Hakha Chin
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Hakha Chin, or Laiholh, is a Kuki-Chin language spoken by 446,264 people, mostly in Myanmar.[1] In Mizoram, the language is recognized as Pawi. The total figure includes 2,000 Zokhua and 60,100 Hakha speakers.[1] The speakers are largely concentrated in Chin State in western Myanmar and Mizoram in eastern India, with a small number of speakers in south-eastern Bangladesh.
Distribution
The Hakha Chin (Lai) speakers are largely in Chin State, Burma and Mizoram in Northeast India, with a small number of speakers in south-eastern Bangladesh. Nowadays, more than eighty thousands Hakha Chin speakers are living in the Western countries, such as Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and the United States, as well as Australia and New Zealand.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Mutual intelligibility
Hakha Chin serves as a lingua franca in most parts of Chin State and is a native language in Hakha, Thantlang, and parts of Matupi. Derived from the same Lai dialect and sharing 85% of their phonology, Falam Chin speakers can easily communicate with Hakha speakers. As the capital of Chin State, Hakha provides government employment and business opportunities to people living elsewhere in Chin State. These people live here temporarily or permanently, and their families eventually learn how to speak Lai holh (Hakha).
The Chin people use Latin script (Hakha alphabet) as their writing system.
Phonology
Syllable structure
Words in the Hakha Chin language are predominantly monosyllabic with some sesqui syllables featuring a "reduced syllable".[2] Full syllables are either open or closed with a rising, falling, or low tone.Template:Fact
Consonants
Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Hakha Chin language differentiates between voiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspirated obstruents. Additionally, two sets of sonorants are realised.[3]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| centralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | lateralScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | |||||||
| Nasal | voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| Plosive | tenuisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||
| aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | (Template:IPA link) | |||||
| Affricate | tenuisScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| aspiratedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Fricative | voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||
| voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Liquid | voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |||||
| voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
| Semivowel | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | ||||||
Consonants allowed in syllable codas are Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Consonants Script error: No such module "IPA". occurring in syllable-final position may also occur as glottalized Script error: No such module "IPA"..[4]
The unattested parent language, Proto-Chin, featured a voiced velar plosive Script error: No such module "IPA".. The phoneme itself was lost in all of its daughter languages, due to a spirantisation to ɣ, which a labialisation followed afterwards.[3] Only certain loanwords, not native words, have the voiced velar plosive.
In the Hakha alphabet, Template:Angbr transcribes the glottal fricative in initial position, but a glottal stop in coda position.[5] Voiceless approximants are distinguished in writing from their voiced counterparts with a prefixed Template:Angbr.
Vowels
The Hakha language features seven vowels which may be long or short. Allophones occur for closed syllables.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link |
In final position, /e/ can be heard as [ɛ].[4]
The Hakha language also features diphthongs.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ia iu | ui ua | |
| Mid | ei eu | ɔi | |
| Open | ai au |
Grammar
Hakha-Chin is a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, and negation follows the verb.
Literacy and literature
Literacy rates are lower for older generations and higher in younger generations.[1] The Hakha-Chin language uses the Latin script, unlike most languages of India and Bangladesh which use Devanagari or other Southeast Asian alphabets. Between 1978 and 1999, the Bible was translated into the language.[1]
A written script for Hakha (Lai) was created in 1891 by DJC Mcnabb.[6] Additional scripts were created in 1894 by AGZ Newland, in 1900 by Rev. Arthur E. Carson and Rev. Dr. Harry H. Tilbe, and in 1908 by Rev. Dr. Herbert Cope.[1]
Distribution
The Hakha-Chin language is also known as Haka, Baung-shè, and Lai in Burma, India, and Bangladesh.[1] The Hakha-Chin people are largely members of the Lai tribe. In India, they are a Scheduled Tribe, which means the government recognizes them as a distinct people. As they mostly live in hilly or even mountainous remote areas, most Hakha-Chin speakers rely on swidden agriculture.[1] Hakha-Chin speakers are predominantly Christian.[1]
Burma
As of 1991, there were 100,000 Hakha-Chin speakers in Burma.[1] Dialects vary from village to village.
Bangladesh
As of 2000, there were 1,264 Hakha-Chin speakers in Bangladesh.[1] In Bangladesh, the Senthang dialect Shonshe is spoken and it may be a language in its own right.[1]
India
As of 1996, there were 345,000 Hakha-Chin speakers in India, mostly in the Lawngtlai, Lunglei, and Aizawl districts of Mizoram as well as the southernmost tip of Assam.[1] In India, the language is also known as Lai Pawi and Lai Hawlh and is taught in some primary schools. Most of its younger speakers in India are literate.[1]
Bibliography
- Peterson, David A. (2003). "Hakha Lai" In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla, eds. The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 409–426. London: Routledge
See also
References
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External links
- Online English to Chin (Hakha) Dictionary with Audio Pronunciations
- English to Haka Chin Online Dictionary
- Lai Language Resource collection of Hakha Lai language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive
Template:Sino-Tibetan languages Template:Kuki-Chin–Naga languages Template:Languages of Burma Template:Languages of Northeast India