Haplogroup F (mtDNA)

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Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.[1]

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution

The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%).[2] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.[3][4][5]

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%).[6] It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.[3][7]

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.[8]

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan.[9] F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[10] and subsequent published research.

  • F
    • F* – China, Korea[11]
    • F1
      • F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom Province[12]), China, Korea,[11] Kazakhstan
        • F1a – China, Korea,[11] Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia[13]
          • F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province[12]), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture)
            • F1a1 – Japan, Korea,[11] China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico
              • F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia
                • F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur
              • F1a1b – Japan, Korea
              • F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan
                • F1a1c1 – Moken
                • F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai)
              • F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines
                • F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island)
            • F1a4
              • F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi
                • F1a4a1 – Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province[12]), South Africa
              • F1a4b – China
          • F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou)
            • F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province[12]), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.)
          • F1a3
            • F1a3a – Philippines (Lipa City, Abaknon, Batak from Palawan Island, Aeta from Bataan), Taiwan, Indonesia
            • F1a3b - China (Hunan Han, etc.), Taiwan (Minnan from Kaohsiung, etc.), Kazakhstan (Jetisu)
            • F1a3c (C10223T) - Thailand (Khmer, etc.), China (Han)
            • F1a3e (C11860T) - Thailand, China (Uyghurs)
        • F1c – Japan
          • F1c1 – Japan
            • F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[12])
              • F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan)
                • F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi
                • F1c1a1b – China
              • F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India
        • F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong)
      • F1-T16189C!
        • F1b - Korea,[11] Japan, Mongolia,[13] China (North China)
          • F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia
            • F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur
              • F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)[15]
                  • F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea
                    • F1b1a1a1a – Japan
                  • F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea
                  • F1b1a1a3 – Japan
              • F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea
            • F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea
            • F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat
            • F1b1d – Japan, Korea
            • F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast)
              • F1b1e1 – Yakut
            • F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars)
        • F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen, Minnan, Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[12]), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian
          • F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%),[8] Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province[12]), China, Japan, South Africa
        • F1e
          • F1e1 – China (North China), Mongolia
            • F1e1a – Japan
          • F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
          • F1e3 – China (Guangdong, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[12]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province[12]), Sumatra, Vietnam (Kinh)
        • F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province[12]), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
          • F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%)[8]
    • F2
      • F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane[12]), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux)
      • F2a'b'g
        • F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea,[11] Japan, Kazakhstan
          • F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor),[16] Yi, Tibetan
          • F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan)[16]
          • F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia[16]
        • F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[12]), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic),[17] Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic),[17] Nepal (Newar, 1.1%)[8]
        • F2g – China, Ladakh
      • F2c – China
        • F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan
        • F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz)
      • F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province[12]), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan
      • F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[12]), Vietnam (Dao)
        • F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir)
      • F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara),Template:Fact Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland
      • F2h'i – China
        • F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[12])
        • F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea
    • F3 (formerly R9a)
      • F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand
        • F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,[18] etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province[12]), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao)
      • F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea,[11] China (Han from Qijiang), Yi
        • F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA
          • F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao)
            • F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia
            • F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.)
          • F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island)
            • F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark
    • F4
      • F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea[11]
        • F4a1
        • F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang[12]), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province[12])
      • F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province[12])
        • F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Template:Refimprove

