Ḫepat

Ḫepat (Template:Langx, ; also romanized as Ḫebat;Template:Sfn Ugaritic 𐎃𐎁𐎚, ḫbtTemplate:Sfn) was a goddess associated with Aleppo, originally worshiped in the north of modern Syria in the third millennium BCE. Her name is often presumed to be either a feminine nisba referring to her connection to this city, or alternatively a derivative of the root ḫbb, "to love". Her best attested role is that of the spouse of various weather gods. She was already associated with Adad in Ebla and Aleppo in the third millennium BCE, and in later times they are attested as a couple in cities such as Alalakh and Emar. In Hurrian religion she instead came to be linked with Teshub, which in the first millennium BCE led to the development of a tradition in which she was the spouse of his Luwian counterpart Tarḫunz. Associations between her and numerous other deities are described in Hurrian ritual texts, where she heads her own Template:Ill, a type of offering lists dedicated to the circle of a specific deity. She commonly appears in them alongside her children, Šarruma, Allanzu and Kunzišalli. Her divine attendant was the goddess Takitu. In Hittite sources, she could sometimes be recognized as the counterpart of the Sun goddess of Arinna, though their respective roles were distinct and most likely this theological conception only had limited recognition. In Ugarit the local goddess Pidray could be considered analogous to her instead.

The oldest evidence for the worship of Ḫepat comes from texts from Ebla, though she was not a major goddess in Eblaite religion. In later times she was worshiped in the kingdom of Yamhad, as well as in Emar. She was also incorporated into Hurrian religion, though most of the related evidence comes exclusively from western Hurrian polities such as Kizzuwatna, where her cult center was Kummanni. In Ugarit, as well as among the eastern Hurrian communities, her importance was comparably smaller. She was also incorporated into Hittite and Luwian religion through Hurrian mediation, and as a result continued to be worshiped in the first millennium BCE in states such as Tabal and Samʾal. The goddess Hipta, known from Lydia and from later Orphic sources, is sometimes presumed to be a late form of her. A less direct connection between her and another figure known from classical sources, Ma, has also been proposed.

Name and character

The theonym Ḫepat was written in cuneiform as or ,Template:Sfn while in the Ugaritic alphabetic script as ḫbt.Template:Sfn Romanizations with the middle consonant rendered as both p and b can both be found in modern literature, with the former being an attempt at representing unvoiced consonants present in the Hurrian language.Template:Sfn The breve under the first consonant is sometimes omitted.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A variant of the name without t is attested in primary sources.Template:Sfn It occurs particularly commonly in theophoric names.Template:Sfn Examples include the names of Mittani princesses Kelu-Ḫepa and Tadu-Ḫepa,Template:Sfn Hittite queen PuduḫepaTemplate:Sfn and Abdi-Heba ("servant of Ḫepat"), a ruler of Jerusalem known from the Amarna correspondence.Template:Sfn In Egyptian texts, it could be rendered as ḫipa.Template:Sfn In older publications this variant is sometimes romanized as Khipa.Template:Sfn

According to Alfonso Archi, the theonym ^dḫa-a-ba-du (/ḫalabāytu/) known from Eblaite texts can be considered an early form of Ḫepat's name and indicates it should be interpreted as a nisba, "she of Ḫalab (Aleppo)".Template:Sfn He romanizes the Eblaite theonym as Ḫalabatu.Template:Sfn He concludes that the later form of the name developed through the process of velarization, with the loss of the l resulting in a change from a to e, similarly to cases of loss of ḥ, ʿ or ġ well documented in various Akkadian words.Template:Sfn An alternate proposal is to interpret it as Ḫibbat, "the beloved", from the root ḫbb, "to love".Template:Sfn Lluís Feliu notes it is not impossible both options are correct, which would reflect a case of polysemy.Template:Sfn Doubts about the validity of both etymological proposals have been expressed by Template:Ill, though he also supports interpreting the Eblaite goddess as an early form of Ḫepat.Template:Sfn The assumption that both names refer to the same goddess is also supported by other researchers, for example Gary BeckmanTemplate:Sfn and Template:Ill.Template:Sfn

