Haplogroup B (mtDNA)

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Infobox haplogroup

In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.

The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.[1]

Distribution

Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.[2]

Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,[3] as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.

A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.

Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia.[4] However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks.[5] This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran,[5] Iraq,[6] Japan, Korea, Laos,[7] Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.[8][9]

Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%).[10][11][12] However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar),[13] Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),[14] South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%),[9] Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan),[13] and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).[15]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Carolinian (Saipan) 1.000 17 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2
Hawaiians 0.994 160 [16] B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.600 10 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.481 27 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.429 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1
Filipino 0.422 64 [10] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.390 41 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.375 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.369 168 [17] B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.368 19 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1
Filipino (Luzon) 0.367 177 [10] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.333 39 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=8, B4a=5
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.321 28 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1
Kinh (Vietnamese) 0.317 139 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4=24, B5=19, B6=1
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.313 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.300 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.293 41 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.280 25 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B5a=2
Filipino (Visayas) 0.277 112 [10] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.269 26 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1
Laos 0.262 214 [7] B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.258 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.250 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.250 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.250 16 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.244 45 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.243 70 [10] B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.238 42 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.234 111 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.226 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.211 19 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.209 91 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.206 102 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1
Korean (South Korea) 0.204 103 [5] B4=13, B5=8
CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian) 0.200 55 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5=6, B4=5
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.200 15 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Han (Southern California) 0.192 390 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=75
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.190 21 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) 0.190 137 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1
Tujia (western Hunan) 0.188 64 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.184 103 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.182 33 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.182 11 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=1, B4b1=1
Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea) 0.180 261 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B(xB5)=32, B5=15
Han (Taiwan) 0.179 1117 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=200
CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado) 0.178 73 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4=12, B5=1
Hui (Xinjiang) 0.178 45 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.175 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.172 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b=3, B5a=2
Thailand 0.171 105 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.171 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.160 50 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.156 160 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.156 45 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.155 633 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=98
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.150 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.149 47 [5] B4=5, B5=2
Korean (South Korea) 0.148 203 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6
Korean (South Korea) 0.146 185 [9] B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1
Vietnamese 0.143 42 [9] B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1
Okinawa 0.141 326 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8
CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University) 0.140 121 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4=14, B5=3
JPT (Japanese from Tokyo) 0.136 118 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4=11, B5=5
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.133 30 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.129 217 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.124 282 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9
Japanese (Gifu) 0.121 1617 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=196
Negidal 0.121 33 [13] B5b2=4
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.119 336 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1
Korean (northern China) 0.118 51 [9] B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1
Telengit (Altai Republic) 0.113 71 [5] B4=8
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.111 18 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=1, B5a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.111 54 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=5, B5b=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.109 256 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1
Japanese 0.109 211 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.106 47 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b=4, B5b=1
