997; Template:ISBN; p. 312.)
  7. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cihai
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1". (Sourced to the Xinjiang Public Security Gazette (Script error: No such module "Lang".), pages 84)
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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