Foreign relations of Turkey

Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Turkish ambassador's residence in Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C.

Foreign relations of Turkey refers to the diplomatic and trade ties between Turkey and other nations. As of December 2024, Turkey maintains diplomatic relations with 189 member states of the United Nations.

Prior to declaring war against the Axis powers on February 23, 1945, Turkey's primary ally had been the United States, with both countries aiming to contain Soviet expansion. In support of the United Nations, Turkey contributed personnel to the Korean War in 1950 and joined NATO in 1952.

Turkey's relations with the Arab World and Iran have been strained due to its recognition of Israel in 1949 and its alliance with Israel during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This subsequently led to overt Syrian support for Palestinian and Armenian militant operations against Turkish diplomats abroad until 1990.

History

Historically, the foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire and later Turkey balanced regional and global powers against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime. The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence, but Turkey followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's reforms in the 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.

In the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey. In response, Britain and France negotiated a tripartite treaty with Turkey in 1939 in which they gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan to facilitate the purchase of commodities. After threats from Germany and the Soviet Union, Turkey maintained neutrality. It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides, but by 1944, as the eventuality of German defeat grew more evident, chrome sales to Germany halted.

After 1945

File:Cumhurbaşkanı Ersin Tatar, Gaziantep AFAD Merkezi’nde yetkililerle bir araya geldi 02.jpg

Northern Cyprus has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.

Turkey became one of the early members of the Council of Europe in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the European Union Customs Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005. In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law. The negotiations, which have been effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025.

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the United States. The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support to the countries. In 1948, both Turkey and Greece were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies.

Turkey joined NATO in 1952, strengthening its bilateral ties with the United States. In the following decades, Turkey benefited from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership. In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus, and the Balkans.

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, historic and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia. The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS) was established in 2009. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline that extends from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey, is a part of Turkey's foreign policy goal to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the First (1993) and Second (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars. The border remains closed as of 2025, opening only twice to allow aid to pass through. In 2022, Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks to normalize the relationship between the two countries. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.

Under the AKP government (2002–present), Turkey's economy has increased rapidly and the country's influence has expanded in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of Neo-Ottomanism. Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey and internationally. In the West, there exists a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.

Diplomatic relations

Despite being one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence, Turkey has never established formal diplomatic relations with it. Turkey formerly maintained diplomatic relations with Cyprus and Taiwan.

List of countries with which Turkey maintains diplomatic relations:

