Ghadamès language

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Ghadamès (Berber: Template:Script/Tifinagh / Script error: No such module "lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Standard Arabic Script error: No such module "Lang". Script error: No such module "IPA"., Libyan Arabic Script error: No such module "IPA".) also called Ghadamsi or Ghadamsian is a Berber language that is spoken in, and named after, the oasis town of Ghadames in Nalut District, western Libya.

Research

Ghadamès language materials have been gathered by two linguists. The first materials were published in 1903 and 1904 by Adolphe de Calassanti Motylinski (1854–1907). A more copious and reliable source is provided by the works of White Father Jacques Lanfry (1910-2000), who stayed in Ghadames from 1944 to 1945 and who published his main works in 1968 and 1973. No new research has been undertaken on location since then. Recently, Kossmann (2013) has published a modern grammar of Ghadamès based on Lanfry’s materials.

Number of speakers

Lanfry mentions the number of c. 4,000 speakers as an optimistic estimate.[1] The actual number of speakers is not known with certainty. Ethnologue cites a number of 13,100 speakers in 2016, including 2,000 living outside the area. However, this number reflects the total number of inhabitants of Ghadames, who are not all native speakers of Ghadamès, while the number of 2,000 emigrant speakers is based on a very old source.[2] Ethnologue classifies the language as 6b (Threatened).

The language

Ghadamès is a Berber language on its own, preserving several unique phonological and morphological features, and the Ghadamès lexicon, as recorded by Lanfry, shows relatively little influence from Arabic. There is as yet no consensus on the classification of Ghadamès within the Berber language group. Aikhenvald and Militarev (1984) group it as Eastern Berber, and Kossmann (1999) specifically groups it together with Awjila. Ethnologue classifies it as East Zenati.

Phonology

Consonants

Like other Berber languages and Arabic, Ghadamès has both pharyngealized ("emphatic") and plain dental consonants. Gemination is contrastive. Consonants listed between brackets occur only very sporadically.

Consonant phonemes (IPA)
Labial Inter-
dental 		Dental Dental
phar. 		Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Plosive voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voicelessScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voicedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Trill Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Vowels

Most Berber languages have just three phonemic vowels. Ghadamès, like Tamasheq, has seven vowels.

Vowel phonemes (IPA)
Front Central Back
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Close-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link
Near-open Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link

Basic vocabulary

Below is the Leipzig-Jakarta list for Ghadames, extracted from Lanfry (1973). Lanfry's unconventional transcription has been adapted to modern usage. Symbols Script error: No such module "lang". are equivalent to IPA Script error: No such module "IPA".. Lanfry's length notation on vowels probably represents lexical stress (Kossmann 2013: 5, 15).

