Uruguay River

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File:Mocona2.jpg
The Moconá Falls (also known as the Yucumã Falls), where the river passes between Argentina and Brazil, are up to 3 km wide
File:Riodelaplatabasinmap.png
Map of the Rio de la Plata Basin, showing the Uruguay River joining the Paraná near Buenos Aires

The Uruguay River (Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a major river in South America. It flows from north to south and forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay, separating some of the Argentine provinces of the Mesopotamia from the other two countries. It passes between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil; forms the eastern border of the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Ríos in Argentina; and makes up the western borders of the departments of Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro, Soriano and Colonia in Uruguay.

Etymology

The name of the river tends to comes from the Spanish settlers' interpretation of the Guaraní language word the inhabitants of the region used to designate it. There are several interpretations, including "the river of the uru (an indigenous bird)", and "[river of] the uruguá" (an indigenous gastropod, Pomella megastoma).[1]

Course

The river measures about Script error: No such module "convert". in length and starts in the Serra do Mar in Brazil,[2][3][4][5][6] where the Canoas River and the Pelotas River are joined, at about Script error: No such module "convert". above mean sea level. At this stage, the river goes through uneven, broken terrain, forming rapids and falls. Its course through Rio Grande do Sul is not navigable.

An unusual feature of the Uruguay River is a submerged canyon. This canyon formed during the Ice Age, when the climate was drier and the river was narrower. Its depth is up to Script error: No such module "convert". below the bottom of the river channel and it is one-eighth to one-third as wide as the river.[5][7] The canyon is only visible in two places, one of which is the Moconá Falls (also called the Yucumã Falls). However, the falls are not visible for 150 days per year and become more like rapids when they are not visible. Unlike most waterfalls, the Moconá Falls are parallel to the river, not perpendicular. The falls are Script error: No such module "convert". to Script error: No such module "convert". high and between Script error: No such module "convert". and Script error: No such module "convert". wide. They are Script error: No such module "convert". from the mouth of the river.[5][7] The Script error: No such module "convert". Turvo State Park, created in 1947, protects the Brazilian side of the falls.[8]

Together with the Paraná River, the Uruguay forms the Río de la Plata estuary. It is navigable from around Salto Chico. Its main tributary is the Río Negro, which is born in the south of Brazil and goes through Uruguay for 500 km until its confluence with the Uruguay River, which is located 100 km north of the Uruguay's confluence with the Río de la Plata, in Punta Gorda, Colonia Department, Uruguay.

The river is crossed by five international bridges called (from north to south): Integration Bridge and Paso de los Libres-Uruguaiana International Bridge, between Argentina and Brazil; and the Salto Grande Bridge, General Artigas Bridge and Libertador General San Martín Bridge between Argentina and Uruguay.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

The drainage basin of the Uruguay River has an area of Template:Cvt.[9] Its main economic use is the generation of hydroelectricity and it is dammed in its lower portion by the Salto Grande Dam and by the Itá Dam upstream in Brazil.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Discharge

Average monthly discharge at Salto Grande:

Year Average discharge (m3/s)
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Average
2014 4,652 3,858 3,910 4,277 7,104 8,332 16,199 5,065 7,298 12,873 5,862 6,241 7,139.2
2015 13,471 4,543 3,622 2,450 2,450 5,945 11,865 7,855 3,731 14,948 13,155 18,559 8,549.5
2016 10,690 5,206 4,569 13,535 6,758 4,204 5,609 3,098 3,947 6,937 6,931 2,630 6,176.2
2017 6,231 4,885 5,680 8,712 13,748 21,136 3,684 5,865 5,801 7,537 3,588 1,971 7,399
2018 3,086 2,902 2,397 3,137 5,355 2,784 4,057 2,478 6,071 8,208 8,044 6,714 4,602.7
2019 16,384 4,850 5,264 3,647 10,389 6,650 4,066 4,395 2,549 4,066 8,687 3,628 5,774.7
2020 1,459 1,679 831 581 2,315 5,056 7,318 3,893 3,418 1,785 700 2,079 2,592.8
2021 5,570 939 1,734 1,724 4,589 4,975 2,017 1,801 4,499 4,373 1,229 1,283 2,894.4
2022 5,665 986 6,363 9,211 10,098 2,896 2,513 482 472 7,671 2,035 7,105 4,624.7
2023 569 677 1,435 1,082 2,707 9,778 6,388 3,451 11,210 16,536 22,898 14,101 7,569.3
2024 7,714 3,384 2,826 9,473 18,397 8,339 7,815 5,382 4,260 3,056 1,923 1,882 6,204.3
Source: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica[10]

Mean annual discharge at Salto Grande, (Script error: No such module "Coordinates".):[10][11] Template:Bar chart Multiannual average discharge:[12][13][14] Template:Bar chart

Tributaries

The main tributaries from the mouth:

Left

tributary

Right

tributary

Length

(km)

Basin size

(km2)