File:Diplomatic relations of Turkey.svg
#	Country	Date
1	Albania	Template:Dts
2	United Kingdom	Template:Dts
3	Italy	Template:Dts
4	Romania	Template:Dts
5	Hungary	Template:Dts
6	Japan	Template:Dts
7	Spain	Template:Dts
8	France	Template:Dts
9	Czech Republic	Template:Dts
10	Russia	Template:Dts
11	Austria	Template:Dts
12	Finland	Template:Dts
13	Denmark	Template:Dts
14	Belgium	Template:Dts
15	Switzerland	Template:Dts
16	Greece	Template:Dts
17	Egypt	Template:Dts
18	Sweden	Template:Dts
19	Netherlands	Template:Dts
20	Chile	Template:Dts
21	Afghanistan	Template:Dts
22	Portugal	Template:Dts
23	Argentina	Template:Dts
24	Serbia	Template:Dts
25	Bulgaria	Template:Dts
26	United States	Template:Dts
27	Brazil	Template:Dts
28	Iraq	Template:Dts
29	Mexico	Template:Dts
30	Iran	Template:Dts
31	Poland	Template:Dts
32	Saudi Arabia	Template:Dts
33	Norway	Template:Dts
34	Uruguay	Template:Dts
35	Canada	Template:Dts
36	Yemen	Template:Dts
37	Lebanon	Template:Dts
38	Syria	Template:Dts
39	Luxembourg	Template:Dts
40	Jordan	Template:Dts
41	India	Template:Dts
42	Pakistan	Template:Dts
43	Sri Lanka	Template:Dts
44	Philippines	Template:Dts
45	Israel	Template:Dts
46	Indonesia	Template:Dts
47	Bolivia	Template:Dts
48	Costa Rica	Template:Dts
49	Dominican Republic	Template:Dts
50	Ecuador	Template:Dts
51	El Salvador	Template:Dts
52	Honduras	Template:Dts
53	Nicaragua	Template:Dts
54	Panama	Template:Dts
55	Peru	Template:Dts
56	Venezuela	Template:Dts
57	Ireland	Template:Dts
58	Germany	Template:Dts
59	Cuba	Template:Dts
60	Libya	Template:Dts
61	Paraguay	Template:Dts
62	Morocco	Template:Dts
63	South Korea	Template:Dts
64	Sudan	Template:Dts
65	Tunisia	Template:Dts
66	Iceland	Template:Dts
67	Ethiopia	Template:Dts
68	Thailand	Template:Dts
69	Laos	Template:Dts
70	Liberia	Template:Dts
71	Myanmar	Template:Dts
72	Guatemala	Template:Dts
73	Ghana	Template:Dts
74	Haiti	Template:Dts
75	Colombia	Template:Dts
—	Holy See	Template:Dts
—	Cyprus (suspended)	Template:Dts
76	Nigeria	Template:Dts
77	Cameroon	Template:Dts
78	Guinea	Template:Dts
79	Nepal	Template:Dts
80	Togo	Template:Dts
81	Madagascar	Template:Dts
82	Gabon	Template:Dts
83	Mali	Template:Dts
84	Algeria	Template:Dts
85	Tanzania	Template:Dts
86	Senegal	Template:Dts
87	Kuwait	Template:Dts
88	Malaysia	Template:Dts
89	Ivory Coast	Template:Dts
90	Somalia	Template:Dts
91	Gambia	Template:Dts
92	Australia	Template:Dts
93	Niger	Template:Dts
94	Malta	Template:Dts
95	Kenya	Template:Dts
96	Singapore	Template:Dts
97	Cambodia
98	Mongolia	Template:Dts
99	Malawi	Template:Dts
100	Uganda	Template:Dts
101	Chad	Template:Dts
102	Burkina Faso	Template:Dts
103	Mauritania	Template:Dts
104	Sierra Leone	Template:Dts
105	Zambia	Template:Dts
106	Jamaica	Template:Dts
107	China	Template:Dts
108	Trinidad and Tobago	Template:Dts
109	Barbados	Template:Dts
110	Qatar	Template:Dts
111	United Arab Emirates	Template:Dts
112	Bahrain	Template:Dts
113	Guyana	Template:Dts
114	Oman	Template:Dts
115	Bangladesh	Template:Dts
116	Benin	Template:Dts
117	Bahamas	Template:Dts
118	Grenada	Template:Dts
119	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Template:Dts
120	Fiji	Template:Dts
121	Guinea-Bissau	Template:Dts
122	Tonga	Template:Dts
123	Nauru	Template:Dts
124	Suriname	Template:Dts
125	Mauritius	Template:Dts
126	Vietnam	Template:Dts
127	New Zealand	Template:Dts
128	Solomon Islands	Template:Dts
129	Samoa	Template:Dts
130	Maldives	Template:Dts
131	Papua New Guinea	Template:Dts
132	Cape Verde	Template:Dts
133	Djibouti	Template:Dts
134	Tuvalu	Template:Dts
135	Comoros	Template:Dts
136	Central African Republic	Template:Dts
137	Rwanda	Template:Dts
138	Burundi	Template:Dts
139	Angola	Template:Dts
140	Equatorial Guinea	Template:Dts
141	Lesotho	Template:Dts
142	Botswana	Template:Dts
143	Eswatini	Template:Dts
144	Mozambique	Template:Dts
145	Republic of the Congo	Template:Dts
146	São Tomé and Príncipe	Template:Dts
147	Zimbabwe	Template:Dts
—	Northern Cyprus	Template:Dts
148	Brunei	Template:Dts
149	Belize	Template:Dts
150	Namibia	Template:Dts
151	Lithuania	Template:Dts
152	Latvia	Template:Dts
153	Estonia	Template:Dts
—	Template:Country data State of Palestine	Template:Dts
154	Azerbaijan	Template:Dts
155	Kyrgyzstan	Template:Dts
156	Tajikistan	Template:Dts
157	Moldova	Template:Dts
158	Turkmenistan	Template:Dts
159	Kazakhstan	Template:Dts
160	Ukraine	Template:Dts
161	Uzbekistan	Template:Dts
162	Belarus	Template:Dts
163	Template:Country data Georgia	Template:Dts
164	Croatia	Template:Dts
165	Template:Country data North Macedonia	Template:Dts
166	Slovenia	Template:Dts
167	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Template:Dts
168	Liechtenstein	Template:Dts
169	South Africa	Template:Dts
170	Slovakia	Template:Dts
171	Eritrea	Template:Dts
172	Seychelles	Template:Dts
173	Vanuatu	Template:Dts
174	Andorra	Template:Dts
175	Antigua and Barbuda	Template:Dts
176	North Korea	Template:Dts
177	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Template:Dts
178	Timor-Leste	Template:Dts
179	Saint Lucia	Template:Dts
180	San Marino	Template:Dts
181	Dominica	Template:Dts
182	Palau	Template:Dts
183	Montenegro	Template:Dts
184	Federated States of Micronesia	Template:Dts
—	Kosovo	Template:Dts
185	Marshall Islands	Template:Dts
186	Monaco	Template:Dts
187	Kiribati	Template:Dts
—	Cook Islands	Template:Dts
188	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Template:Dts
189	South Sudan	Template:Dts
190	Bhutan	Template:Dts
—	Niue	Template:Dts

Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization	Formal Relations Began	Notes
European Union	September 1963	See European Union–Turkey relations and Accession of Turkey to the European Union File:NATO Summit, Vilnius.P061598-880399.jpg President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Vilnius, July 2023
Template:Country data NATO	February 1952	See Turkey in NATO

Africa

There has been a revival in Turkey's relationships within Africa after 1998, and civil society is the leading factor in this process. Initially, this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent. The Turkey–Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marked a new stage in Turkey's interest in developing relations with Africa. Turkey, since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent.

Northern Africa

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Algeria	30 June 1963	See Algeria–Turkey relations Algeria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Algiers. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.17 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.03/1.14 billion USD). 213,333 Algerian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Algiers.	X
Egypt	8 May 1925	See Egypt–Turkey relations Egypt has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate general in Alexandria. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.25 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.06/2.19 billion USD). 100,971 Egyptian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Cairo since 2010.	√
Libya	30 December 1952	See Libya–Turkey relations Libya has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tripoli. and a consulate general in Misurata. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.87 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.50/0.37 billion USD). 188,312 Libyan tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	X
Mauritania	14 April 1970	See Mauritania–Turkey relations Mauritania has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Nouakchott. Trade volume between the two countries was 245 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nouakchott.	X
Morocco	17 April 1956	See Morocco–Turkey relations Morocco has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Rabat. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.71 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.99/0.72 billion USD). 114,155 Moroccan tourists visited Turkey in 2017. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Rabat.	√
Sudan	20 July 1957	See Sudan–Turkey relations Sudan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Khartoum. Trade volume between the two countries was 434 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 361/73 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Khartoum.	X
Tunisia	1956	See Tunisia–Turkey relations Tunisia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tunis. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.09 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 904/182 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Tunis.	√

Sub–Saharan Africa

Since 2008, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa have flourished due to a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans. Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015.

Dating back to 1800, Turkey's relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885, when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence. Relations were restored in the 1950s, and gained momentum when Emperor Haile Selassie visited Turkey in March 1967 and December 1969.

Since 2008, Turkey has contributed to the region through participation in peacekeeping missions, including the UN Mission in Ivory Coast (UNOC), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Central African Republic, Chad.

Turkey has also dramatically increased financial aid to the region, providing a total of US$6.38 billion to the region just between 2006 and 2011 including the 2011 donation of US$200 million to fight the famine in East Africa.