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.104 48 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.104 48 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1
Han (Beijing) 0.100 40 [9] B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.100 30 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3
Thai 0.100 40 [9] B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.097 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.090 100 [14] B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.088 57 [5] B4=5
Han (Xinjiang) 0.085 47 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan) 0.085 47 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.085 47 [9] B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1
Tuvan 0.084 95 [13] B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.083 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=2
Barghut (Hulunbuir) 0.081 149 [15] B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1
Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota) 0.076 105 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1
Manchurian 0.075 40 [9] B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.075 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=3
Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan) 0.073 55 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1
Buryat 0.071 126 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.071 99 [5] B4=5, B5=2
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.063 16 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=1
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.061 82 [5] B4=4, B5=1
Nogai (Dagestan) 0.061 33 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=2
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.057 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=2
Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan) 0.055 55 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.054 37 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.053 133 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=7
Uzbek (Xinjiang) 0.052 58 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b1=2, B4c=1
Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=1
Filipino (Palawan) 0.050 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a1a=1
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.050 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=1
Shor (Kemerovo Oblast) 0.049 82 [5] B4=4
Va (Simao, Yunnan) 0.045 22 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a)=1
Altai Kizhi 0.044 90 [5] B4=3, B5=1
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.044 68 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=2, B4b1=1
Tofalar 0.043 46 [13] B4a1c2=2
Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan) 0.042 48 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1
Tubalar 0.042 72 [13] B4b1a=3
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai) 0.041 73 [5] B4=3
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic) 0.041 98 [15] B5b2=3, B4c1b=1
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast) 0.040 25 [13] B4d1a=1
Kazakh (Xinjiang) 0.038 53 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=2
Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast) 0.038 53 [5] B4=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.036 110 [5] B4=3, B5=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.034 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=1
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.034 295 [5] B4=9, B5=1
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.029 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.028 36 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan) 0.028 36 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=1
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.028 36 [5] B4=1
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.025 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B5a=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.025 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.023 44 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4a, B4b)=1
Uyghur (Xinjiang) 0.021 47 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B(xB4, B5, B6)=1
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang) 0.020 49 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4b1=1
Ainu 0.020 51 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4f1=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.019 105 [5] B4=2
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.018 56 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=1
Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia) 0.015 206 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=3
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.014 74 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4a=1
Yakut 0.012 423 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B4(xB4b1)=3
B4b1=1
B5b2=1
Bashkir 0.009 221 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". B=2
Chukchi (Anadyr) 0.000 15 [5] –
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 16 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan) 0.000 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Nganasan 0.000 24 [13] –
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.000 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [5] –
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.000 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Ket 0.000 38 [13] –
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.000 44 [5] –
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.000 44 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.000 45 [5] –
Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai) 0.000 46 [13] –
Itelmen 0.000 47 [13] –
Chuvash 0.000 55 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 [13] –
Komi-Zyryans 0.000 62 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Mansi 0.000 63 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Chukchi 0.000 66 [13] –
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan) 0.000 71 [13] –
Tatar (Aznakayevo) 0.000 71 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Komi-Permyaks 0.000 74 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Siberian Eskimo 0.000 79 [13] –
Ulchi 0.000 87 [13] –
Mansi 0.000 98 [13] –
Udmurt 0.000 101 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Mordvinian 0.000 102 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Khanty 0.000 106 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Yakut 0.000 117 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Tatar (Buinsk) 0.000 126 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Mari 0.000 136 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Koryak 0.000 155 [13] –
Tatar 0.000 228 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[18] and subsequent published research.

