Gentiana
(Redirected from Gentians)
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "redirect hatnote". Template:Automatic taxobox
Gentiana (Template:IPAc-en)[1] is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With over 300 species, it is considered a large genus. Gentians are notable for their mostly large trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue hue, though some are also bright yellow.[2] The type species of the genus is Gentiana lutea.[3]
The genus name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king who may have discovered tonic properties in gentians.[4]
Habitat
This is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in alpine habitats in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwestern Africa, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. They are annual, biennial, and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.
Many gentians are difficult to grow outside their wild habitat, but several species are available in cultivation. Gentians are fully hardy and can grow in full sun or partial shade. They grow in well-drained, neutral-to-acid soils rich in humus. They are popular in rock gardens.
Uses
Many beverages are made with gentian root.[5] Gentiana lutea is used to produce gentian, a distilled beverage produced in the Alps and in the Auvergne.[6] Some species are harvested for the manufacture of apéritifs, liqueurs, and tonics.
Gentian root is a common beverage flavouring for bitters. The soft drink Moxie contains gentian root.[7] The French apéritif Suze is made with gentian. Americano apéritifs contain gentian root for bitter flavoring.[8] It is an ingredient in the Italian liqueur Aperol. It is also used as the main flavor in the German after-dinner digestif called Underberg, and the main ingredient in Angostura bitters and Peychaud's Bitters.
The principal bitter component of gentian root is gentiopicrin (also called gentiopicroside),[9] a glycoside. A 2007 paper by a Japanese group identified 23 compounds in fresh gentian root.[10] Gentiopicrin was absent from the fresh root, so it possibly developed during drying and storage of the root.
Gentian has had limited use in perfumery, most notably as a glycerine soap (Crabtree & Evelyn) and a perfume (Corday's Possession, 1937).
The young plant and old leaves of at least one species, Gentiana scabra, are edible when cooked and have historically been used as a famine food when other food sources were scarce.[11]
Pharmacological uses
Great yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) is used in herbal medicine for digestive problems, fever, hypertension, muscle spasms, parasitic worms, wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and malaria,[12] although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a placebo with regard to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children.[13][14][15] Gentian has been shown to manage dyspepsia by eliciting cephalic responses that increase vascular resistance and reduce the workload of the heart during digestion.[16]
Gentiana punctata leaves and roots have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver, and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout.[17]
Gentiana purpurea, Gentiana punctata, and Gentiana pannonica are used to produce gentian schnapps, traditionally used as a digestive aid. In Ayurvedic medicine the endangered Indian gentian Gentiana kurroo has been used as a medical herb, but has been replaced with the Himalayan plant Picrorhiza kurroa, or Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora from traditional Chinese medicine.
Symbolism
The gentian flower was used as the emblem of the Minamoto clan, one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period and went on to establish the first Shogunate in the aftermath of the Genpei War.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". It is the official flower (called Template:Wikt-lang) of the German-speaking community of Belgium.
Species
General
Gentians have oppositely arranged leaves, sometimes in a basal rosette. The trumpet-shaped flowers are usually deep blue or azure but can be white, cream, yellow, or red. Many species are polymorphic concerning flower color, bearing flowers of different colors. Blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the Andes, where bird pollination is probably more often favored by natural selection. White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. Most flowers are pentamerous, with five lobes in the corolla and five sepals. A few species have four to seven flower parts. The corolla has folds called plicae between the lobes. The style is short or absent. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.
