Emperor Huizong of Song

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Family name hatnote

Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Script error: No such module "infobox".

Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the penultimate emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. He was also a very well-known painter, poet and calligrapher. Born as the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, he ascended the throne in 1100 upon the death of his elder brother and predecessor, Emperor Zhezong, because Emperor Zhezong's only son died prematurely. He lived in luxury, sophistication and art in the first half of his life. In 1126, when the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Song dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars, Emperor Huizong abdicated and passed on his throne to his eldest son, Zhao Huan while Huizong assumed the honorary title of Taishang Huang (or "Retired Emperor"). The following year, the Song capital, Bianjing, was conquered by Jin forces in an event historically known as the Jingkang Incident. Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong and the rest of their family were taken captive by the Jurchens and brought back to the Jin capital, Huining Prefecture in 1128. The Emperor Taizong of Jin, gave the former Emperor Huizong a title, Duke Hunde (literally "Besotted Duke"), to humiliate him. After Zhao Gou, the only surviving son of Huizong to avoid capture by the Jin, declared himself as the dynasty's tenth emperor as Emperor Gaozong, the Jurchens used Huizong, Qinzong, and other imperial family members to put pressure on Gaozong and his court to surrender. Emperor Huizong died in Wuguocheng after spending about nine years in captivity. He, along with his successors, were blamed for the Song dynasty's decline.

Although he wasn't a competent administrator, Emperor Huizong was known for his promotion of Taoism and talents in poetry, painting, calligraphy and music. He sponsored numerous artists at his imperial court, and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Biography

Emperor Huizong, besides his partaking in state affairs that favoured the reformist party that supported Wang Anshi's New Policies, was a cultured leader who spent much of his time admiring the arts. He was a collector of paintings, calligraphy, and antiques of previous dynasties, building huge collections of each for his amusement. He wrote poems of his own, was known as an avid painter, created his own calligraphy style, had interests in architecture and garden design, and even wrote treatises on medicine and Taoism.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He assembled an entourage of painters that were first pre-screened in an examination to enter as official artists of the imperial court, and made reforms to court music.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Like many learned men of his age, he was quite a polymath personality, and is even considered to be one of the greatest Chinese artists of all time. He constantly proclaimed legitimacy through cultural, religious, and artistic means. In 1106, he had artisans recast of the symbolic Nine Tripod Cauldrons to assert his authority.[1] However, his reign would be forever scarred by the decisions made (by counsel he received) on handling foreign policies, as the end of his reign marked a period of disaster for the Song Empire.

Taxation

According to historian Chen Fuliang (1137-1203), during the Xuanhe period of Emperor Huizong, various educational and other taxes were merged into the jingzhi tax. In the Shaoxing period, over twenty taxes were combined into the zongzhi tax, including real estate and other specific taxes. Various taxes were allocated for monthly spending. In installments, the government reduced grain costs, required loans repaid in cash, increased marketplace taxes, and provided bureaucratic payments. Officials continued Xuanhe period taxes after his reign and benefited from the zongzhi tax for military spending.[2]

Jurchen Invasion

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

When the Jurchens founded the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao dynasty to the north of the Song, the Song dynasty allied with the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao from the south in 1122. Led by Tong Guan, the Song army marched to the Song-Liao border and was stopped by the defensive forest that the Song had maintained since the reign of Emperor Taizu. In order to pass through, Tong Guan ordered the soldiers to clear the forest and continued the expedition into the Liao.[3] This expedition succeeded in destroying the Liao, a longtime enemy of the Song. However, when the Jin attacked the Song a few years later, the Jin troops marched through a defenseless border and quickly gathered around the Song capital Kaifeng.[3]

Abdication

However, an even more formidable Jin dynasty enemy was now on the northern border. Not content with the annexation of the Liao domain, and perceiving the weakness of the Song army, the Jurchens soon declared war on their former ally, and by the beginning of 1126, the troops of the Jin "Western Vice-Marshal" Wolibu crossed the Yellow River and came in sight of Bianjing, the capital of the Song Empire. Realizing his mistakes, Huizong took the blame for everything that went wrong and was stricken with panic, Emperor Huizong intended to flee but was convinced by his officials to abdicate first and then flee.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[4] Huizong then feigned a stroke because Huizong in his words said that "I must use the excuse of illness. I am afraid of disorder breaking out."Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". He then abdicated on 18 January 1126 in favour of his eldest son, Zhao Huan who is historically now known as Emperor Qinzong (Script error: No such module "Lang".).

