Haplogroup A (mtDNA)

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In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

File:Peopling of eurasia.jpg
mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[1]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[2] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[1]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[2][3][4]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[5][6] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[3]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[2] 25/216 = 11.6%,[7] 11/73 = 15.1%[7]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[3][8][9] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[2][10][11][12] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[8] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[9] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[3]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[10] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[8] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[13] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[13] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[14] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[3] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[15] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).[16] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially in situ differentiation in Nepal.[16]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[17] and subsequent published research.

  • A
    • A(xA5, A8, A10) — China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
      • A+T152C!+T16362C — Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,[18] Kinh from Hanoi,[18] Cờ Lao)
        • A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 ↔ 22,700) ybp[19]]
          • A1* — Japan, Korea
          • A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 ↔ 11,800) ybp[19]]
            • A1a* — Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
            • A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 ↔ 9,800) ybp[19]]
              • A1a1* — Buryat, Altai Kizhi
              • A1a1a — Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 ↔ 5,500) ybp[19]]
            • A1a2 — Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 ↔ 10,500) ybp[19]]
            • A1a3 — Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 ↔ 6,000) ybp[19]]
        • A2 — Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 ↔ 11,700) ybp[19]]
          • A2a — Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a1 — Inuit (Canada), Selkup[20]
            • A2a2 — Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a3 — Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a4 — USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
            • A2a5 — Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
          • A2b — Chukchi
            • A2b1 — Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
          • A2c
          • A2d — USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2d1 — USA (Mexican)
              • A2d1a — USA (Hispanic)
            • A2d2 — USA (Hispanic)
          • A2e'ao
            • A2e
            • A2ao
              • A2ao1
          • A2f
            • A2f1 — Newfoundland
              • A2f1a — Canada, USA (Native American)
            • A2f2 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
            • A2f3 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2g — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
            • A2g1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
          • A2h — Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
            • A2h1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
          • A2i — USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
          • A2j — USA (Hispanic)
            • A2j1 — USA (Hispanic)
          • A2k — USA (Puerto Rico)
            • A2k1 — Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
              • A2k1a — Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
          • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
            • A2l
            • A2m
            • A2n — Canada
            • A2o
            • A2ai
            • A2aj
          • A2p'am
            • A2p
              • A2p1
              • A2p2
            • A2am — USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.[21]
          • A2q
            • A2q1
          • A2r — USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
            • A2r1 — Mexico, USA (Mexican)
          • A2s
          • A2t — USA (Mexican)
          • A2u
            • A2u1
            • A2u2
          • A2v
            • A2v1 — USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
              • A2v1a — Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
              • A2v1b — Mexico
          • A2w — Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2w1 — Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
          • A2x
          • A2y
          • A2z — USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
          • A2aa
          • A2ab - Brazil (PE, MT), Paraguay, Argentina[22]
          • A2ac
            • A2ac1
          • A2ad
            • A2ad1
            • A2ad2
          • A2ae
          • A2af
            • A2af1
              • A2af1a
                • A2af1a1
                • A2af1a2
              • A2af1b
                • A2af1b1
                  • A2af1b1a
                  • A2af1b1b
                • A2af1b2
            • A2af2
          • A2ag
          • A2ah
          • A2ak
          • A2al
          • A2an
          • A2ap
          • A2aq
        • A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 ↔ 16,100) ybp[19]]
          • A6* — Deng, Korea[19][23]
          • A6a — China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 ↔ 15,500) ybp[19]]
            • A6a* — Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
            • A6a1 — Tujia
          • A6b — Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 ↔ 8,300) ybp[19]]
            • A6b* — Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
            • A6b1 — Tibet (Sherpa)
          • A6c — Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
        • A12'23 — Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[20]
          • A12 — Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 ↔ 19,700) ybp[19]]
            • A12a — Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[20] Selkup[20] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 ↔ 7,600) ybp[19]]
              • A12a* — Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[24] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[25]
              • A12a1 — Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[26] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 ↔ 4,900) ybp[19]]
              • A12a2 — Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[3] Stony Tunguska River basin[24]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 ↔ 6,600) ybp[19]]
            • A12b — Buryat,[3] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[27] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 ↔ 10,700) ybp[19]]
          • A23 — Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[28] Buryat,[3] Ket,[20] Qashqai (Iran),[29] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 ↔ 10,600) ybp[19]]