1 fire Script error: No such module "lang".
2 nose Script error: No such module "lang".
3 to go Script error: No such module "lang". with verbal deictic Script error: No such module "lang". "thither" (cf. 11 to come)
4 water Script error: No such module "lang". (plurale tantum)
5 mouth Script error: No such module "lang".
6 tongue Script error: No such module "lang".
7 blood Script error: No such module "lang". (plurale tantum)
8 bone Script error: No such module "lang".
9 Template:Gcl pronoun Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Gcl), Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Gcl)
10 root Script error: No such module "lang". "root of plant"
11 to come Script error: No such module "lang". with verbal deictic Script error: No such module "lang". "hither" (cf. 3 to go)
12 breast Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
13 rain Script error: No such module "lang".
14 Template:Gcl pronoun Script error: No such module "lang".
15 name Script error: No such module "lang".
16 louse Script error: No such module "lang".
17 wing Script error: No such module "lang".
18 flesh/meat Script error: No such module "lang".
19 hand/arm Script error: No such module "lang". "hand", Script error: No such module "lang". "arm"
20 fly Script error: No such module "lang".
21 night Script error: No such module "lang".
22 ear Script error: No such module "lang".
23 neck Script error: No such module "lang". (cf. 47 back)
24 far (not attested)
25 to do/make Script error: No such module "lang". "to do, achieve" < Arabic, Script error: No such module "lang". "to put, to make"
26 house Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
27 stone/rock Script error: No such module "lang".
28 bitter Script error: No such module "lang". "to be bitter"
29 to say Script error: No such module "lang".
30 tooth Script error: No such module "lang". "incisor", Script error: No such module "lang". "molar", Script error: No such module "lang". "canine"
31 hair Script error: No such module "lang".
32 big (not attested)
33 one Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Gcl), Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Gcl)
34 who? Script error: No such module "lang".
35 Template:Gcl pronoun Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Gcl), Script error: No such module "lang". (Template:Gcl)
36 to beat/hit Script error: No such module "lang".
37 leg/foot Script error: No such module "lang".
38 horn Script error: No such module "lang".
39 this Script error: No such module "lang".
40 fish (not attested)
41 yesterday Script error: No such module "lang".
42 to drink Script error: No such module "lang".
43 black Script error: No such module "lang". "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested)
44 navel Script error: No such module "lang".
45 to stand Script error: No such module "lang". "to be standing", Script error: No such module "lang". "to stand up"
46 to bite Script error: No such module "lang".
47 back Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". (cf. 23 neck)
48 wind Script error: No such module "lang". "wind, odour"
49 smoke Script error: No such module "lang".
50 what? Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
51 child (kin term) Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
52 egg Script error: No such module "lang".
53 to give Script error: No such module "lang".
54 new (not attested)
55 to burn (intr.) Script error: No such module "lang".
56 not Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
57 good Script error: No such module "lang". < Arabic
58 to know Script error: No such module "lang".
59 knee Script error: No such module "lang".
60 sand Script error: No such module "lang".
61 to laugh Script error: No such module "lang".
62 to hear Script error: No such module "lang".
63 soil Script error: No such module "lang". "earth, soil"
64 leaf Script error: No such module "lang". "leaf of tree"
65 red Script error: No such module "lang". "red one" (prob. Script error: No such module "IPA".)
66 liver Script error: No such module "lang".
67 to hide Script error: No such module "lang".
68 skin/hide Script error: No such module "lang". "animal skin"
69 to suck Script error: No such module "lang".
70 to carry Script error: No such module "lang". "to carry, bring", Script error: No such module "lang". "to carry, lift"
71 ant Script error: No such module "lang".
72 heavy Script error: No such module "lang". "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested)
73 to take Script error: No such module "lang". "to take", Script error: No such module "lang". "to seize, hold"
74 old Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang". "to be old, elderly (human)"
75 to eat Script error: No such module "lang".
76 thigh Script error: No such module "lang".
77 thick Script error: No such module "lang". "to be thick"
78 long Script error: No such module "lang". "to be long"
79 to blow Script error: No such module "lang".
80 wood Script error: No such module "lang". "(piece of) wood"
81 to run Script error: No such module "lang".
82 to fall Script error: No such module "lang".
83 eye Script error: No such module "lang".
84 ash Script error: No such module "lang".
85 tail Script error: No such module "lang". < Arabic?
86 dog Script error: No such module "lang".
87 to cry/weep Script error: No such module "lang".
88 to tie Script error: No such module "lang".
89 to see Script error: No such module "lang".
90 sweet (not attested)
91 rope Script error: No such module "lang".
92 shade/shadow Script error: No such module "lang".
93 bird Script error: No such module "lang".
94 salt Script error: No such module "lang".
95 small Script error: No such module "lang". "to be small"
96 wide (not attested)
97 star Script error: No such module "lang".
98 in Script error: No such module "lang"., Script error: No such module "lang".
99 hard (not attested)
100 to grind/crush Script error: No such module "lang". "to grind", Script error: No such module "lang". "to crush (in a mortar)"

References

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  1. ↑ Lanfry (1973:iv).
  2. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition, article Ghadāmis (1952): 2,000 persons with a background in Ghadames living in Tunis; quoted by Lanfry (1973:iv).

Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Cited works

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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Languages of Libya Template:Berber languages Template:Authority control

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