However, Qinzong sternly refused the throne, even pushing the robes off. Huizong, still feigning a stroke, wrote with his left hand "If you do not accept, you are unfilial." Qinzong said, "If I accept, then I am unfilial." Even when Huizong summoned his empress, Qinzong still declined until Huizong ordered his eunuchs to forcibly put him on the throne.[4] Qinzong finally gave in eventually accepting the throne.[4] Huizong then departed the capital to flee in the countryside.[5]

Capture

File:Momohatozu Huizong.JPG
Pigeon on a Peach Branch(桃鳩圖,Template:Ill), by Emperor Huizong

Overcoming the walls of Bianjing was a difficult undertaking for the Jurchen cavalry, and this, together with fierce resistance from some Song officials who had not totally lost their nerve, as Emperor Huizong had, and Qinzong giving a town, resulted in the Jurchens lifting the siege of Bianjing and returning north. The Song Empire, however, had to sign a humiliating treaty with the Jin Empire, agreeing to pay a colossal war indemnity and to give a tribute to the Jurchens every year. From 1126 until 1138, refugees from the Song Empire migrated south towards the Yangtze River.[6] Huizong returned from the countryside and resumed his normal activities after hearing that the siege was lifted although he was effectively under house arrest by Qinzong.

But even such humiliating terms could not save the Song dynasty. Within a matter of months, the troops of both Jurchen vice-marshals, Wolibu and Nianhan,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". were back south again, and this time they were determined to overcome the walls of Bianjing after Qinzong wanted to form an Anti-Jin alliance with two Liao nobles who were actually on the Jurchens side. After a bitter siege, the Jurchens eventually entered Bianjing on 9 January 1127, and many days of looting, rapes, and massacre followed. Most of the entire imperial court and harem were captured by the Jurchens in an event known historically as the Jingkang Incident, and transported north, mostly to the Jin capital of Shangjing (in present-day Harbin). After Qinzong was captured, Emperor Huizong was persuaded to turn himself in, however they captured Huizong.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". When Huizong got to see Qinzong, they cried and hugged each other with Huizong stating "If you had listened to the old man, we would have avoided this disaster."Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

One of the many sons of Emperor Huizong, Zhao Gou was not present in Bianjing where he went to Southern China where, after many years of struggle, he would establish the Southern Song Dynasty, of which he was the first ruler, Emperor Gaozong.

Emperors Huizong and the former Emperor Qinzong were demoted to the rank of commoners by the Jurchens on 20 March 1127. Then on 10 May 1127, Emperor Huizong was deported to Heilongjiang, where he spent the last eight years of his life as a captive. In 1128, in a humiliating episode, the two former Song Emperors had to venerate the Jin ancestors at their shrine in Shangjing, wearing mourning dress.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong, granted the two former Song emperors degrading titles to humiliate them: Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; literally "Besotted Duke") while Emperor Qinzong was called "Marquis Chonghun" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; literally "Doubly Besotted Marquis").Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

The Song male Chinese princes who were captured were given Khitan women to marry from the Liao dynasty palace by the Jin Jurchens, who had also defeated and conquered the Khitan. The original Chinese wives of the Song princes were abducted and the Song princes then married Khitan royal women. One of the Song Emperor Huizong's sons was given a Khitan consort from the Liao palace and another one of his sons was given a Khitan princess by the Jin at the Jin Supreme capital. The Jin Jurchens continued to give new wives to the captured Song royals, the grandsons and sons of Song Emperor Huizong after they took away their original Chinese wives.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". The Jin Jurchens told the Chinese Song royals that they were fortunate because the Liao Khitan royals were being treated much worse by the Jurchen than the Song Chinese royals. Jurchen soldiers were given the children of the Liao Khitan Tianzuo Emperor as gifts while the Song Emperor was allowed to keep his children while he was in captivity.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

In 1137, the Jin Empire formally notified the Southern Song Empire about the death of the former Emperor Huizong.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Emperor Huizong, who had lived in opulence and art for the first half of his life, died a broken man in faraway northern Heilongjiang in June 1135, at the age of 52.