        • A13'14 — Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana[30][19]), Ireland
        • A15 — Uyghur
          • A15a — China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou,[33] etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
          • A15b — China, Japan (Ehime)
          • A15c — China
            • A15c1 — Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
        • A16 — Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
        • A17 — China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou,[33] etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[31] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[31] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[31]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
        • A18 — Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou[33]), Romania
        • A19 — China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • A20 — Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A21 — Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
        • A22 — China, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A24 — China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
        • A25 — Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
        • A26 — Denmark
      • A3 — Japan[34] (Tokyo,[19] etc.), Korea,[19] USA[19] [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 ↔ 12,600) ybp[19]]
        • A3a — Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 ↔ 9,800) ybp[19]]
      • A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 ↔ 13,500) ybp[19]]
        • A7* — China
        • A7a — Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 ↔ 11,700) ybp[19]]
          • A7a* — Lhoba
          • A7a1 — Lhoba
          • A7a2 — Lhoba, Monpa
        • A7b — Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 ↔ 14,700) ybp[19]]
      • A9
      • A11 — Nepal, Korea,[19] Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 ↔ 20,800) ybp[19]]
        • A11a — Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
        • A11b — Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
    • A5 — China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 ↔ 22,800) ybp]
      • A5a — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 ↔ 7,600) ybp[19]]
        • A5a1 — Korea
          • A5a1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a1 — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[35]
              • A5a1a1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
              • A5a1a1b — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a2 — Japan, Korea
              • A5a1a2a — Japan (Aichi)
          • A5a1b — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
        • A5a2 — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a3
          • A5a3* — Korea, USA (African American)
          • A5a3a
            • A5a3a* — Japan (Tokyo)
            • A5a3a1 — Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a4 — Japan
        • A5a5 — Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
      • A5b — China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 ↔ 18,800) ybp[19]]
        • A5b1 — China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 ↔ 11,100) ybp[19]]
          • A5b1* — Uyghur
          • A5b1a — Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea[23] [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 ↔ 11,300) ybp[19]]
          • A5b1b — China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea[36] [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 ↔ 9,400) ybp[19]]
            • A5b1b* — Han Chinese
            • A5b1b1
              • A5b1b1* — Miao
              • A5b1b1a — China
              • A5b1b1b — China
            • A5b1b2 — Uyghur
          • A5b1c — Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 ↔ 15,500) ybp[19]]
            • A5b1c1 — Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 ↔ 12,600) ybp[19]]
          • A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 ↔ 13,000) ybp[19]]
            • A5b1d* — China
            • A5b1d1 — Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
        • A5b2 — China (Tujia, etc.)
      • A5c — Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,[36] Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut[19] [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 ↔ 13,000) ybp[19]]
        • A5c1 — Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
    • A8 — Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 ↔ 19,800) ybp[19]]
      • A8a — Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup,[20] Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 ↔ 14,800) ybp[19]]
        • A8a* — Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
        • A8a1 — Hungary, Albania [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 ↔ 9,200) ybp[19]]
          • A8a1* — Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
          • A8a1a — Yakut,[24] Uyghur, Buryat
        • A8a2
          • A8a2a — Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher) [TMRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 ↔ 12,000) ybp[19]]
          • A8a2b — Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
      • A8b — Koryak [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 ↔ 5,600) ybp[19]]
    • A10 — China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 ↔ 15,600) ybp[19]]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) 1 42 [37]
Tlingit 1 2 [37]
Acoma Pueblo 1 1 [37]
Esselen 1 1 [38] A01
Haida 0.966 29 [37]
Eskimo (Greenland) 0.961 385 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin) 0.900 50 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada) 0.875 96 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2b=68, A2a=16
Mixtec 0.828 29 [37]
Siberian Eskimo 0.772 79 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan) 0.744 39 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka) 0.733 15 [3] A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki) 0.703 37 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi 0.682 66 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A2=45
Chickasaw/Choctaw 0.667 27 [37]
Mixe 0.625 16 [37]
Apache 0.621 29 [37]
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico) 0.613 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=19
Nahua/Cora (Mexico) 0.531 32 [37]
Siouan 0.529 34 [37]
Chumash 0.524 21 [38] A02, A03, A04, A05, A07, A09, A10, A12
Maya (Mexico) 0.519 27 [37]
Navajo 0.517 58 [37]
Nuxalk (Bella Coola) 0.5 36 [37]
Salinan 0.5 6 [38] A01, A06, A13
Ojibwe (Chippewa)/Kickapoo 0.484 62 [37]
Salinan/Chumash 0.455 11 [37]
Nuu-Chah-Nulth 0.4 15 [37]
Kiowa 0.4 5 [37]
Creek/Seminole 0.389 18 [37]
Aleut (Aleutian Islands) 0.344 163 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2a=56
Zapotec 0.333 15 [37]
Pawnee 0.333 3 [37]
Cheyenne/Arapaho 0.308 26 [37]
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.300 30 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan) 0.297 37 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=11
Mi'kmaq (Newfoundland)/Narragansett 0.286 7 [37]
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka) 0.250 32 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan) 0.250 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou) 0.250 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=5
Ohlone (Costanoan) 0.25 8 Template:Refn A01
