Gongshi
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Gongshi (Template:Zh), also known as scholar's rocks or viewing stones, are naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated by Chinese scholars.[1] The term is related to the Korean suseok (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and the Japanese suiseki (Script error: No such module "Lang".).
Scholars' rocks can be any color, and contrasting colors are not uncommon. The size of the stone can also be quite varied: scholars' rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound.[2] The term also identifies stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens.
History
In the Tang dynasty, a set of four important qualities for the rocks were recognized. They are: thinness (瘦 shòu), openness (透 tòu), perforations (漏 lòu), and wrinkling (皺 zhòu).[1]
Gongshi influenced the development of Korean suseok and Japanese suiseki.[3]
Sources
There are three main Chinese sources for these stones.
- Lingbi stone (Lingbishi) (Chinese: 灵璧石) from Lingbi, Anhui province, limestone[4][5]
- Taihu stone (Taihushi) (Chinese: 太湖石) from Lake Tai, Jiangsu province, limestone[4]
- Yingde stone (Yingshi or Yingdeshi) (Chinese: 英石 or 英德石) from Yingde, Guangdong province, limestone[6]
The geological conditions needed for the formation of stones are also present at some other sites.[7][8]
Formation
Scholar's stones are generally karstic limestone. Limestone is water-soluble under some conditions.[9] Dissolution pitting dissolves hollows in the limestone. On a larger scale, this causes speleogenesis (when caves dissolve in limestone bedrock). On a still larger scale, the dissolved caves collapse, gradually creating karst topography, such as the famous landscapes of Guilin in the South China Karst.
As rocks are broadly fractal (geology journals require a scale to be included in images of rocks), the small rocks can resemble the larger landscape.
Aesthetics
The aesthetics of a scholar's rock is based on subtleties of color, shape, markings, surface, and sound. Prized qualities include:
- awkward or overhanging asymmetry[10]
- resonance or ringing when struck[10]
- representation or resemblance to mountainous landscapes, particularly these believed to be inhabited by immortal beings[1] or figures [10][11]
- texture[10]
- moistness or glossy surface[10]
The stone may be displayed on a rosewood pedestal that has been carved specifically for the stone. The stones are a traditional subject of Chinese paintings.[12]
Gallery
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Taihu limestone
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Black Lingbi limestone
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Gray Lingbi limestone
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Black Lingbi limestone
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Taihu limestone
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In 1503, Guo Xu painted Mi Fu Bowing to a Rock. The 11th-century calligrapher Mi Fu, often regarded as eccentric, believed that some of these rocks had their own souls and would pay them his respects by bowing.
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See also
References
Further reading
- Little, Stephen, Spirit stones of China, the Ian and Susan Wilson collection of Chinese stones, paintings, and related scholars' objects, Chicago, Art Institute of Chicago, 1999, Template:ISBN
External links
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- Visuals and examples of scholar rocks
- Galleries of scholar rocks
- Books on scholars' rocks
- Chinese scholar's rock history, an introductory historical background
- Classification of Chinese scholar's rocks
- Scholar's rock at Metropolitan Museum of Art
- ↑ a b c Metropolitan Museum of Art, "The World of Scholars' Rocks Gardens, Studios, and Paintings"; retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ↑ Harvard Shanghai Center, "Scholar Stone"; retrieved 2012-12-20.
- ↑ Brokaw, Charles. (2011). The Temple Mount Code, p. 73.
- ↑ a b Cousins, Craig. (2006). Bonsai Master Class, p. 246.
- ↑ Lingbi Stone and Asian Art Collection Template:Webarchive. (2014)
- ↑ Cousins, p. 247.
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- ↑ a b c d e Mendelson, John. "Chinese scholars' rocks simultaneously original and simulacrum" at ArtNet.com, 1996; retrieved 2012-12-20>
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Harvard Museums, "Scholar's rock", 1993 painting; Linrothe, Robert N. (2004). Paradise and Plumage: Chinese Connections in Tibetan Arhat Painting, p. 24; retrieved 2012-12-20.