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Angola	9 July 1980	See Angola–Turkey relations Angola has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Luanda. Trade volume between the two countries was 212 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Luanda since 27 October 2021.	X
Benin	29 March 1974	See Benin–Turkey relations Benin closed its embassy in Ankara in 2021. Turkey has an embassy in Cotonou. Trade volume between the two countries was 142 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cotonou since 2014.	X
Botswana	20 January 1981	Permanent Representation of Botswana in the UN Geneva Office is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Gaborone. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.9 million USD in 2019.	X
Burkina Faso	6 April 1970	See Burkina Faso–Turkey relations Burkina Faso has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ouagadougou. Trade volume between the two countries was 52.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 31.4/20.8 million USD).	X
Burundi	30 April 1980	See Burundi–Turkey relations Burundi has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bujumbura. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/0.5 million USD).	X
Cameroon	9 August 1963	See Cameroon–Turkey relations Cameroon has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Yaoundé. Trade volume between the two countries was 205 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 151/54 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Yaoundé.	X
Cape Verde	24 June 1979	See Cape Verde–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Dakar to Senegal is also accredited to Cabo Verde. Trade volume between the two countries was 9.5 million USD in 2019.	X
Central African Republic	18 February 1980	See Central African Republic–Turkey relations Central African Republic has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. The Turkish ambassador in Yaoundé to Cameroon is also accredited to the Central African Republic. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.81 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.84/1.97 million USD).	X
Chad	27 January 1970	See Chad–Turkey relations Chad has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena. Trade volume between the two countries was 72.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.9/32.5 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since 12 December 2013.	X
Comoros	22 August 1979	See Comoros–Turkey relations The ambassador of the Comoros in Cairo to Egypt is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to the Union of the Comoros. Trade volume between the two countries was 21.1 million USD in 2019.	X
Congo	9 November 1981	See Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations Congo has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Brazzaville. Trade volume between the two countries was 57.25 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 55.8/1.47 million USD).	X
Template:Country data Côte d'Ivoire	14 July 1964	See Ivory Coast–Turkey relations Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Abidjan. Trade volume between the two countries was 409.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 220.9/188.8 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abidjan since July 2012.	X
Template:Country data Democratic Republic of Congo	22 October 1975	See Democratic Republic of the Congo–Turkey relations Democratic Republic of the Congo has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kinshasa. Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019.	X
Djibouti	25 June 1979	See Djibouti–Turkey relations Djibouti has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Djibouti. Trade volume between the two countries was 252 million USD in 2019.	X
Eritrea	19 July 1993	See Eritrea–Turkey relations The ambassador of Eritrea in Doha to Qatar is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Asmara. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.9 million USD in 2019.	X
Equatorial Guinea	16 September 1980	See Equatorial Guinea–Turkey relations Equatorial Guinea has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Malabo. Trade volume between the two countries was 23.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 20.2/3.6 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malabo since 7 February 2020.	X
Eswatini	20 January 1981	The Embassy of the Eswatini in Brussels to Belgium is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Eswatini. Trade volume between the two countries was 309 thousand USD in 2019.	X
Ethiopia	30 January 1926, severed in 1936, re-established 23 December 1957	See Ethiopia–Turkey relations Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Trade volume between the two countries was 398.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 378.3/27.5 million USD).	X
Gabon	1 February 1963	See Gabon–Turkey relations Gabon has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Libreville. Trade volume between the two countries was 38.9 million USD in 2018.	X
Gambia	1965	See Gambia–Turkey relations Gambia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Banjul. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018.	X
Ghana		See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Accra. Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.	Template:Yes-no
Guinea		See Guinea–Turkey relations Guinea has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Conakry. Trade volume between the two countries was 136.7 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Conakry since 30 January 2017.	X
Template:Country data Guinea Bissau		See Guinea-Bissau–Turkey relations Guinea Bissau has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bissau. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.95 million USD in 2019.	X
Kenya	30 March 1968	See Kenya–Turkey relations Kenya has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Nairobi. Trade volume between the two countries was 234 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Nairobi since 20 February 2009.	X