In early scholarship attempts have been made to show a linguistic connection between the theonym Ḫepat and the biblical given name Ḥawwat (Eve),Template:Sfn but as stressed by Daniel E. Fleming they are phonologically dissimilar.Template:Sfn

Various epithets could be employed to designate Ḫepat as a deity who held a high position in the pantheon, for example "queen", "lady of heaven" and "queen of heaven".Template:Sfn The last of them occurs in Hittite treaties.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn She could also be linked to the institution of kingship.Template:Sfn A Hurrian ceremony dedicated to her was concerned with the concept of allašši, "ladyship", in analogy to Teshub's ceremony of šarrašši, "kingship".Template:Sfn Ḫepat also had maternal characteristics,Template:Sfn and could be invoked in rituals connected with midwifery.Template:Sfn While this aspect of her character is only directly documented in texts from Hattusa, Thomas Richter argues that it might have already been known in Syria in the Old Babylonian period, as she was invoked particularly commonly in Hurrian theophoric names attributing the birth of a child to the help of a specific deity, one example being Uru-Ḫepa, "Ḫepat let the girl exist".Template:Sfn

Associations with other deities

Ḫepat and weather gods

Ḫepat's best attested characteristic was her status as the spouse of various weather gods, especially those associated with Aleppo.Template:Sfn It is possible that this connection went as far back as the twenty seventh century BCE.Template:Sfn It is assumed that she and Hadda (Adad) of Aleppo were already viewed as a couple in the Eblaite texts.Template:Sfn Outside of this area, this tradition was also followed in Alalakh.Template:Sfn Evidence is also available from Emar,Template:Sfn where she occurs alongside the local weather god in a festival focused on the NIN.DINGIR priestess.Template:Sfn Daniel E. Fleming argues that he was also linked with Ashtart in local tradition, rather than exclusively with Ḫepat,Template:Sfn though he accepts that the ritual texts only acknowledge the latter pair.Template:Sfn Template:Ill suggests that two pairings, one belonging to the tradition of Aleppo and the other reflecting coastal beliefs, coexisted in Emar.Template:Sfn Further east in Mesopotamia the spouse of the weather god was usually Shala instead.Template:Sfn Additionally, in Upper Mesopotamia in the Old Babylonian period local goddesses might have been recognized as his partners, for example Bēlet-Apim or Bēlet-Qaṭṭarā.Template:Sfn Schwemer suggests that Ḫepat might have nonetheless been recognized as his spouse in the Mesopotamian kingdom of Mari, though he admits there is no evidence that she was worshiped in the local temple dedicated to him.Template:Sfn Shala is attested in theophoric names from this city, though all of them are Akkadian and belonged to people hailing from neighboring Babylonia.Template:Sfn

In Hurrian tradition Ḫepat's spouse was Teshub.Template:Sfn The earliest evidence for this pairing has been identified in Old Babylonian sources from Mari.Template:Sfn However, according to Lluís Feliu it is not impossible that among eastern Hurrian communities Shala was regarded as Teshub's wife instead, which might explain her appearance among Hurrian deities in the treaty between Šuppiluliuma I and Šattiwaza.Template:Sfn In Ugarit, Ḫepat was recognized only as the spouse of Teshub, venerated there as the god of Aleppo,Template:Sfn while the local weather god, Baal,Template:Efn was most likely considered to be unmarried.Template:Sfn

In Tabal in the eighth century BCE Ḫepat was paired with the Luwian weather god Tarḫunz,Template:Sfn which reflected the development of a new tradition presumably dependent on considering him analogous to Teshub.Template:Sfn She also retained her role as the spouse of the weather god in Carchemish in the first millennium BCE, and in inscriptions from this city Tarḫunz appears alongside "Ḫipatu".Template:Sfn

of Ḫepat

File:Yazilikaya.19.Gottheiten.png

An illustration showing the procession of goddesses following Ḫepat in Yazılıkaya.