  • B'R11'R24
    • B4'5 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, Paleolithic remains from Tianyuan Cave), the Philippines (Ivatan)
      • B4
        • B4-T16217C* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan
        • B4a'g'h'i'k'm (B4-C16261T)
          • B4-C16261T* – Thailand (Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province[19]), Cambodia (Takeo), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han, Uyghur), Korea
          • B4a – Korea, Han Chinese (Denver), Tujia, Uyghur, Borneo (Bidayuh[20])
            • B4a1 (TMRCA 22,900 [95% CI 18,200 <-> 28,400] ybp[21])
              • B4a1a (TMRCA 9,700 [95% CI 9,000 <-> 10,500] ybp[21])
                • B4a1a* – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Malaysia, Papua New Guinea (Trobriand Islands), Ireland
                • B4a1a1 (A14022G, A16247G) – (TMRCA 7,000 [95% CI 6,600 <-> 7,500] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Port Olry), Papua New Guinea (Siwai of Bougainville)[22] the Polynesian motif,[23][24][25][26] or "PM" (though sometimes referred to as its immediate precursor)
                  • B4a1a1a (16247) – (TMRCA 5,400 [95% CI 4,900 <-> 5,900] ybp[21]) Vanuatu (Banks and Torres), Cook Islands (also sometimes referred to as "the Polynesian motif")
                    • B4a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a1a – Solomon Islands (Savo)
                        • B4a1a1a1a1 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Isabel)
                      • B4a1a1a1b – Solomon Islands (Gela, Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a1c – Papua New Guinea (Nasioi and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                      • B4a1a1a1d – Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a2 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island)
                      • B4a1a1a2a – Solomon Islands (Malaita)
                      • B4a1a1a2b – Papua New Guinea (Buin of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a3 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Makira)
                    • B4a1a1a4 – Papua New Guinea (South Coast), Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                    • B4a1a1a5 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Ontong Java)
                    • B4a1a1a6 – Solomon Islands (Malaita, Vella Lavella)
                    • B4a1a1a7 – Solomon Islands (Bellona)
                    • B4a1a1a8 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Fiji
                    • B4a1a1a9 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia)
                    • B4a1a1a10 – Solomon Islands (Savo, Ranongga)
                    • B4a1a1a11 – Solomon Islands (Simbo)
                      • B4a1a1a11a – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Vanuatu (Banks and Torres)
                      • B4a1a1a11b – Solomon Islands (Bellona), Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a12 – Solomon Islands (Gela, Savo)
                    • B4a1a1a13 – Solomon Islands (Choiseul), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a14 – Papua New Guinea (Buka)
                    • B4a1a1a15 – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1a16 – Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Tonga
                    • B4a1a1a17 – Papua New Guinea (Buka, Siwai of Bougainville)
                    • B4a1a1a18 – Cook Islands
                    • B4a1a1a19 – Papua New Guinea (Lihir Island, Anem of New Britain)
                    • B4a1a1a20 – Tuvalu
                    • B4a1a1a21 – Solomon Islands (Malaita), Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a22 – Niue, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1a23 – Papua New Guinea (Torau of Bougainville), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Vella Lavella, Shortlands)
                  • B4a1a1b – Madagascar (Mikea, Merina) (Malagasy motif – a Polynesian motif found only among the Malagasy people)
                  • B4a1a1c – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1d – Solomon Islands (Isabel), Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1e – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1f – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1g – Solomon Islands (Russell, Malaita)
                  • B4a1a1h – Solomon Islands (Bellona, Rennell)
                  • B4a1a1i – Solomon Islands (Ranongga, Savo)
                  • B4a1a1j – Solomon Islands (Russell, Guadalcanal)
                  • B4a1a1k – Tonga, Samoa