Lesotho	1980	The Embassy of Lesotho in Rome is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Pretoria to South Africa is also accredited to Lesotho. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.65 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.62/0.03 million USD).	X
Liberia	1 August 1958	See Liberia–Turkey relations The Embassy of Liberia in Brussels is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Accra to Ghana is also accredited to Liberia. Trade volume between the two countries was 191.9 million USD in 2019.	X
Madagascar		See Madagascar–Turkey relations Embassy of Madagascar in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo. Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 71.3/5.2 million USD).	X
Mali	17 April 1963	See Mali–Turkey relations Mali has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bamako. Trade volume between the two countries was 57 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 48.4/8.6 million USD).	X
Malawi	4 August 1969	See Malawi–Turkey relations The Embassy of Malawi in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Lusaka to Zambia is also accredited to Malawi. Trade volume between the two countries was 21 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.67/16.4 million USD).	X
Mauritius	18 October 1976	See Mauritius–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mauritius in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Antananarivo to Madagascar is also accredited to Mauritius. Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Mauritius since 15 December 2015.	√
Mozambique	20 January 1981	See Mozambique–Turkey relations The Embassy of Mozambique in Rome to Italy is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Maputo. Trade volume between the two countries was 153 million USD in 2019.	X
Namibia	27 March 1990	See Namibia–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Windhoek. Trade volume between the two countries was 11.84 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 9.40/2.44 million USD).	X
Niger	30 March 1967	See Niger–Turkey relations Niger has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Niamey. Trade volume between the two countries was 72 million USD in 2019.	X
Nigeria	16 February 1961	See Nigeria–Turkey relations Nigeria has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Abuja. Trade volume between the two countries was 726 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Abuja, Lagos and Port-Harcourt.	X
Rwanda	18 February 1980	See Rwanda–Turkey relations Rwanda has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kigali. Trade volume between the two countries was 32.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 32.2/0.2 million USD).	X
São Tomé and Príncipe		The Embassy of São Tomé and Príncipe in Lisbon is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Libreville to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 million USD in 2019.	X
Senegal	17 October 1963	See Senegal–Turkey relations Senegal has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dakar. Trade volume between the two countries was 292 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dakar. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Dakar.	X
Seychelles	22 June 1995	See Seychelles–Turkey relations The Embassy of Seychelles in Paris is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in Nairobi to Kenya is also accredited to the Seychelles. Trade volume between the two countries was 25.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.7/7.7 million USD).	X
Sierra Leone	15 February 1971	See Sierra Leone–Turkey relations Sierra Leone has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Freetown. Trade volume between the two countries was 53.4 million USD in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Freetown.	X
Somalia	13 December 1965	See Somalia–Turkey relations Somalia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Mogadishu and a consulate general in Hargeisa. Trade volume between the two countries was 250.8 million USD in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mogadishu.	X
South Africa	12 October 1992	See South Africa–Turkey relations South Africa has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Pretoria. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 552.5/757.5 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Cape Town and Durban since 2015. 3,600 Turkish citizens reside in South Africa. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Johannesburg.	X
South Sudan	9 July 2011	See South Sudan–Turkey relations South Sudan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Juba. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 million USD in 2019.	X
Tanzania	5 July 1963	See Tanzania–Turkey relations Tanzania has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dar es Salaam. Trade volume between the two countries was 151 million USD in 2015. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Dar es Salaam and Kilimanjaro since 2010.	X
Togo	6 December 1962	See Togo–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Lomé (planned). Trade volume between the two countries was 106 million USD in 2019.	X
Uganda	18 September 1969	See Turkey–Uganda relations Uganda has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kampala. Trade volume between the two countries was 40 million USD in 2018.	X
Zambia	25 February 1971	See Turkey–Zambia relations Zambia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Lusaka. Trade volume between the two countries was 23.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 17.8/5.9 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Lusaka since 14 December 2018.	X
Zimbabwe	2 July 1982	See Turkey–Zimbabwe relations Zimbabwe has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Harare. Trade volume between the two countries was 17.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.9/11.8 million USD).	X