In Hurrian sources various deities were included in the , or offering lists, dedicated to Ḫepat, and as such formed a part of her circle: her son Šarruma, her two daughters Allanzu and Kunzišalli, Takitu, Hutena and Hutellura, Allani, Ishara, Shalash, Damkina, (Umbu-)Nikkal, Ayu-Ikalti, Šauška (alongside her servants Ninatta and Kulitta), Nabarbi, Shuwala, Adamma, Kubaba, Hašuntarḫi, Uršui-Iškalli, Tiyabenti, as well as "ancestors of Ḫepat"Template:Efn and various cultic paraphernalia connected with her.Template:Sfn A similar group of deities follows Ḫepat and her family on the reliefs from the Yazılıkaya sanctuary: Takitu, Hutena and Hutellura, Allani, Ishara, Nabarbi, Shalash, Damkina, Nikkal, Aya, Šauška and Shuwala are identified by name in accompanying inscriptions, while six other goddesses are left unnamed.Template:Sfn

Ḫepat could also form a dyad alongside one of her children, usually Šarruma, though attestations of Allanzu and Kunzišalli in this context are known too.Template:Sfn Another deity who in ritual texts could form a dyad with her was Mušuni,Template:Sfn "she of justice."Template:Sfn Template:Ill assumes that she can be considered a personified attribute or epithet of Ḫepat.Template:Sfn However, it has been proposed that she was a separate goddess associated with the underworld, and in one case she appears in a ritual alongside Allani and Ishara.Template:Sfn Another dyad consisted of Ḫepat and the otherwise unknown deity Ḫašulatḫi.Template:Sfn

Two deities are attested in the role of Ḫepat's sukkal (divine attendant), TakituTemplate:Sfn and Tiyabenti.Template:Sfn While only Takitu appears in myths, she and Tiyabenti coexist in ritual texts, where both can accompany their mistress, which according to Marie-Claude Trémouille indicates that the view that one of them was merely an epithet of the other is unsubstantiated.Template:Sfn

Sun goddess of Arinna and Ḫepat

File:HittiteGoddessAndChildAnatolia15th-13thCenturyBCE.jpg

Possible depiction of the Sun goddess of Arinna.

In an effort to harmonize the dynastic pantheon of the Hittite kings, which was influenced by Hurrian religion, with the state pantheon consisting of Hattic and Hittite deities, attempts were made to syncretise Ḫepat and the Sun goddess of Arinna.Template:Sfn The best known source attesting it is a prayer of queen Puduḫepa, the wife of Ḫattušili III:

O Sun-goddess of Arinna, my lady, queen of all the lands! In Hatti you gave yourself the name Sun-goddess of Arinna, but the land which you made that of the cedar, there you gave yourself the name Ḫebat.Template:Sfn

However, Template:Ill considers it impossible that this idea was adopted into everyday religious practices of the general Hittite population.Template:Sfn Gary Beckman refers to it as a "rare and exceptional" example.Template:Sfn Template:Ill notes that the character of the goddess of Arinna was dissimilar to that of Ḫepat, and that unlike the latter she had a well established individual role in the pantheon.Template:Sfn Furthermore, Ḫepat never replaced her in her traditional position in treaties and similar documents.Template:Sfn

Other associations

In Aleppo during the existence of the kingdom of Yamhad Ḫepat seemingly belonged to the circle of deities associated with Dagan, presumably due to her connection to his son, Adad.Template:Sfn Lluís Feliu suggests that she might have been viewed as the daughter of the formerTemplate:Sfn and his wife Shalash.Template:Sfn