                    • B4a1a1k1 – Tonga, Samoa
                  • B4a1a1m – Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                    • B4a1a1m1 – Cook Islands, Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1n – Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz), Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1o – Papua New Guinea (Madang), Solomon Islands (Tikopia), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1p – Solomon Islands (Gela)
                  • B4a1a1q – Indonesia (West New Guinea), Solomon Islands (Choiseul)
                  • B4a1a1r – Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1s – Papua New Guinea (Torau and Nagovisi of Bougainville)
                  • B4a1a1t – Samoa, Cook Islands
                  • B4a1a1u – Fiji, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1v – Tonga, Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1w – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1x – Tuvalu, Micronesia (Majuro Atoll)
                  • B4a1a1y – Solomon Islands (Vella Lavella)
                  • B4a1a1z – Papua New Guinea (Nakanai of New Britain)
                  • B4a1a1aa – Bougainville (Torau, etc.)
                  • B4a1a1ab – Solomon Islands (Ontong Java), Samoa
                  • B4a1a1ac – Solomon Islands (Kolombangara), Tuvalu
                  • B4a1a1ad – Wallis and Futuna (Futuna)
                  • B4a1a1ae – Papua New Guinea (Kavieng)
                  • B4a1a1af – Papua New Guinea (Anem of New Britain)
                • B4a1a2 – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a3 – Taiwan (Ami)
                  • B4a1a3a – Taiwan (Siraya)
                    • B4a1a3a1 – Philippines (Ivatan), Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu), Spain, USA
                      • B4a1a3a1a – Taiwan (Amis)
                • B4a1a4 – Philippines (Ivatan), Orchid Island (Yami)
                • B4a1a5 – Philippines, Malaysia (Kota Kinabalu)
                  • B4a1a5a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ivatan)
                • B4a1a6 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao)
                  • B4a1a6a – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ibaloi)
                • B4a1a7 – Taiwan (Amis)
              • B4a1b'e (TMRCA 20,000 [95% CI 15,300 <-> 25,700] ybp[21])
                • B4a1b'e* – China (Naxi, Nyingchi, etc.)
                • B4a1b – Korea, Japan
                  • B4a1b1 – Korea, Japan
                    • B4a1b1a – Korea, Japan
                • B4a1e – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Vietnam (Thái), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province,[19] Tai Yuan in Northern Thailand[27])
              • B4a1c (TMRCA 20,200 [95% CI 15,600 <-> 25,700] ybp) – India, China (Uyghur), Vietnam (Tay), Korea, Japan
                • B4a1c1 (TMRCA 17,400 [95% CI 10,700 <-> 26,600] ybp) – Japan
                  • B4a1c1a (TMRCA 13,800 [95% CI 8,200 <-> 21,800] ybp) – Japan, Korea, China
                    • B4a1c1a1 – Japan, Korea
                • B4a1c2'4'5 (TMRCA 17,100 [95% CI 11,800 <-> 23,900] ybp) – Vietnam (Cờ Lao)
                  • B4a1c2 – Tuvan, Tofalar
                  • B4a1c4 (TMRCA 13,400 [95% CI 11,000 <-> 16,300] ybp) – China (Mongol in Hulun Buir, Dai), Vietnam (Dao, Hà Nhì, Si La, Kinh, Nùng), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Lao Isan in four provinces of Northeast Thailand, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Phuan in Suphan Buri Province[19])
                  • B4a1c5 – China (Fujian), Taiwan (Hakka)
                • B4a1c3 (TMRCA 16,100 [95% CI 10,100 <-> 24,500] ybp[21])
                  • B4a1c3a (TMRCA 3,600 [95% CI 1,650 <-> 6,800] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, Kazakh (Zhan Aul of Altai Republic[28]), Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan[29])
                  • B4a1c3b (TMRCA 11,500 [95% CI 5,600 <-> 21,200] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China
              • B4a1d – Vietnam
            • B4a2 – Japan
              • B4a2a – Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra, Banjarmasin), Philippines, Taiwan (Makatao, Hakka)
                • B4a2a1 – Orchid Island (Yami), Philippines (Ivatan)
                • B4a2a2 – Taiwan (Atayal, Saisiat)
                • B4a2a3 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Hakka)
              • B4a2b – China (Han from Beijing)
                • B4a2b1 – China, Jamaica
                  • B4a2b1a – Japan
            • B4a3 – Tibet (Nagqu), Tianjin, Japan (Aichi), Iran (Fars), Kuwait