List of accepted species
The following species are recognised in the genus Gentiana:[18]
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana acaulis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – stemless gentian
- Gentiana affinis Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pleated gentian
- Gentiana alba Muhl. ex J.McNabScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pleated gentian
- Gentiana albescens (Franch.) Franch. ex Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana albicalyx BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana algida Pall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – whitish gentian
- Gentiana alii (Omer & Qaiser) T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana alpina Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – alpine gentian
- Gentiana alsinoides Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana altigena Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana altorum Harry Sm. ex C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × ambigua HayekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana amplicrater BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana andrewsii Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – closed bottle gentian
- Gentiana angustifolia Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana anisostemon C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana aperta Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana apiata N.E.Br.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana aquatica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana arenicola KerrScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana arethusae BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana arisanensis HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana aristata Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana arunii D.Maity, S.K.Dey, J.Ghosh & MiddayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana asclepiadea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – willow gentian
- Gentiana asterocalyx DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana atlantica Litard. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana atuntsiensis W.W.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana austromontana J.S.Pringle & SharpScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Appalachian gentian
- Gentiana autumnalis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pinebarren gentian
- Gentiana baeuerlenii L.G.AdamsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - N.S.W
- Gentiana bambuseti T.Y.Hsieh, T.C.Hsu, S.M.Ku & C.I PengScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bavarica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Bavarian gentian
- Gentiana beamanii J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bella Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bicentenaria A.Estrada & A.RojasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bicuspidata (G.Don) Briq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × billingtonii Farw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana boissieri Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bokorensis HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bolavenensis A.Nagah., Tagane & Soulad.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana borneensis Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana boryi Boiss.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana brachyphylla Vill.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bredboensis L.G.AdamsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - N.S.W
- Gentiana brentae Prosser & BertolliScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana bryoides BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana burseri Lapeyr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana cachemirica Decne.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana caelestis (C.Marquand) Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana caeruleogrisea T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana caliculata Lex.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana calycosa Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Rainier pleated gentian
- Gentiana capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana carinata (D.Don ex G.Don) Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana carinicostata WernhamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana catesbaei WalterScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Elliott's gentian
- Gentiana cephalantha Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana cephalodes Edgew.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × charpentieri E.Thomas ex Hegetschw.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana chinensis Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana choanantha C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana chungtienensis C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana clarkei Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana clausa Raf.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bottled gentian
- Gentiana clusii Perr. & SongeonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – trumpet gentian
- Gentiana confertifolia C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana coronata RoyleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana crassa KurzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana crassula Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana cristata Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana cruciata L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – cross gentian
- Gentiana cruttwellii Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana cuneibarba Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × curtisii J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana dahurica Fisch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana davidi Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana decora PollardScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – showy gentian
- Gentiana decumbens L.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana delavayi Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana deltoidea Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana dendrologi C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana densiflora T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana depressa D.DonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × digenea Jakow.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana divaricata T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana diversifolia Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana douglasiana Bong.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – swamp gentian
- Gentiana dschungarica RegelScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana dshimilensis K.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana duclouxii Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana durangensis VillarrealScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ecaudata C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana elmeriana HaldaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana elwesii C.B.ClarkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana emodi C.Marquand ex SealyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ettingshausenii F.Muell.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana exigua Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana faucipilosa Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana fieldiana J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana filistyla Balf.f. & ForrestScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana flavomaculata HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana flexicaulis Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana formosa Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana forrestii C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana franchetiana Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana fremontii Torr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – moss gentian
- Gentiana frigida HaenkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana froelichii Jan ex Rchb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Karawanken gentian
- Gentiana futtereri Diels & GilgScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × gaudiniana E.Thomas ex W.D.J.KochScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana gayi Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana gelida M.Bieb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana georgei DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana gilvostriata C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana glauca Pall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pale gentian