A list of deities from Ugarit identifies Pidray as the local counterpart of Ḫepat.Template:Sfn Wilfred H. van Soldt suggested that in theophoric names from this city the theonym Ḫepat might have been used as a stand-in for Pidray.Template:Sfn According to Daniel Schwemer, it is unlikely that this equation reflected a tradition in which Pidray was the wife of the local weather god, Baal.Template:Sfn

Worship

Ebla and nearby areas

The worship of Ḫepat had its roots in the north of modern Syria.Template:Sfn Eblaite texts indicate that under the early form of her name, Ḫalabāytu, she was worshiped in Ebla and in Aleppo in the third millennium BCE.Template:Sfn She is first attested during the reigns of Eblaite kings Irkab-Damu and Išar-Damu and their viziers Ibrium and Ibbi-Zikir.Template:Sfn However, she was not a goddess of major importance in Eblaite religion.Template:Sfn She always appears in association with Aleppo in Eblaite sources, though she is very sparsely attested in this text corpus.Template:Sfn She received offerings of various golden and silver objects, as well as cattle.Template:Sfn In the offering list TM.76.G.22 she is the seventh deity mentioned, after Adad, Adad of Aleppo, Dagan of Tuttul, Hadabal of Arugadu, the Eblaite sun deity, Resheph of Aidu (a sparsely attested minor settlement) and Ishtar of Šetil (another small, poorly known settlement).Template:Sfn Another text, written during the sixth year of Ibbi-Zikir and focused on offerings to the weather god of Aleppo, mentions that the king of Ebla offered a buckle to her.Template:Sfn

A single theophoric name invoking Ḫepat is known from Ebla from the second millennium BCE.Template:Sfn A local ruler, one of the possible members of a dynasty which ruled in the city in the twentieth century BCE, was named Igriš-Ḫeba (ig-ri-iš-ḪI-IB, with the last two signs read as ḫe-eba_x).Template:Sfn She is also depicted on a seal which might have belonged to a son of another local ruler, Indi-Limma.Template:Sfn

Yamhad and Mari

It is presumed that Ḫepat continued to be worshiped in Aleppo through the Old Babylonian period.Template:Sfn In one of the texts from Mari from the same period, a letter to Zimri-Lim, she is mentioned alongside Dagan and Shalash in an account of the pagrā’um, a mourning ceremony combined with the offering of sacrificial animals to deities, which in this case was held in honor of king Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad by his successor Hammurapi in the royal palace in Aleppo.Template:Sfn In another letter an anonymous woman mentions she will pray for Zimri-Lim to her and a weather god (^dIŠKUR), possibly Teshub.Template:Sfn No theophoric names invoking Ḫepat occur in sources from Mari, with examples cited in older literature being now considered misreadings or otherwise dubious.Template:Sfn Five examples are however attested in texts from Alalakh documenting the period when the city was under the control of the kingdom of Yamhad: Ḫebat-allani, Ḫebat-DINGIR (reading of the second element is uncertain), Ḫebat-muhirni, Ḫebat-ubarra and Ummu-Ḫebat.Template:Sfn She is also one of the three deities, the other two being Adad and the city goddess of Alalakh, here designated by the logogram ^dIŠTAR (in the past erroneously interpreted as an epithet of Ḫepat), who are invoked in the curse formula in a text detailing how Abba-El I's brother Yarim-Lim became the ruler of this city after the destruction of Irride.Template:Sfn

Emar

The worship of Ḫepat is also documented in texts from Emar.Template:Sfn Template:Ill suggests that the double temple discovered during excavations was dedicated jointly to her and the local weather god.Template:Sfn However, as stressed by Daniel E. Fleming in textual sources she occurs in "a fairly narrow setting" compared to deities such as ^dNIN.KUR.Template:Sfn She was commonly associated with sikkānu stones, often interpreted by researchers as aniconic representations of deities,Template:Sfn though this view is not universally accepted.Template:Sfn The use of such objects is documented in texts from Ugarit, Mari and Ebla as well, and it is presumed it was a distinct feature of religious practice in ancient Syria from the third millennium BCE to the end of the Bronze Age.Template:Sfn The anointing of a sikkānu dedicated to her is mentioned in instruction for the initiation of a NIN.DINGIR priestess of the local weather god, and offerings to it were made during the zukru festival.Template:Sfn It was apparently located inside the city.Template:Sfn Furthermore, an inventory of metal objects belonging to Ḫepat has been identified among texts discovered in Emar.Template:Sfn Theophoric names invoking her are attested in sources from this city too.Template:Sfn Examples include Asmu-Ḫebat and Ḫebat-ilī.Template:Sfn