            • B4a4 – Ladakh, Northern Areas of Pakistan (Balti), Singapore, China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Korea, Russia, Germany
              • B4a4a - Yakut, Yukaghir
              • B4a4b - China
              • B4a4c - Thailand
                • B4a4c1 - Naxi, Uyghur
              • B4a4d - China
              • B4a4e - China
                • B4a4e1 - China, Taiwan
              • B4a4f - Japan
                • B4a4f1 - China
            • B4a5 – China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Vietnam (H'Mông, Dao, Cờ Lao)
          • B4g
            • B4g1 – China (especially Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Thailand
            • B4g2 – Orchid Island (Tao), China (Han from Hunan), Vietnam (Cờ Lao, Dao, Si La), Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province,[19] Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province,[19] Lao Isan in Chaiyaphum Province,[19] Htin in Phayao Province[19])
          • B4h – China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand (Phuan in Sukhothai Province[19])
            • B4h1 – China (Fujian, etc.), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Japan
          • B4i – China
            • B4i1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4k – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
          • B4m – Korea, China, Taiwan (Minnan), Vietnam
        • B4b'd'e'j – Vietnam, Laos
          • B4b – Canada
            • B2 – Quechua, Guarani, Coreguaje, Waunana, Katuena, Ache, Gaviao, Xavante, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Argentina, USA (Yaqui, Hispanics, etc.), Dominican Republic
              • B2a – Northwestern Canada (Tsimshian), Mexico (Chihuahua)
                • B2a1 – USA (Jemez in New Mexico, Hispanics, etc.), Mexico
                  • B2a1a – USA (Hispanics)
                    • B2a1a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua)
                  • B2a1b – Mexico (Chihuahua), USA (Hispanic)
                • B2a2 – USA (New Mexico, Colorado, Mexican)
                • B2a3 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango), USA (Mexican)
                • B2a4
                  • B2a4a – Mexico (Sinaloa)
                    • B2a4a1 – Mexico (Chihuahua, Jalisco, Durango)
                • B2a5 – Pima, USA (Arizona, Utah, California)
              • B2b – Cayapa, Pomo, Xavante, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Argentina
                • B2b1 – Venezuela, Ecuador (Shuar of Gualaceo)
                • B2b2 – Bolivia (Beni), Argentina (Criollo of Gran Chaco), USA (Hispanic)
                  • B2b2a – Bolivia (Santa Cruz, Cochabamba)
                • B2b3 – Yanomama
                  • B2b3a – Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Kayapo
                • B2b4 – USA (Mexican)
              • B2c – Ecuador, USA (Hispanic), ancient Canada,[30] modern Canada[31]
                • B2c1 – Mexico (Mixe), USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c1b – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
                  • B2c1c – USA (Mexican)
                • B2c2 – USA (Mexican)
                  • B2c2a – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
                  • B2c2b – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
              • B2d – Nicaragua (Chinandega), Ngöbe/Guaymi, Wayuu, Colombia, USA (Hispanic in New Jersey)
              • B2e – Colombia, Argentina, Waiwai
              • B2f – USA (Mexican)
              • B2g
                • B2g1 – Mexico, USA (Yaqui, Mexican, Hispanic)
                • B2g2
              • B2h – Ache
              • B2i
                • B2i1 – Kayapo
                • B2i2 – Chile
                  • B2i2a – Mapuche
                    • B2i2a1 – Chile
                      • B2i2a1a – Chile, Argentina
                      • B2i2a1b – Chile
                  • B2i2b – Chile
                    • B2i2b1 – Chile
              • B2j
              • B2k – Venezuela, USA (Mexican)
              • B2l – Venezuela, Ecuador
              • B2m
              • B2n
              • B2o – Colombia, Mexico (Maya), USA (Hispanic in Arizona)
                • B2o1 – Ecuador, Bolivia
                  • B2o1a – Colombia, Bolivia, Peru
              • B2p – USA (Mexican)
              • B2q – Ecuador, USA (Mexican)
              • B2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican)
              • B2s – USA (Mexican)
              • B2t – Guatemala (Maya, la Tinta)