A few years later (1141), as the peace negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Shaoxing between the Jin and the Song empires were proceeding, the Jin Empire posthumously honored the former Emperor Huizong with the neutral-sounding title of "Prince of Tianshui Commandery" (Script error: No such module "Lang".), after a commandery Tianshui in the upper reaches of the Wei River, which is the traditional Junwang (郡望, zh) of the surname Zhao.

Art, calligraphy, music, and culture

Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

File:Chong Ning Tongbao 1.JPG
"Chong Ning Tongbao" in the style of Emperor Huizong's Slender Gold calligraphy.

Emperor Huizong was a great painter, poet, and calligrapher. He was also a player of the guqin (as exemplified by his famous painting Listening to the qin Script error: No such module "Lang".); he also had a Wanqin Tang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; "10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace.

The emperor took huge efforts to search for art masters. He established the "Hanlin Huayuan" (Script error: No such module "Lang".; "Hanlin imperial painting house") where top painters around China shared their best works.

The primary subjects of his paintings are birds and flowers. Among his works is Five-Colored Parakeet on Blossoming Apricot Tree. He also recopied Zhang Xuan's painting Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk, and Emperor Huizong's reproduction is the only copy of that painting that survives today.

Emperor Huizong invented the "Slender Gold" (Script error: No such module "Lang".) style of calligraphy. The name "Slender Gold" came from the fact that the emperor's writing resembled the way gold filaments twisted and turned, also inspired by Li Yu who called his calligraphy "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (Script error: No such module "Lang".). Some theories posits his technique probably based on calligraphy works by Chu Suiliang, Xue Ji or Huang Tingjian.[7]

One of the emperor's era names, Xuanhe, is also used to describe a style of mounting paintings in scroll format. In this style, black borders are added between some of the silk planes.

In 1114, following a request from the Goryeo ruler Yejong, Emperor Huizong sent to the palace in the Goryeo capital at Gaeseong a set of musical instruments to be used for royal banquet music. Two years later, in 1116, he sent another, even larger gift of musical instruments (numbering 428 in total) to the Goryeo court, this time yayue instruments, beginning that nation's tradition of aak.[8]

Emperor Huizong was also a great tea enthusiast. He wrote the Treatise on Tea, the most detailed and masterful description of the Song sophisticated style of tea ceremony.

Zhao Mengfu was a famous descendant of Emperor Huizong through his daughter Zhao Jinluo.

Legacy

The painter Zeng Fanzhi regards Listening to the Qin as "the most beautiful painting from the Song dynasty. For more than 10 years, I've been observing the beauty of the pine tree in that painting."[9]