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet) 0.229 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai) 0.214 56 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.211 19 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.188 16 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet) 0.172 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A1=5
Zuni 0.182 22 [37]
Korean (Arun Banner) 0.146 48 [9] A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan) 0.141 64 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 0.139 36 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou) 0.138 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet) 0.136 44 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.128 47 [3] A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.121 33 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki) 0.120 100 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.118 102 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=12
Penutian (California) 0.118 17 [37]
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan) 0.114 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky) 0.111 72 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA2)=8
Havasupai/Hualapai/Yavapai/Mojave 0.111 18 [37]
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet) 0.109 55 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet) 0.103 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A1=3
Mongolian (Sükhbaatar Province) 0.102 246 [39] A=14, A5c=1, A8a=1, A12=8, A14=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 0.100 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Manchurian 0.100 40 [8] A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China) 0.098 51 [8] A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan) 0.097 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=3
Han (Denver) 0.096 73 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=7
Japanese 0.090 211 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan) 0.089 45 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Korean (South Korea) 0.089 203 [10] A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning) 0.088 160 [10] A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan) 0.087 103 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku) 0.086 336 [10] A=29
Mongolian (Dornod Province) 0.084 370 [39] A=17, A1a=6, A5a=4, A13=1, A14=1, A16=1, A25=1
Evenk (Siberia) 0.084 130 [24] A2a=2, A4=7, A4b=2
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner) 0.083 48 [9] A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea) 0.081 185 [8] A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Cochimí 0.077 13 [37]
Korean (South Korea) 0.077 261 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=20
Mongolian (Khentii Province) 0.076 132 [39] A=8, A12=2
Han (Beijing Normal University) 0.074 121 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=9
Pai Yuman 0.074 27 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.074 54 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou) 0.073 137 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian) 0.073 55 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=4
Telengit 0.073 55 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital) 0.073 633 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=46
Buryat 0.071 126 [9] A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California) 0.069 390 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=27
Korean (South Korea) 0.068 103 [3] A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo) 0.068 118 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=8
Okinawa 0.067 326 [10] A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū) 0.066 256 [10] A=17
Mongolian (Mongolia) 0.064 2420 [39] A=75, A1a=15, A5a=4, A5c=1, A7=2, A8a1=14, A11(xA11a1)=6, A12a=14, A13=3, A14=4, A15(xA15a)=7, A16=2, A23=4, A24=2, A25=2,
Itelmen 0.064 47 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu) 0.063 1617 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=102
Yokuts 0.063 16 [38] A08
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		 0.062 130 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=8
Barghut (Hulun Buir) 0.060 149 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō) 0.060 217 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 0.059 68 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=4
Ket 0.059 34 [40] A8a2
Evenk (Siberia) 0.056 71 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic) 0.056 71 [3] A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.056 18 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.053 19 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Koryak 0.052 155 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Mongolian (Khovd Province) 0.051 429 [39] A(xA1a, A14, A15, A23, A24)=12, A11a1=3, A8a1=7
Buryat (Buryatia) 0.051 295 [3] A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia) 0.051 99 [3] A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan) 0.050 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=2
Han (Beijing) 0.050 40 [8] A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai) 0.050 282 [10] A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.049 41 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=2
Vietnamese 0.048 42 [8] A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama 0.048 42 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=2
Akimal O'odham (Pima) 0.054 37 [37]
Han (Kunming, Yunnan) 0.047 43 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka) 0.045 154 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner) 0.045 44 [9] A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan) 0.045 22 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner) 0.043 47 [9] A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator) 0.043 47 [8] A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo) 0.042 71 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi 0.042 48 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan) 0.042 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk) 0.041 73 [3] A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky) 0.040 125 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu 0.039 51 Script error: No such module "Footnotes".[41] A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia) 0.036 110 [3] A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese) 0.036 111 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin) 0.036 111 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan) 0.036 1117 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou) 0.036 28 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Shor 0.036 28 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia) 0.035 57 [3] A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi 0.033 90 [3] A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan) 0.033 91 [10] A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.032 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk) 0.032 126 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.031 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District) 0.031 98 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4=3
Mansi 0.031 98 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic) 0.029 276 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 0.029 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A6=1