Average discharge

(m3/s)*

Uruguay 1,838 353,451 7,562.4
Lower Uruguay
San Salvador 100 3,072.1 52.5
Negro 903 71,154 952.1
Guale-guaychú 268 6,935.8 84
Arroyo Negro 2,271.2 37.9
Queguay Grande 280 8,596 157.7
Daymán 210 3,415 63.3
Middle Uruguay
Arroyo Itapebí Grande 1,042.2 19.1
Arapey Grande 240 11,996 234.9
Arroyo Yacuy 1,089.5 20.6
Mocoretá 140 3,783.3 59.3
Cuareim 351 14,641 326.5
Miriñay 285 12,473.6 168.2
Arroio Touro Passo 991.9 22.7
Guaviraví 1,765.8 34.7
Ibicuí 673 47,203.4 1,113.1
Aguapey 310 7,088.2 163.6
Icamaquã 250 4,886.7 132.3
Piratini 120 5,611 152.4
Ijuí 300 10,794 307
Comandaí 199 1,418 40
Santo Cristo 121.7 899.2 24.2
Santa Rosa 185.1 1,401.5 38.9
Buricá 195.5 2,356.2 66.4
Arroyo Soberbio 133.1 1,084.7 23.7
Turvo 247.1 1,877.7 53.2
Arroyo

Yabotí

2,002.4 53.4
Upper Uruguay
Pepiri

Guazú

180 2,345.6 74.4
Guarita 242 2,234 66.8
Rio das

Antes

194 2,706.1 81.7
Rio da Várzea 165 5,480.5 183.8
Chapecó 248 8,364.1 284.1
Passo Fundo 200 4,055 135.7
Irani 223 1,586.5 50.1
Jacutinga 168 1,003.2 29.8
Peixe 299 5,286.8 143.7
Apauê 210 3,729.8 124.7
Inhandava 181.7 2,406 73.5
Pelotas 437 13,378.4 343.5
Canoas 572 14,883.7 308.8
Source:[15][12]

* Period: 1971–2000

Cellulose plant conflict

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Argentina and Uruguay experienced a conflict over the construction of pulp mills on the Uruguay River. Two European companies, ENCE and Botnia, proposed building cellulose processing plants at Fray Bentos, Uruguay, opposite Gualeguaychú, Argentina. According to a 1975 treaty, Argentina and Uruguay were supposed to jointly agree on matters relating to the Uruguay River.[16] Argentina alleged that Uruguay broke the treaty. Additionally, Argentina believed the Finnish company Botnia was polluting the fish and the overall environment of the river while Uruguay believed that the plant was not depositing a large amount of toxins in the Uruguay River.[17]

Starting in April 2005, residents of Gualeguaychú, as well as many others, protested, claiming that the plants would pollute the river shared by the two countries. Early in 2006, the conflict escalated into a diplomatic crisis,Script error: No such module "Unsubst". compelling one of the companies move the project Script error: No such module "convert". south. Beginning in December 2005, the international bridges linking the Argentine province of Entre Ríos with Uruguay were intermittently blockaded by Argentine protesters, causing major disruptions in commercial traffic and tourism.

In 2006, Argentina brought the dispute before the International Court of Justice. The ICJ completed hearings between Argentina and Uruguay regarding the dispute on October 2, 2009. In 2010, the court ruled that although Uruguay failed to inform Argentina of the construction of the pulp mills, the mills did not pollute the river, so closing the remaining pulp mill would be unjustified. Later in 2010, Argentina and Uruguay created a joint commission to coordinate activities on the river.

Links across the Uruguay

The course of the Uruguay is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream:

Crossing Location Built Carries Coordinates
Brazil
Campos NovosTemplate:NdashBarracão Bridge Campos NovosTemplate:NdashBarracão BR-470 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Machadinho Dam PiratubaTemplate:NdashMaximiliano de Almeida 2002 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Marcelino Ramos Railway Bridge Alto Bela VistaTemplate:NdashMarcelino Ramos Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
ConcórdiaTemplate:NdashMarcelino Ramos Bridge ConcórdiaTemplate:NdashMarcelino Ramos BR-153 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Itá Dam ItáTemplate:NdashAratiba SC-155 / RS-420 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
ChapecóTemplate:NdashNonoai Bridge ChapecóTemplate:NdashNonoai SC-480 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Foz de Chapecó Dam Águas de ChapecóTemplate:NdashAlpestre Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
PalmitosTemplate:NdashIraí Bridge PalmitosTemplate:NdashIraí BR-158 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
BrazilTemplate:NdashArgentina
Alba PosseTemplate:NdashPorto Mauá Bridge Alba PosseTemplate:NdashPorto Mauá Planned
San JavierTemplate:NdashPorto Xavier Bridge San JavierTemplate:NdashPorto Xavier Planned
Integration Bridge Santo ToméTemplate:NdashSão Borja 1997 National Route 121 / BR-285 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Alvear-Itaqui Bridge AlvearTemplate:NdashItaqui Planned
Agustín P. Justo-Getúlio Vargas International Bridge Paso de los LibresTemplate:NdashUruguaiana 1945 National Route 117 / BR-290 Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
ArgentinaTemplate:NdashUruguay
Monte CaserosTemplate:NdashBella Unión Bridge Monte CaserosTemplate:NdashBella Unión Planned
Salto Grande Bridge ConcordiaTemplate:NdashSalto 1982 National Route A015 / Acceso Puente Internacional Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
General Artigas Bridge ColónTemplate:NdashPaysandú 1975 National Route 135 / Avenida de las Américas Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
Libertador General San Martín Bridge GualeguaychúTemplate:NdashFray Bentos 1976 National Route 136 / Acceso Puente Internacional Script error: No such module "Coordinates".
ZárateTemplate:NdashNueva Palmira ZárateTemplate:NdashNueva Palmira Planned

See also

Template:Sister project

References

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  1. ↑ El País newspaper: Presentan tesis del nombre Uruguay Template:Webarchive, Template:In lang Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  5. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  7. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

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