Family

  • Empress Xiangong, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1084–1108)
    • Zhao Huan, Qinzong (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1100–1156), first son
    • Princess Rongde (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1103), personal name Jinnu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), second (second) daughter
      • Married Cao Cheng (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1104–1127) in 1115
      • Married Wanyan Chang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1139) in 1127 and had issue (1 son)
      • Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150) in 1139
  • Empress Xiansu, of the Zheng clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1079–1131)
    • Princess Jiade (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1100–1141), personal name Yupan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), first (first) daughter
      • Married Ceng Yin (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1100) in 1115, and had issue (two daughters)
      • Married Wanyan Zongpan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1139), the first son of Wanyan Sheng, in 1127, and had issue (1 sons)
      • Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150) in 1139
    • Zhao Cheng, Prince of Yan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1101), second son
    • Princess Shoushu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), fourth daughter
    • Princess Ande (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1106–1127), personal name Jinluo (Script error: No such module "Lang".), eighth (third) daughter
      • Married Song Bangguang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1106), and had issue (one daughter)
      • Married Wanyan Dumu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1090–1129), the 11th son of Wanyan Helibo, in 1127
    • Princess Rongshu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 11th daughter
    • Princess Chengde (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1110), personal name Hu'er (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 13th (fifth) daughter
      • Married Xiang Zifang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1110)
  • Empress Mingda, of the Liu clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1113)
    • Princess Anshu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), sixth daughter
    • Princess Maode (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1106–1128), personal name Fujin (Script error: No such module "Lang".), ninth (fourth) daughter
      • Married Cai Tiao (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1107), the fifth son of Cai Jing, in 1120, and had issue (one son)
      • Married Wanyan Zongwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127
      • Married Wanyan Xiyin (d. 1140) in 1127
    • Zhao Yu, Prince of Yi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1107–1137), eighth son
    • Zhao Mo, Prince of Qi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1107–1138), 11th son
    • Princess Xunde (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1110), personal name Fujin (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 14th (sixth) daughter
      • Married Tian Pi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1110)
      • Married Wanyan Sheyema (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the first son of Wanyan Zonghan, in 1127
    • Zhao Zhen, Prince of Xin (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1111–1139), 18th son
  • Empress Mingjie, of the Liu clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1088–1121)
    • Zhao Yang, Prince of Jian'an (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1115–1127), 25th son
    • Princess Hefu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1116), personal name Jinzhu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 29th (17th) daughter
    • Zhao Yi, Duke of Jia (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1118–1130), 26th son
    • Zhao Si, Duke of Ying (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1120), 28th son
  • Empress Xianren, of the Wei clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1080–1159)
    • Zhao Gou, Gaozong (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1111–1187), ninth son
  • Noble Consort Yisu, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1117)
    • Princess Huishu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), fifth daughter
    • Princess Kangshu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), tenth daughter
    • Zhao Zhi, Prince of Shen (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1108–1148), 12th son
    • Princess Shunde (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1111–1137), personal name Yingluo (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 18th (eighth) daughter
      • Married Xiang Ziyi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1111)
      • Married Wanyan Zonghan (1080–1137) in 1127
      • Married Wanyan Shengunai (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 1137
    • Princess Roufu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1111–1142), personal name Huanhuan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 20th (tenth) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongwang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127
      • Married Wanyan Zongxian (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1150) in 1127
      • Married Wanyan Sheng (1075–1135) in 1127
      • Married Wanyan Zongxian (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1150)
      • Married Xu Hai (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Princess Xianfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1112–1127), personal name Jin'er (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 26th (15th) daughter
    • Zhao Ji, Duke of Chen (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1114), 22nd son
  • Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Zhao Kai, Prince of Yun (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1101–1130), third son
    • Zhao Ji, Prince of Jing (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1102–1103), fourth son
    • Zhao Shu, Prince of Su (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1103–1130), fifth son
    • Princess Chongde (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1121), seventh daughter
      • Married Cao Shi (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in 1119
    • Princess Baoshu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 12th daughter
    • Princess Xishu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 16th daughter
    • Zhao Di, Prince of Xu (徐王 趙棣; b. 1109), 14th son
    • Zhao Chan, Duke of Xiang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1112–1137), 23rd son
  • Noble Consort, of the Qiao clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1081)
    • Zhao Qi, Prince of Jing (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1104–1138), sixth son
    • Zhao Xu, Prince of Ji (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1106), seventh son
    • Zhao Cai, Prince of Bin (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1107–1116), tenth son
    • Zhao Pu, Prince of Yi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1109–1123), 13th son