Guangdong 0.026 546 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan) 0.025 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran) 0.024 82 [3] A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi) 0.024 41 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk) 0.024 164 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi) 0.024 42 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan) 0.023 44 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner) 0.022 45 [9] A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia) 0.022 45 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan 0.021 95 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.020 50 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District) 0.019 52 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Guangxi 0.017 1111 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=19
Yakut 0.017 117 [9] A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo) 0.012 82 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva) 0.010 105 [3] A4(xA2)=1
Khanty 0.009 106 [5] A=1
Vietnam 0.008 392 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=3
Southeast Yunnan 0.006 158 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Li (Hainan) 0.003 346 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". A=1
Kiliwa 0.000 7 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Seri 0.000 8 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Paiute/Shoshone 0 9 [37] –
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 10 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 11 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Kiliwa/Paipai 0 11 [37] –
Uto-Aztecan (California) 0 14 [37]
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 15 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Kumeyaay 0 16 [37] –
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma) 0.000 18 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". –
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi) 0.000 19 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Filipino (Palawan) 0.000 20 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 0.000 21 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky) 0.000 22 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
River Yuman 0.000 22 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Delta Yuman 0.000 23 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Quechan/Cocopah 0 23 [37] –
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Nganasan 0.000 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet) 0.000 24 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk) 0.000 25 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 25 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Kurd (northwestern Iran) 0.000 25 [3] –
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi) 0.000 26 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan) 0.000 27 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Washo 0 28 [37] –
Andhra Pradesh (tribal) 0.000 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Batek (Malaysia) 0.000 29 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Cun (Hainan) 0.000 30 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan) 0.000 30 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Batak (Palawan) 0.000 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou) 0.000 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Lingao (Hainan) 0.000 31 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan) 0.000 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Mendriq (Malaysia) 0.000 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi) 0.000 32 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Negidal 0.000 33 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Teleut 0.000 33 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Temuan (Malaysia) 0.000 33 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan) 0.000 35 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Aleut (Commander Islands) 0.000 36 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". –
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan) 0.000 36 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Yakut (Yakutia) 0.000 36 [3] –
Jemez/Taos/San Ildefonso Pueblo 0 36 [37] –
Taono O'odham 0.000 37 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan) 0.000 39 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Nganasan 0.000 39 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". –
Thai 0.000 40 [8] –
Tharu (Morang, Nepal) 0.000 40 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Ambon 0.000 43 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Lombok (Mataram) 0.000 44 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Alor 0.000 45 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Tofalar 0.000 46 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Udegey 0.000 46 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Hindu (New Delhi, India) 0.000 48 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Sumba (Waingapu) 0.000 50 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Jahai (Malaysia) 0.000 51 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Senoi (Malaysia) 0.000 52 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Teleut (Kemerovo) 0.000 53 [3] –
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin) 0.000 56 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Filipino 0.000 61 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Semelai (Malaysia) 0.000 61 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Mansi 0.000 63 [5] –
Filipino 0.000 64 [15] –
Filipino (Mindanao) 0.000 70 [15] –
Tubalar (Turochak District) 0.000 71 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Bali 0.000 82 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka) 0.000 82 Script error: No such module "Footnotes". –
Ulchi 0.000 87 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Chelkan (Turochak District) 0.000 91 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
N. Paiute/Shoshoni 0.000 94 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Northern Paiute 0.000 98 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky) 0.000 105 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Even (Siberia) 0.000 122 [24]
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal) 0.000 133 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Yakut (northern Yakutia) 0.000 148 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam) 0.000 168 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Filipino (Luzon) 0.000 177 [15] –
Sumatra 0.000 180 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Sulawesi 0.000 237 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –
Taiwan aborigine 0.000 640 Script error: No such module "Unsubst". –


Popular culture

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[42][43]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.[44] Michelle Rodriguez, an American actress with a Dominican mother, is likewise in A2.[45]

See also

Template:Sister project

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  20. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ https://www.yfull.com/mtree/A2ab/
  23. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

External links

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