- Gentiana grandiflora Laxm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × grandilacustris J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana grata Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × grisebachiana RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana grumii Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana gyirongensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana handeliana Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana haraldi-smithii HaldaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana harrowiana DielsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana haynaldii KanitzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana heleonastes Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana helophila Balf.f. & ForrestScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hesseliana HosseusScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hexaphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana himalayensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hirsuta Ma & E.W.Ma ex T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hohoxiliensis S.K.Wu & R.F.HuangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hooperi J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hsinganica J.H.YuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana hugelii Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana huxleyi Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × hybrida Schleich. ex DC.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana intricata C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana jamesii Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana jarmilae HaldaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana jingdongensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana jouyana HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana kaohsiungensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana kauffmanniana Regel & Schmalh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana khammouanensis HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana kirilowii Turcz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana kurroo RoyleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana kurumbae Anilkumar & UdayanScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lacerulata Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana laciniata Kit. ex KanitzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × laengstii Hausm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana laevigata M.Martens & GaleottiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lagodechiana (Kusn.) Grossh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana langbianensis A.Chev. ex S.HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana laotica Soulad., Tagane & YaharaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lateriflora Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana latidens (House) J.S.Pringle & WeakleyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lawrencei BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana laxiflora T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana leroyana HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana leucomelaena Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lhassica BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana liangshanensis Z.Y.ZhuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana licentii Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ligustica R.Vilm. & ChopinetScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana linearis Froel.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – narrowleaf gentian
- Gentiana lineolata Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana linoides Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana loerzingii Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana longicollis G.L.NesomScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana loureiroi (G.Don) Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lowryi HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lutea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana lycopodioides StapfScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana macgregoryi Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana macrophylla Pall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bigleaf gentian
- Gentiana maeulchanensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana mairei H.Lév.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana makinoi Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana manshurica Kitag.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × marcailhouana RouyScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × marceli-jouseaui HaldaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × media Arv.-Touv.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana meiantha (C.B.Clarke) Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana melandriifolia Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana membranulifera T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana micans C.B.ClarkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana micantiformis BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana micrantha Aitch. ex Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana microdonta Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana microphyta Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana mirandae ParayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana moniliformis C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana muscicola C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana myrioclada Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana namlaensis C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana nanobella C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana nerterifolia P.RoyenScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana newberryi A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Newberry's gentian
- Gentiana nipponica Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana nivalis L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – snow gentian
- Gentiana nubigena Edgew.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana nudicaulis KurzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana nyalamensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana obconica T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana occidentalis Jakow.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - Pyrenean trumpoet gentian
- Gentiana officinalis Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana olgae Regel & Schmalh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana oligophylla Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana olivieri Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana oreocharis Halda & JurášekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana oreodoxa Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ornata (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ovatiloba Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pachyphylla Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana × pallidocyanea J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pannonica Scop.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – brown gentian
- Gentiana panthaica Prain & BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana papillosa Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana paradoxa AlbovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana parryae C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana parryi Engelm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Parry's gentian
- Gentiana parvula Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pedata Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana perpusilla BrandegeeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana phyllocalyx C.B.ClarkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana piasezkii Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana picta Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana platypetala Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – broadpetal gentian
- Gentiana plurisetosa C.T.MasonScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bristly gentian
- Gentiana pneumonanthe L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – marsh gentian
- Gentiana praeclara C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana praticola Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana prattii Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pringlei M.Shabir, P.Agnihotri, J.K.Tiwari & T.HusainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana producta T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana prolata Balf.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana prostrata HaenkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – pygmy gentian
- Gentiana pseudosquarrosa Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana puberulenta J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – downy gentian
- Gentiana pubigera C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pulvinarum W.W.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pumila Jacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana pumilio Standl. & Steyerm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana punctata L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – spotted gentian