Western Hurrian sources

As argued by Daniel E. Fleming, Ḫepat's role in Hurrian religion is best known today.Template:Sfn According to Alfonso Archi, after the fall of Ebla she and a number of other deities belonging to the pantheon of the city, such as Adamma, Ammarik, Aštabi and Šanugaru, did not retain their former position in the religion of the Amorites, who became the dominant culture in Syria, and as a result were reduced to figures of at best local significance, eventually incorporated into the religion of the Hurrians when they arrived in the same area a few centuries later.Template:Sfn She is particularly well attested in sources originating in western Hurrian communities.Template:Sfn She was the highest ranked Hurrian goddess in the traditions of Aleppo and the kingdom of Kizzuwatna,Template:Sfn where she was worshiped in Kummanni and Lawazantiya.Template:Sfn However, she only acquired this position by displacing Šauška from her position attested in sources from most Hurrian centers in the east, such as Nuzi.Template:Sfn In addition to Ḫepat herself, her various cultic paraphernalia could be venerated too, for example her throne.Template:Sfn

Ugaritic sources

Ḫepat was among the Hurrian deities worshiped in Ugarit.Template:Sfn She appears exclusively in texts belonging to the Hurrian milieu in this city.Template:Sfn However, her position in the local variant of the Hurrian pantheon was relatively low,Template:Sfn and it is presumed that Šauška retained the role of the foremost goddess.Template:Sfn

In the text RS 24.261, a ritual combining Hurrian and Ugaritic elements and focused on the local goddess Ashtart and her Hurrian counterpart Šauška,Template:Sfn Ḫepat is listed between Pišaišapḫi and Daqitu in a sequence of deities who were recipients of offerings during it.Template:Sfn RS 24.291, a bilingual text dealing with another ritual, which was focused on the bed of Pidray,Template:Sfn prescribes offering a single ram to Ḫepat during the first day of the celebrations, and two of the same animal and then separately a cow on the second.Template:Sfn

Fifteen theophoric names invoking Ḫepat have been identified in the corpus of Ugaritic texts, though one of them belonged to a person from outside the city.Template:Sfn A letter sent by king Template:Ill of Amurru indicates that a temple of Ḫepat existed in the proximity of Ugarit in the settlement ‘Ari.Template:Sfn

Eastern Hurrian sources

While Ḫepat was not regarded as one of the major deities in the eastern Hurrian polities, she was not entirely unknown there.Template:Sfn It has been proposed that she was perceived as a deity of high status by the royal family of the Mitanni Empire,Template:Sfn where she is attested in theophoric names of princesses.Template:Sfn The attested examples are Kelu-Ḫepa and Tatu-Ḫepa, both from the fourteenth century BCE.Template:Sfn In Nuzi names invoking her are uncommon.Template:Sfn Two examples are known, Šuwar-Ḫepa and Šatu-Ḫepa; both of these individuals were relatives of a local prince.Template:Sfn

While western Hurrian literary texts describe Ḫepat as a deity worshiped in Kumme, likely located east of the Khabur, it is not certain if she was venerated in this location.Template:Sfn