              • B2u
              • B2v
              • B2w
              • B2x
              • B2y – South America (Andes), Peru
                • B2y1 – USA
            • B4b1
              • B4b1* – Thailand (Phuan in Phrae Province),[19] Korea, Japan
              • B4b1a
                • B4b1a* – China, Tubalar,[13] Philippines, Indonesia
                • B4b1a-G207A (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 11,200 <-> 19,400] ybp[21]) – Japan
                  • B4b1a1 (TMRCA 3,000 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,200] ybp[21]) – Japan
                    • B4b1a1a – Japan, Korea
                    • B4b1a1b – Japan
                    • B4b1a1c – Japan, Korea
                  • B4b1a2 (TMRCA 11,900 [95% CI 10,300 <-> 13,600] ybp[21]) – Japan, Korea, China (Fujian), Taiwan, Philippines (Aeta of Bataan, etc.), Indonesia, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province[19]), India
                    • B4b1a2a – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai, Lamphun, and Lampang provinces, Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Tai Dam in Loei Province, Lao Isan in Ubon Ratchathani Province[19]), Vietnam (Gelao), China (Han from Zhanjiang), Korea, Japan
                    • B4b1a2b – Taiwan (Ami)
                      • B4b1a2b1 – Philippines (Maranao, Manobo)
                      • B4b1a2b2 – Taiwan (Bunun, Makatao)
                    • B4b1a2c – Philippines (Mamanwa)
                    • B4b1a2d – Philippines (Surigaonon)
                    • B4b1a2e – China (She people, etc.)
                    • B4b1a2f – Taiwan (Bunun, Tsou)
                    • B4b1a2g – Taiwan (Bunun)
                      • B4b1a2g1 – Taiwan (Bunun)
                    • B4b1a2h – Taiwan (Ami)
                    • B4b1a2i
                      • B4b1a2i* – Tuvalu, Banjar (Banjarmasin)Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
                      • B4b1a2i1
                        • B4b1a2i1*
                        • B4b1a2i1a
                          • B4b1a2i1a* – Nauru, Kiribati
                            • B4b1a2i1a1 – Tuvalu
                      • B4b1a2i2 – Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal)
                  • B4b1a3 (TMRCA 7,300 [95% CI 4,600 <-> 11,000] ybp[21]) – Han Chinese (Denver)
                    • B4b1a3* – Hazara (Pakistan)[32]
                    • B4b1a3a (TMRCA 3,300 [95% CI 2,100 <-> 4,900] ybp[21])
                    • B4b1a3b
                      • B4b1a3b* – Buryat[15]
                      • B4b1a3b1 – Uyghur
              • B4b1b'c
                • B4b1b – Japan, Korean, China (Lanzhou[34]), Vietnam
                • B4b1c – China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan (TMRCA 14,900 [95% CI 9,800 <-> 21,700] ybp)
                  • B4b1c1 – Vietnam (Kinh, Tày, Nùng), Thailand, China, Japan (TMRCA 7,200 [95% CI 4,500 <-> 10.800] ybp)
                  • B4b1c2 – Mongol (New Barag Left Banner), China, Taiwan (Hakka), Japan (TMRCA 12,900 [95% CI 7,800 <-> 20,100] ybp)
          • B4d
            • B4d1'2'3
              • B4d1'2'3* – Russia (Buryat[13]), China (Oroqen,[32] Tibetan from Tingri, etc.), Korea
              • B4d1 – China (Miao, Daur from Qiqihar, Korean from Antu County, Han from Fengcheng, Lanzhou,[34] Jiangsu, etc.), Taiwan, Japan (Chiba), conqueror period Hungary (three specimens from the Karos-III site)[35]
                • B4d1a – Han Chinese (Denver), Barghut (Hulun Buir)[15]
              • B4d2 – China (Han from Qingdao)
              • B4d3 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
                • B4d3a – China, Italy (TMRCA 8,300 [95% CI 4,700 <-> 13,500] ybp)
                  • B4d3a1 – Japan (Aichi, Ibaraki, etc.), Korea[36]
            • B4d4 – Japan (Chiba, etc.)
          • B4e – Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi, Sukhothai, and Phrae provinces,[19] Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province[19]), Laos (Lao in Vientiane[19]), Vietnam (La Hủ), China, Japan (Tokyo)
          • B4j – Buryat, Khamnigan[15]
        • B4c – Thailand, Indonesia
        • B4f – Japan (Japanese, Ryukyuan, Ainu, late 3–4th century AD (early Kofun period) Yokohama[41])
          • B4f* – Vietnam (Lô Lô), Japan (Aichi)
          • B4f1 - Barghut,[15] Korea[36]
            • B4f1* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • B4f1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
      • B5
        • B5* – China