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.771 35 [9] F1a=18, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=9
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.442 52 [19] F1a1a=23
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.433 30 [9] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=6, F1a=4, F1c=2, F1b=1
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.415 82 [2] F1=33, F2a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.344 32 [9] F1a=10, F2a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.333 15 [9] F1a=3, F1b=1, F1c=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.313 32 [20] F3=2, F1b=2, F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1c=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.300 20 Template:Fact F1b=4, F1a=2
Lingao (Hainan) 0.290 31 Template:Fact F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=2, F2=2, F1(xF1a)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1, F4=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.286 42 [20] F2a=4, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F3=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.273 11 [20] F1b=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.269 26 [20] F1a(xF1a1)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.263 19 [9] F1a=2, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.263 19 [20] F1a1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Vietnamese 0.262 42 Template:Fact F1a=10, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1
Taiwan (aborigines) 0.253 640 Template:Fact F4=72, F3=54, F1a1(xF1a1a)=21, F1a(xF1a1)=14, F2=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.250 68 [9] F1a=6, F1c=4, F2a=4, F1b=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Mataram, Lombok) 0.250 44 [19] F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a3=1, F1a4=1, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.250 16 [21] F=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.250 16 [9] F1b=2, F1a=1, F2a=1
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.246 57 [2] F1=11, F2a=3
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.244 45 [9] F1a=8, F1b=2, F2a=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.240 25 [20] F1b=2, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a1a=1, F3=1
Ket 0.237 38 [22] F=9
Han (Beijing) 0.225 40 Template:Fact F1a=4, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1b=2
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.220 91 Template:Fact F=20
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, & 26 Guizhou) 0.219 137 Template:Fact F1a=15, F2=8, F3=7
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.212 33 [9] F1a=6, F1b=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.207 29 Template:Fact F1a=5, F1b=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.207 29 Template:Fact F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a3=1, F2b=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.200 35 [20] F1b=3, F3=2, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Indonesian (Waingapu, Sumba) 0.200 50 [19] F1a4=3, F1a3=2, F1a1a=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3b=1
Manchurian 0.200 40 Template:Fact F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=3, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Thai 0.200 40 Template:Fact F1b=8
Li (Hainan) 0.197 346 Template:Fact F1a1(xF1a1a)=30, F2=20, F1(xF1a)=4, F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1a1a=3, F3=3, F4=3, F(xF1, F2, F3, F4)=1
Han (Xinjiang) 0.191 47 Template:Fact F1a=2, F3=2, F1b=1, F1c=1, F2a2=1, F2a3=1, F4=1
Thailand 0.190 105 [23] F1=18, F(xF1)=2
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.189 37 [9] F2a=4, F1b=2, F1a=1
Han (southern California) 0.187 390 Template:Fact F=73
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.184 49 Template:Fact F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=3, F1b=3, F1a=2, F2b=1
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.179 28 Template:Fact F1a=4, F1b=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.175 1117 Template:Fact F=196
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) 0.174 121 Template:Fact F=21
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.167 18 [9] F1a=2, F1b=1
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.167 30 [9] F2a=5
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.161 31 Template:Fact F1a=3, F1(xF1a, F1b, F1c)=1, F(xF1, F2)=1
Nepal (Newar) 0.155 [8] F1c1a = 2.4%, F1d = 12%, F1g = 2.4%, F2b1 = 1.1%
CHD (Han from Denver) 0.151 73 Template:Fact F=11
Filipino (Palawan) 0.150 20 Template:Fact F3b2=3
Indonesian (52 Pekanbaru, 42 Medan, 34 Bangka, 28 Palembang, & 24 Padang) 0.150 180 [19] F1a1a=9, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=8, F1a5=3, F4=3, F1a3=2, F1a4=2
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.150 20 [21] F=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.150 40 [9] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.149 47 Template:Fact F1a=3, F1b=3, F2a=1
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu) 0.146 157 [19] F3b=9, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=4, F1a3=3, F1a4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Bali) 0.146 82 [19] F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=5, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=2, F(xF1a, F1b, F2, F3a, F3b, F4)=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.146 103 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a=3, F(xF1, F2a, F3)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=2, F1b=2, F3=1