- Gentiana purpurea L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – purple gentian
- Gentiana pyrenaica L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana qiujiangensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana quadrifaria BlumeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana querceticola Halda & JurášekScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana radiata C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana radicans Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ranae M.Shabir & M.D.DwivediScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana recurvata C.B.ClarkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana riparia Kar. & Kir.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana robusta King ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana rostanii Reut. ex VerlotScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana rubicunda Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana rubricaulis Schwein.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – closed gentian
- Gentiana sagarmathae Miyam. & H.OhbaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana saginifolia WernhamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana saginoides BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana saltuum C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana saponaria L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – harvestbells gentian
- Gentiana sasidharanii K.M.P.Kumar & SunilScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana satsunanensis T.Yamaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana scabra BungeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana scabrida HayataScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sceptrum Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – king's scepter gentian
- Gentiana scytophylla T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sedifolia KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana septemfida Pall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – crested gentian
- Gentiana setigera A.GrayScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Mendocino gentian
- Gentiana shaanxiensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sierrae Briq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sikkimensis C.B.ClarkeScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sikokiana Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana simulatrix C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sino-ornata Balf.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – showy Chinese gentian
- Gentiana siphonantha Maxim. ex Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sirensis J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana spathacea KunthScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana spathulifolia Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana spathulisepala T.N.Ho & S.W.LiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana springateana D.MaityScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana squarrosa Ledeb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana stellata TurrillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana stellulata Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana stipitata Edgew.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana stragulata Balf.f. & ForrestScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana straminea Maxim.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana suborbisepala C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana subpolytrichoides GrubovScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana subuliformis S.W.LiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sumatrana Ridl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana susamyrensis Pachom.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana susanneae Adr.FavreScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana sutchuenensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana szechenyii KanitzScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana taiwanialbiflora S.S.YingScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana taiwanica T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana takushii T.Yamaz.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana taliensis Balf.f. & ForrestScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tarokoensis Chih H.Chen & J.C.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tatsienensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana terglouensis Hacq.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – Triglav gentian
- Gentiana ternifolia Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tetraphylla Maxim. ex Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tetrasepala BiswasScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tetrasticha C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana thunbergii (G.Don) Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook.f.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana timida KerrScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tongolensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tonkinensis HulScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tornezyana Litard. & MaireScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana trichotoma Kusn.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tricolor Diels & GilgScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana triflora Pall.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana tubiflora (G.Don) Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana ulmeri Merr.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana uniflora GeorgiScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana urnula Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana utriculosa L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – bladder gentian
- Gentiana vandellioides Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana vandewateri WernhamScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana veitchiorum Hemsl.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana venusta (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana verna L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – spring gentian
- Gentiana vernayi C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana viatrix Harry Sm. ex C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana villosa L.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". – striped gentian
- Gentiana vodopjanovae (Zuev) ChepinogaScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana waltonii BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana walujewii Regel & Schmalh.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana wangchukii E.Aitken & D.G.LongScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana wardii W.W.Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana wasenensis C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana wilsonii C.MarquandScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana winchuanensis T.N.HoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana wingecarribiensis L.G.AdamsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". - N.S.W.
- Gentiana woodii J.S.PringleScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana xanthonannos Harry Sm.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana yakushimensis MakinoScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana yokusai BurkillScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana yunnanensis Franch.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana zekuensis T.N.Ho & S.W.LiuScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana zhenxiongensis L.H.Wu & Z.T.WangScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
- Gentiana zollingeri Fawc.Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Formerly placed here
[19] Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The genus Gentianella was often included within Gentiana in the past.[20]
- Gentianopsis crinita (fringed gentian), as Gentiana crinita
Cultivation
.jpg){kind=link}
Several gentian species may be found in cultivation, and are valued for the unusual intensity of their blue flowers. They have a reputation for being difficult to grow. All require similar conditions – moist, rich, free-draining soil with an acid to neutral pH. They include:[2]
<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/>
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
In addition, the following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:[21]
References
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ PubChem. Gentiopicroside. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gentiopicrin
- ↑ The chemical constituents of fresh Gentian Root, Hidehiro Ando, Yasuaki Hirai, Mikio Fujii, Yumiko Hori, Motonori Fukumura, Yujiro Niiho, Yoshijiro Nakajima, Toshiro Shibata, Kazuo Toriizuka, Yoshiteru Ida. Journal of Natural Medicines. July 2007, Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 269–279. Script error: No such module "CS1 identifiers".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".