Hittite reception

Ḫepat also came to be incorporated into Hittite religion.Template:Sfn She is mentioned for the first time in Hittite sources in an account of Ḫattušili I's expedition against Ḫaššum, during which he seized the statues of deities worshiped in this Hurrian polity, among them this goddess, as well as Lelluri, Allatum, Adalur and the Template:Ill.Template:Sfn The statue was then deposited in a temple of Mezulla.Template:Sfn In later times she and Teshub were the two main deities in the dynastic pantheon which according to Template:Ill first developed when a new dynasty originating in Kizzuwatna came to reign over the Hittite Empire.Template:Sfn In the Šunaššura treaty, Ḫepat and Teshub, described as the deities of Aleppo, appear directly after the three main deities of the Hittite state pantheon,Template:Sfn the weather god (Tarḫunna), the sun goddess of Arinna, and a "tutelary deity of Hatti" (designated by the sumerogram ^dLAMMA, to be read as Inara or Inar).Template:Sfn However, this placement of the pair is unique.Template:Sfn Typically Ḫepat was not listed among the most major deities in treaties.Template:Sfn She is also attested in the Egyptian version of the treaty between the Hittite Empire and Egypt,Template:Sfn presumably originally compiled when peace was established in 1259 BCE (twenty first year of Ramesses II's reign), following earlier hostilities which led to the battle of Kadesh.Template:Sfn However, the Egyptian scribe apparently misunderstood Ḫepat as the name of a male deity, treating the determinative DINGIR as analogous to masculine Egyptian pꜢ-nṯr, even though she is designated in this text by the feminine title "queen of heaven" (tꜢ-ḥmt-nswt n tꜢ-pt; translation of cuneiform SAL.LUGAL.AN).Template:SfnTemplate:Efn

In the Hittite Empire Ḫepat was worshiped in Hattusa.Template:Sfn She is depicted standing on the back of a leopard and accompanied by her children (Šarruma, Allanzu and Kunzišalli) on the central relief of the nearby Yazılıkaya sanctuary, which was dedicated to the worship of deities of Hurrian origin.Template:Sfn The procession of goddesses who follow them reflects the order of the (offering lists).Template:Sfn Alongside Teshub Ḫepat formed the main pair in the local pantheon of Šapinuwa, where Hurrian deities were introduced in the beginning of the reign of Tudhaliya III, when the king temporarily resided there during a period of political turmoil.Template:Sfn During the reign of Muwatalli II she was venerated in Šamuḫa, though it is possible she, Teshub and Šauška were already introduced to the local pantheon during the reign of Tudhaliya III, when he had to relocate the capital to this city after the Kaška burned down Hattusa.Template:Sfn Muršili II introduced the worship of Ḫepat to Template:Ill, where he resided near the end of his reign.Template:Sfn During the reign of Tudḫaliya IV, she was worshiped alongside other deities associated with Teshub during a section of the Template:Ill taking place in the local temple of Kataḫḫa.Template:Sfn There is also some evidence that the worship of Ḫepat spread to cities located in the north of the Hittite sphere of influence, including Ḫurma and Uda.Template:Sfn

Luwian reception

Ḫepat was also worshiped by the Luwians, initially as a result of Teshub displacing the native storm god Tarḫunz in the pantheons of their easternmost communities.Template:Sfn She appears in Luwian ritual texts originating in Kizzuwatna, where Hurrian and Luwian traditions coexisted.Template:Sfn However, as noted by Manfred Hutter, she did not yet belong to the core Luwian pantheon and only in the first millennium BCE she became a "Luwianized" deity.Template:Sfn She was worshiped alongside Tarḫunz in the Neo-Hittite kingdom of Tabal,Template:Sfn which reflected the development of a new partially Hurrianized Luwian local pantheon.Template:Sfn She might also be depicted on an orthostat from Sam’al.Template:Sfn Template:Ill argues that her presence in this kingdom might indicate that despite lack of attestations she was still worshiped in Aleppo in the first millennium BCE.Template:Sfn