        • B5a – Thailand (Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province[19]), Vietnam (Kinh), China (Han), Taiwan (Hakka), Philippines (Agta of Iriga)
          • B5a1 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province, Blang from Chiang Rai Province, Lao Isan from Chaiyaphum Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province[19]), Indonesia (Besemah of Sumatra), Vietnam, China
            • B5a1a – Cambodia, Vietnam (Kinh, Gelao), Laos,[19] Thailand,[19] Indonesia (Besemah and Kutaradja of Sumatra), China, Uyghur, Taiwan (Minnan), Philippines, India
              • B5a1a1 – Nicobar Islands
            • B5a1b – China (Han from Wuhan), Philippines, Iran[42]
              • B5a1b1 – Cambodia (Jarai), Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand (Bru from Sakon Nakhon Province, Phuan from Sukhothai Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province, Khon Mueang from Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province, Tai Dam from Kanchanaburi Province, Soa from Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw from Nakhon Phanom Province, Saek from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang and Vientiane[19]), China, Korea
            • B5a1c – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Thailand (Kaleun from Nakhon Phanom Province[19]), Guyana
              • B5a1c1 – China, Taiwan (Minnan), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang[19])
                • B5a1c1a – Han Chinese
                  • B5a1c1a1 – China (Han from Hunan, etc.)
              • B5a1c2 – China (Han)
            • B5a1d – China, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Indonesia (Semende of Sumatra)
          • B5a2 – China (Han from Hunan)
            • B5a2a
              • B5a2a1
                • B5a2a1a – China
                • B5a2a1b – Korea, Japan (Tokyo, Chiba)
              • B5a2a2
                • B5a2a2* – China
                • B5a2a2a
                  • B5a2a2a1 – Taiwan (Paiwan, Rukai)
                  • B5a2a2a2 – Taiwan (Saisiyat, Rukai)
                • B5a2a2b
                  • B5a2a2b1 – Philippines (Ivatan)
                    • B5a2a2b1a – Taiwan (Bunun)
                  • B5a2a2b2 – Taiwan (Makatao)
        • B5b – Korea,[36] China, Uyghur, Kyrgyz
          • B5b1 – China, Tibet, Buryat (Inner Mongolia), Korea, Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Thailand (Suay from Surin Province[19]), Cambodia (Lao), Vietnam, Singapore
            • B5b1a – China, Thailand (Shan from Mae Hong Son Province[19])
              • B5b1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
              • B5b1a2 – Japan (Tokyo)
                • B5b1a2a – Japan (Chiba, Tokyo)
            • B5b1c – Philippines (Ivatan, etc.), Solomon Islands (Isabel, Santa Cruz), Malaysia (Jawa, Batek), Singapore, Yemen
              • B5b1c1 – Philippines (Kalangoya, Ifugao, Ibaloi, Kankanaey)
                • B5b1c1a – Philippines (Kankanaey, Ifugao, Kalangoya, Ibaloi, Abaknon)
          • B5b2 – Russia (Russian old settler in Pokhosk Village of Sakha Republic, Ulchi,[43] Altaian Kazakh[15]), China (Han, Uyghur, Barghut[15]), Japan, Philippines
            • B5b2a – Negidal, Khamnigan
              • B5b2a1 – Japan (Aichi, Tokyo, etc.), China (Han from Wuhan)
              • B5b2a2 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea,[36] China (Tianjin[21]), Buryat, Hezhen
                • B5b2a2a
                  • B5b2a2a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi)
                  • B5b2a2a2 – Malaysia (Bidayuh of Sarawak),[20] Philippines, Solomon Islands (Ranongga)
            • B5b2b – Yakut
            • B5b2-C204T! - China (Han), Korea, Vietnam (Kinh)
              • B5b2c – Taiwan (Minnan, Makatao)
                • B5b2c1 – China (Han from Hunan), Japan (Chiba, Aichi)
          • B5b3
          • B5b4 – China, Altai Kizhi
          • B5b5 – Taiwan (Hakka), Han Chinese (Denver)
    • R11'B6
      • R11 – China (Han from Beijing)
      • B6
        • B6a – China (Han from Tai'an), Thailand (Htin in Phayao Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Sukhothai Province, Mon in Ratchaburi Province and Lopburi Province, Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province[19])
          • B6a1 – China, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Lampang Province, Htin in Phayao Province, Blang in Chiang Rai Province[19]), Philippines
            • B6a1a – Myanmar, Thailand (Lawa and Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province[19]), Malaysia (Temuan)
    • R24 – Philippines (Mamanwa)
      • R24a – Philippines

