Gambel's quail

Gambel's quail (Callipepla gambelii) is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. It inhabits the desert regions of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Texas, and Sonora; also New Mexico-border Chihuahua and the Colorado River region of Baja California. Gambel's quail is named in honor of William Gambel, a 19th-century naturalist and explorer of the Southwestern United States.

The species is not as widely introduced as the related California quail. It was, however, released on San Clemente Island in 1912 by Charles T. Howland et al., where it is currently still established.Template:Sfn

Description

File:Gambel's Quail, Franklin Mountains State Park, TX, USA imported from iNaturalist photo 311443651.jpg

Female with a white-winged dove

The Callipepla gambelii birds are easily recognized by their top knots and scaly plumage on their undersides. Gambel's quail have bluish-gray plumage on much of their bodies, and males have copper feathers on the top of their heads, black faces, and white stripes above their eyes. Their average length is with a wingspan of . These birds have relatively short, rounded wings and long, featherless legs. Their diet consists primarily of plant matter and seeds.

Gambel's quail can be commonly confused with California quail due to their similar plumage. They can usually be distinguished by range, but when this does not suffice, California quail have a more scaly appearance and the black patch on the lower breast of the male Gambel's quail is absent in the California quail. The two species are sister taxa which diverged during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, 1 to 2 million years ago.Template:Sfn

Taxonomy

Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies:

• C. g. fulvipectus (Nelson, 1899) – fulvous-breasted quail – southeast Arizona and southwest New Mexico to southern Sonora in Mexico
• C. g. gambelii (Gambel, 1843) – nominate – Utah and Nevada through Mojave Desert to Colorado, northeastern Baja California and Tiburón Island.

Behavior

Gambel's quail primarily move about by walking and can move surprisingly fast through brush and undergrowth. They are a non-migratory species and are rarely seen in flight. Any flight is usually short and explosive, with many rapid wingbeats, followed by a slow glide to the ground. In the late summer, fall, and winter, the adults and immature young congregate into coveys of many birds. In the spring, Gambel's quail pair off for mating and become very aggressive toward other pairs. The chicks are decidedly more insectivorous than adults, gradually consuming more plant matter as they mature. Gambel's quail are monogamous and rarely breed in colonies. The female typically lays 10–12 eggs in a simple scrape concealed in vegetation, often at the base of a rock or tree. Incubation lasts from 21–23 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching.Template:Sfn

Gallery

• A pair at Indianapolis Zoo (male on left and female on right)
  A pair at Indianapolis Zoo (male on left and female on right)
• Male and female Gambel's quail in Mesa, Arizona
  Male and female Gambel's quail in Mesa, Arizona
• Gambel's Quail nest in San Tan Valley, Arizona
  Gambel's Quail nest in San Tan Valley, Arizona
• Adults with chicks
  Adults with chicks
• Gambel's quail chicks at Joshua Tree National Park
  Gambel's quail chicks at Joshua Tree National Park
• Male
  Male
• Female
  Female

External links

• Gambel's Quail videos at Tree of Life
• Template:InternetBirdCollection
• StampsTemplate:Category handler (for Mexico, United States) with Range Map at bird-stamps.org
• Template:VIREO
• Template:IUCN Map