Possible later attestations

Hipta and Mystis

It is possible that Hipta (ἽπταTemplate:Sfn), a goddess regarded as the consort of Sabazios and attested in four Greek inscriptions from Katakekaumene, a region located in historical Lydia, was a late form of Ḫepat.Template:Sfn Later on Hipta was incorporated into the Orphic tradition.Template:Sfn Proclus maintained that one of Orpheus' works was focused on her.Template:Sfn He describes her as responsible for receiving the newborn Dionysus, and states that she carried a ritual winnowing basket (liknon) and a snake.Template:Sfn Her actions and the aforementioned god's birth from the thigh of Zeus are reinterpreted by this author as "the reception of the intelligible forms by the world soul, participating in the 'mundane intellect' of the world, that is to say Dionysus".Template:Sfn Orphic Hymn number 49, possibly composed between the second and third centuries CE, is dedicated to Hipta and similarly describes her as the nurse of Dionysus:

I call upon Hipta, nurse of Bacchos, maiden possessed,
in mystic rites she takes part, she exults in the worship of pure Sabos,
and in the night dances of roaring Iacchos.
O queen and chthonic mother, hear my prayer (...).Template:Sfn

Rosa García-Gasco additionally argues that Mystis from Nonnus' Dionysiaca can be considered analogous to Hipta, and that while he did not invent this name, he was the first to apply it to a preexisting Orphic figure.Template:Sfn She suggests that the change was meant to further highlight her allegorical status and to facilitate word play.Template:Sfn Laura Miguélez instead concludes Mystis was based on artistic portrayals of Dionysus in the company of nurses, and on vague knowledge that women fulfilling such roles played a role in some of the cults dedicated to this god. Template:Sfn

Other proposed examples

René Lebrun has proposed that an indirect connection might have existed between Ḫepat and Ma,Template:Sfn a deity worshiped in classical Comana, commonly assumed to correspond to Bronze Age Kummanni.Template:Sfn He argues that possibly the site was initially associated with Hittite Mamma (Ammamma), who later came to be conflated by Ḫepat, acquiring an indirect connection with the Sun goddess of Arinna by extension, which in turn after Hurrian theonyms ceased to be used in the region might have led to the emergence of Ma, whose name might be a haplologic variant of Mamma and who as sometimes argued might have had solar traits.Template:Sfn However, he ultimately considers Ḫepat and the possible forerunner of Ma to be two originally separate figures.Template:Sfn

The proposal that the Lycian deity pddẽxba was a local form of Ḫepat is implausible according to Rostislav Oreshko, as most of the attested Lycian deities find no direct correspondence with other figures worshiped in ancient Anatolia, and the second element of the name is more likely to be related to the word -xba-, "river", instead.Template:Sfn

Mythology

In Hurrian myths belonging to the so-called Kumarbi Cycle, which deal with the struggle over kingship among the gods between the eponymous figure and his son Teshub, Ḫepat appears as one of the allies of the latter.Template:Sfn She is mentioned in passing in the Song of Ḫedammu when Ea warns Teshub that if the conflict between him and Kumarbi continues, the gods' human followers might be harmed, which would lead to him, Ḫepat and Šauška having to work to provide themselves with food.Template:Sfn She also appears in the Song of Ullikummi, in which the eponymous monster blocks the entrance of her temple, making her unable to communicate with other gods, which prompts her to task her servant Takitu with finding out the fate of her husband Teshub after his initial confrontation with Ullikummi.Template:Sfn The fragment describing her journey and return are poorly preserved.Template:Sfn Later Teshub's brother Tašmišu manages to bring a message from him to Ḫepat, which almost makes her fall from the roof of her temple, though her servants manage to stop her.Template:Sfn Her isolation is also mentioned by Ea when he asks the giant Upelluri if he is aware of the impact of Ullikummi on the world.Template:Sfn

In the myth CTH 346.12 Ḫepat instructs Takitu to travel through the lands of Mitanni to Šimurrum on her behalf.Template:Sfn

External links

• CTH 346.12 ("Mythos von Kumarbi: ein Fragment") in the TITUS Corpus of Hittite Mythological Texts.