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.140 50 [9] F1a=6, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Indonesian (Ambon) 0.140 43 [19] F1a3=3, F1a4=2, F1a1a=1
Cun (Hainan) 0.133 30 Template:Fact F4=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.133 45 Template:Fact F1b=2, F1c=2, F1a=1, F2a3=1
Batak (Palawan) 0.129 31 Template:Fact F1a3=3, F3b2=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.129 31 [9] F1b=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=1
Mongolian (Khovd Province) 0.128 429 [13] F(xF1e1a)=7, F1=3, F1a=2, F1a1=4, F1a1a(xF1a1a1)=4, F1a2=2, F1b=2, F1b1(xF1b1b)=5, F2=1, F2a=14, F2b1=4, F4a=7
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.125 24 [20] F1a(xF1a1)=1, F1b=1, F3=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.122 41 [20] F1a1a=4, F1a(xF1a1)=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.118 102 Template:Fact F1a(xF1a1)=4, F1b=3, F2(xF2a, F2b)=2, F3a=2, F3(xF3a)=1
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.114 35 Template:Fact F=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.114 44 Template:Fact F1a=2, F2=2, F1b=1
Filipino (Luzon) 0.113 177 [24] F1a3=6, F1a4=6, F3b=5, F4b=2, F1a1a=1
Indonesian (Alor) 0.111 45 [19] F1a4=3, F1a1a=1, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=1
Indonesian (Sulawesi, incl. 89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu) 0.110 237 [19] F1a4=12, F1a3=4, F1a(xF1a1, F1a3, F1a4, F1a5)=4, F1a1a=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F1a5=1, F1b=1
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.109 64 [9] F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2, F1a=2, F1b=2, F1c=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.107 168 [25] F1a1a=10, F1(xF1a)=3, F1a(xF1a1)=3, F1a1(xF1a1a)=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.105 19 Template:Fact F=2
Altai Kizhi (Altai Republic) 0.102 324 [26] F1=25, F2=8
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.100 10 [20] F1a(xF1a1)=1
Filipino (Visayas) 0.098 112 [24] F1a4=7, F1a3=3, F3b=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.097 185 Template:Fact F1a=8, F1b=8, F2(xF2a)=2
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.097 1365 [27] F=132
Filipino 0.094 64 [24] F1a3=3, F1a4=3
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.094 32 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=2, F1a1a=1
Tibetan (Tibet) 0.093 216 Template:Fact F1a=13, F1b=4, F2=3
Mongolian (Mongolia) 0.092 2420 [13] F1a=55, F1b=71, F1c=13, F1(xF1d, F1e1)=33, F2=44, F3a=2, F4a=7
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) 0.091 55 Template:Fact F=5
Altai (Altai Republic) 0.091 110 [28] F=10
Mongolian (Khentii Province) 0.091 132 [13] F1=1, F1a=3, F1b=5, F1c=2, F2b=1
Buryat 0.087 126 Template:Fact F1b=6, F1a=3, F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2a)=2
Tofalar 0.087 46 [22] F1b=4
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.086 58 Template:Fact F2a3=2, F4=2, F1b=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.086 105 [2] F1=8, F2a=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.083 850 [29] F1a(xF1a3)=7, F1a1=17, F1b1=19, F1(xF1c, F1d)=11, F2=14, F3a=2, F4a1a=1
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.083 336 Template:Fact F=28
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.083 48 Template:Fact F1a=2, F1c=1, F2a=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.083 36 [9] F2a=2, F1b=1
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.083 24 [9] F1a=1, F1b=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.080 593 [30] F=3, F1=7, F1ac=2, F1a=12, F1c=2, F1b=16, F2a=3
Korean (Ulsan) 0.079 1094 [31] F=86
Korean (northern China) 0.078 51 Template:Fact F(xF1a, F1b, F1c, F2)=1, F1a=1, F1b=1, F1c=1
Daur (Hulunbuir) 0.076 209 [32] F1a=2, F1a1(xF1a1a)=4, F1a1a1=1, F1b1(xF1b1b)=2, F1c1a=1, F2(xF2d)=5, F4a1b=1
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) 0.076 118 Template:Fact F=9
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.075 53 Template:Fact F1b=3, F2(xF2a2, F2a3, F2b)=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.075 160 Template:Fact F=12
Danga (Hainan) 0.075 40 Template:Fact F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F2=1, F3=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.074 256 Template:Fact F=19
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.074 54 Template:Fact F1a=2, F1b=2
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) 0.073 246 [13] F=1, F1a=5, F1b=8, F1c=3, F2i=1
Uyghur 0.073 55 Template:Fact F1b=2, F1a=1, F1c=1
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.071 70 [24] F3b=2, F1a4=2, F1a3=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) 0.069 261 Template:Fact F1=12, F(xF1)=6
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.069 29 Template:Fact F1a=2
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.066 61 [19] F1a1a=4
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.065 217 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". F=14
Mongolian (Dornod Province) 0.065 370 [13] F1(xF1c, F1d)=6, F1a=7, F1b=7, F2=4
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.065 31 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1, F3=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.064 203 Template:Fact F=13
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.064 47 [2] F1=3
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.064 47 Template:Fact F1b=2, F1a=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm) 0.063 221 [3] F=14
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.063 16 [21] F=1
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.060 100 [33] F1b=3, F1a=2, F2a=1
Kazakh (Zhetysu) 0.060 200 [34] F1=11, F2=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.060 133 [4] F1c=7, F1(xF1c, F1d)=1