    • Zhao Gong, Prince of Yun (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1110–1112), 16th son
    • Zhao Wo, Prince of Ankang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1112), 20th son
    • Zhao Yue, Duke of Ying (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1115–1131), 24th son
    • Princess Huafu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1119), personal name Saiyue (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 31st (19th) daughter
  • Noble Consort, of the Cui clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1091–1130)
    • Princess Daomu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Jinxian (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 15th daughter
    • Princess Dunfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Sanjin (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 21st daughter
    • Zhao Chun, Prince of Han (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1112–1113), 19th son
    • Princess Renfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1112–1127), personal name Xiangyun (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 23rd (12th) daughter
    • Princess Yongfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1112), personal name Fubao (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 25th (14th) daughter
    • Princess Ningfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1114), personal name Chuanzhu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 28th (16th) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Zongjuan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1139), the sixth son of Wanyan Min, in 1127, and had issue (one son)
      • Married Wanyan Dan (1119–1150) in 1139
  • Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1092–1127)
    • Zhao E, Prince of Yi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1110–1132), 15th son
    • Princess Shenfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 27th daughter
  • Able Consort, of the Yang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; d. 1115)
    • Princess Shunshu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), third daughter
    • Zhao Shi, Prince of He (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1111–1128), 17th son
  • Wanrong, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Yuegong (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Princess Huifu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1112), personal name Zhuzhu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 24th (13th) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Xiebao (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the second son of Wanyan Zonghan, in 1127, and had issue (one son)
    • Princess Lingfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1118), personal name Jinyin (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 30th (18th) daughter
    • Zhao Bing, Duke of Chang (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1122–1132), 30th son
  • Wanrong, of the Yan clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1109–1133), personal name Baose (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Zhao Zhu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1130), 34th son
    • Zhao Tieshi (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 37th son
  • Zhaoyuan, of the Zheng clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Meiniang (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Zhao Tan (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1131), 35th son
  • Xiurong, of the Han clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Zhao Jian, Prince of Guangping Commandery (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1112), 21st son
    • Princess Baofu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1112–1127), personal name Xianlang (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 22nd (11th) daughter
  • Jieyu, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Zhao Ji (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1127), 33rd son
    • Princess Quanfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 35th daughter
      • Married Li Dunfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Princess Chunfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1124), personal name Jinling (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 33rd (21st) daughter
      • Married Wanyan Sheyema (Script error: No such module "Lang".), the first son of Wanyan Zonghan
      • Married Wang Chengdi (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Cairen, of the Qiao clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Princess Xiande (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1111), personal name Qiaoyun (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 17th (seventh) daughter
      • Married Liu Wenyan (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Cairen, of the Shao clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Yuannu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Jieyu, of the Wang clan (Script error: No such module "Lang"., b. 1105)
    • Zhao Xiang, Duke of Han (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1125), 32nd son
  • Cairen, of the Di clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Jinnu (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
    • Zhao Wanshu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 36th son
  • Cairen, of the Zhou clan (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Chuntao (Script error: No such module "Lang".)
  • Unknown
    • Zhao Dong, Duke of Wen (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1119), 27th son
    • Zhao Tong, Duke of Yi (Script error: No such module "Lang".; 1121–1148), 29th son
    • Zhao Cong, Duke of Run (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1123), 31st son
    • Unnamed Prince, 38th son
    • Princess Yifu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1111), personal name Yuanzhu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 19th (ninth) daughter
    • Princess Qingfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".; b. 1121), personal name Jingu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 32nd (20th) daughter
    • Princess Gongfu (Script error: No such module "Lang".), personal name Xiaojin (Script error: No such module "Lang".), 34th daughter

See also

References

Citations

<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

  1. ↑ Book of Song – Scroll 66
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Lang".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Sources

<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Please see: References section in the guqin article for a full list of references used in all qin related articles.
Template:S-break
Emperor Huizong of Song
Born: November 2 1082 Died: June 4 1135
Regnal titles
Preceded byTemplate:S-bef/checkTemplate:Succession box/check Emperor of the Song Dynasty
1100–1126 Template:S-ttl/check 		Template:S-aft/check Succeeded by
Honorary titles

Template:S-break

Vacant
Title last held by
Emperor Zhaozong of Tang 		Retired Emperor of China
1126–1135 Template:S-ttl/check 		Vacant
Title next held by
Emperor Gaozong of Song

Template:S-break

Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Script error: No such module "Navbox".

Script error: No such module "Authority control".

Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=Emperor_Huizong_of_Song&oldid=5091969"