Popular culture

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Ina.

See also

Template:Sister project

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

Template:Reflist

External links

  1. ↑ Yong-Gang Yao et al. 2001, Phylogeographic Differentiation of Mitochondrial DNA in Han Chinese Am J Hum Genet. 2002 March; 70(3): 635–651
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Haplogroup B.
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49
  8. ↑ Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", Human Biology, June 2002.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d e Kristina A. Tabbada, Jean Trejaut, Jun-Hun Loo et al., "Philippine Mitochondrial DNA Diversity: A Populated Viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia?" Mol. Biol. Evol. 27(1):21–31. (2010) doi:10.1093/molbev/msp215
  11. ↑ Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Hai-Xin Liu, and Ya-Ping Zhang, "Tracing the legacy of the early Hainan Islanders – a perspective from mitochondrial DNA," BMC Evol Biol. 2011; 11: 46. Published online 2011 February 15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-46
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ a b Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 「法科学技術」houkagaku gijutsu, 12(1), 83–96 (2007)
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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  17. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named vanOven
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.
  20. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai YFull MTree 1.01.5539
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Omer Gokcumen, Matthew C. Dulik, Athma A. Pai, et al. (2008), "Genetic Variation in the Enigmatic Altaian Kazakhs of South-Central Russia: Insights into Turkic Population History." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 136:278–293 (2008). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.20802.
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Template:GenBank
  32. ↑ a b c d Template:Cite bioRxiv
  33. ↑ Duggan AT, Whitten M, Wiebe V, Crawford M, Butthof A, et al. (2013), "Investigating the Prehistory of Tungusic Peoples of Siberia and the Amur-Ussuri Region with Complete mtDNA Genome Sequences and Y-chromosomal Markers." PLoS ONE 8(12): e83570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083570
  34. ↑ a b c d Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0.
  35. ↑ Endre Neparáczki, Klaudia Kocsy, Gábor Endre Tóth, et al., "Revising mtDNA haplotypes of the ancient Hungarian conquerors with next generation sequencing." PLoS One 2017; 12(4): e0174886.
  36. ↑ a b c d e Pham VH, Nguyen VL, Jung HE, Cho YS, Shin JG. "The frequency of the known mitochondrial variants associated with drug-induced toxicity in a Korean population." BMC Med Genomics. 2022 Jan 3;15(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12920-021-01153-0. PMID 34980117; PMCID: PMC8722126.
  37. ↑ a b Hwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151.
  38. ↑ a b Ingman, M. and Gyllensten, U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and evolutionary history of Australian and New Guinean aborigines." Genome Res. 13 (7), 1600-1606 (2003).
  39. ↑ Ingman, M., Kaessmann, H., Paabo, S., and Gyllensten, U., "Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans." Nature 408 (6813), 708-713 (2000).
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ a b Ryohei TAKAHASHI, Ryoko KOIBUCHI, Fumiko SAEKI, Yasuo HAGIHARA, Minoru YONEDA, Noboru ADACHI, and Takashi NARA, "Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the human skeletons excavated from the Shomyoji shell midden site, Kanagawa, Japan." Anthropological Science Vol. 127(1), 65–72, 2019. DOI: 10.1537/ase.190307
  42. ↑ Source: 23andme
  43. ↑ Rem I. Sukernik, Natalia V. Volodko, Ilya O. Mazunin, Nikolai P. Eltsov, Stanislav V. Dryomov, and Elena B. Starikovskaya, "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148:123–138 (2012). DOI 10.1002/ajpa.22050
  44. ↑ a b MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
  45. ↑ Qing-Peng Kong, Yong-Gang Yao, Chang Sun, et al. (2003), "Phylogeny of East Asian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages Inferred from Complete Sequences." Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73:671–676, 2003.
  46. ↑ Longli Kang, Hong-Xiang Zheng, Menghan Zhang, et al. (2016), "MtDNA analysis reveals enriched pathogenic mutations in Tibetan highlanders." Scientific Reports | 6:31083 | DOI: 10.1038/srep31083.
  47. ↑ Duong, N.T., Macholdt, E., Ton, N.D., et al., "Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia." Sci Rep 8 (1), 11651 (2018).
  48. ↑ Jia Liu, Li-Dong Wang, Yan-Bo Sun, et al. (2012), "Deciphering the Signature of Selective Constraints on Cancerous Mitochondrial Genome." Mol. Biol. Evol. 29(4):1255–1261. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr290
  49. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
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