Japanese (Gifu) 0.059 1617 [35] F=96
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.057 282 Template:Fact F=16
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.057 53 [2] F1=3
Altai Kizhi 0.056 90 [2] F1=3, F2a=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.055 110 [2] F1=6
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.055 55 Template:Fact F1a=2, F2=1
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.054 56 [9] F1c=2, F1a=1
Japanese 0.052 211 [36] F1b=9, F1a=2
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.051 39 [20] F1b=1, F3=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) 0.051 98 [37] F1=5
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 [21] F=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.050 40 [4] F1c=1, F1d=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 [21] F=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.049 103 [2] F1=5
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.045 44 Template:Fact F1b=2
Yakut 0.043 117 Template:Fact F2a=3, F1b=2
Tuvan 0.042 95 [22] F(xF1b)=3, F1b=1
Kyrgyz (Talas) 0.042 48 Template:Fact F1a=1, F1b=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.042 24 Template:Fact F=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.040 99 [2] F1=4
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.037 27 [20] F(xF1, F2a, F3)=1
Kazakh 0.036 55 Template:Fact F1b=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.034 149 [37] F1=4, F2=1
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.031 295 [2] F1=7, F2a=2
Ulch people 0.031 160 Template:Fact F1a=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.029 35 [9] F2a=1
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.025 40 [20] F1a1(xF1a1a)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.025 40 [21] F=1
Okinawa 0.025 326 Template:Fact F=8
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.021 47 Template:Fact F1c=1
Ainu 0.020 51 Template:Fact F1b=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan) 0.014 71 [22] F1b=1
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.014 71 [2] F1=1
Tubalar 0.014 72 [22] F1b=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.014 73 [2] F1=1
Ulchi (Old & New Bulava, Ulchsky, Khabarovsk) 0.011 87 [22] F(xF1b)=1
Mansi 0.010 98 [22] F=1
Khanty 0.009 106 [5] F1=1
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.000 15 [2] -
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [21] -
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [21] -
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [21] -
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [21] -
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 [21] -
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 [4] -
Nganasan 0.000 24 [22] -
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk Oblast) 0.000 25 [22] -
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [2] -
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 [4] -
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 [19] -
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 [19] -
Negidal 0.000 33 [22] -
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 [19] -
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.000 36 [2] -
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.000 40 [9] -
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.000 44 [2] -
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.000 45 Template:Fact -
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.000 45 [2] -
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk) 0.000 46 [22] -
Itelmen 0.000 47 [22] -
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash) 0.000 47 Template:Fact -
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.000 48 Template:Fact -
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 [19] -
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 [22] -
Mansi 0.000 63 [5] -
Chukchi 0.000 66 Template:Fact -
Siberian Eskimo 0.000 79 [22] -
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.000 82 [2] -
Koryak 0.000 155 [22] -

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Haplogroup F.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", Molecular Biology Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  13. ↑ a b c d e f g Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ a b c d Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  15. ↑ Rebecca S Just, Melissa K Scheible, Spence A Fast, et al., "Full mtGenome reference data: development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015 Jan;14:141-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 5.
  16. ↑ a b c Kong, Q.P., Yao, Y.G., Sun, C., Zhu, C.L., Zhong, L., Wang, C.Y., Cai, W.W., Xu, X.M., Xu, A.L. and Zhang, Y.P., 2004. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup F2 in China reveals T12338C in the initiation codon of the ND5 gene not to be pathogenic. Journal of human genetics, 49(8), p.414.
  17. ↑ a b Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127
  18. ↑ a b Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Supannee Kaewsutthi, Nopasak Phasukkijwatana, Yutthana Joyjinda et al., "Mitochondrial Haplogroup Background May Influence Southeast Asian G11778A Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy", Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, June 2011, Vol. 52, No. 7
  24. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Sources

  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

External links

Template:Sister project

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T
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