Americas

Southern Cone

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Argentina	29 June 1926	See Argentina–Turkey relations File:Erdoğan & Macri at the G20 2018 Summit 01.jpg President Erdoğan with then-president Mauricio Macri in Buenos Aires. Argentina has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Buenos Aires. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Buenos Aires via São Paulo commenced in December 2013 and are taking place daily. Trade volume between the two countries was 455 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 161/294 million USD. 64,483 Argentine tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Chile	30 January 1926	See Chile–Turkey relations File:Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Sebastián Piñera.jpg President Erdoğan and Sebastián Piñera Chile has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Santiago. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Chile–Turkey Free Trade Agreement was signed on 14 July 2009 and has been in effect since 1 March 2011. Trade volume between the two countries was 579 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 344/236 million USD. 18,509 Chilean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Chile was the first country in Latin America torecognized Turkey.	√
Paraguay	11 September 1953	See Paraguay–Turkey relations Paraguay has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Asunción. Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 47.1/35 million USD). 1,328 Paraguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Uruguay	8 December 1933	See Turkey–Uruguay relations Uruguay has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Montevideo. Trade volume between the two countries was 341.4 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.8/298.6 million USD). 7,191 Uruguayan tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

North America

Country	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Canada	25 November 1943	See Canada–Turkey relations Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and Consulates General in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (starting in December 2020). Trade volume between the two countries was 2.46 billion USD in 2019. 139,164 Canadian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.	X
Mexico	12 July 1928	See Mexico–Turkey relations File:Visita de Estado del señor Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Presidente de la República de Turquía. (16328684579).jpg President Erdoğan visiting Mexico with former Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto Mexico has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Mexico City. Both countries are members of OECD, G20 and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Mexico City and Cancún were launched in August 2019. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 602/678 million USD). 66,557 Mexican tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Mexico City.	X
United States	13 September 1831, relations broke off 20 April 1917, re-established 17 February 1927	See Turkey–United States relations File:President Trump and the First Lady Visit with the President of Turkey and Mrs. Emine Erdogan (49061400831).jpg Presidents Erdoğan and Trump with the First Ladies. United States has an embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul and a Consulate in Adana. Turkey has an embassy in Washington, D.C. and Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami and New York City. Both countries are members of OECD, G20, NATO and WTO. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, San Francisco, Seattle (starts 9 March 2022) and Washington, D.C. 578,074 American tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local headquarters in Washington, D.C. Following its NATO membership in 1952 and subsequent hosting of the United States Air Force in Incirlik Air Base, Turkey became the bulwark of NATO's southeastern flank, the directly bordering Warsaw Pact countries. Turkey participated with the United States during the Korean War of the early 1950s and the Gulf War of 1990.	X

Caribbean

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Antigua and Barbuda	June 1999	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Antigua and Barbuda. Trade volume between the two countries was 12.5 million USD in 2019.	X
Bahamas	5 November 1974	See Bahamas–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. Trade volume between the two countries was 86.1 million USD in 2019.	X
Barbados	20 September 1972	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Barbados. Trade volume between the two countries was 8.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.45/0.05 million USD).	X
Cuba	25 November 1952	See Cuba–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Havana. Trade volume between the two countries was 54.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 42.9/11.8 million USD). The Ottoman Empire Embassy to Cuba opened in 1873.	X
Dominica	13 April 2006	The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Dominica. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.6 million USD in 2019.	X
Dominican Republic	28 November 1951	See Dominican Republic–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Santo Domingo. Trade volume between the two countries was 132.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 118.6/14.1 million USD).	X
Grenada	8 May 1975	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Grenada. Trade volume between the two countries was 910 thousand USD in 2019.	X
Haiti	1950	See Haiti–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to Haiti. Trade volume between the two countries was 129.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 128.9/0.8 million USD).	X
Jamaica	30 March 1971	See Jamaica–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Havana to Cuba is also accredited to Jamaica. Trade volume between the two countries was 90.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 90/0.5 million USD).	X
Template:Country data St. Kitts and Nevis		The Turkish ambassador in Santo Domingo to the Dominican Republic is also accredited to St. Kitts and Nevis. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.9 million USD in 2019.	X
Template:Country data St. Lucia	25 May 2005	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Lucia. Trade volume between the two countries was 3 million USD in 2019.	X
Template:Country data St. Vincent and Grenadines	4 April 2002	See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to St. Vincent and Grenadines. Trade volume between the two countries was 11.3 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 4.8/6.5 million USD).	X
Trinidad and Tobago	22 May 1972	See Trinidad and Tobago–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trade volume between the two countries was 120.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 68.4/52.4 million USD).	X

Central America

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Belize	November 1987	See Belize–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Belize. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.1/3.6 million USD).	X
Costa Rica	21 September 1950	See Costa Rica–Turkey relations Costa Rica has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in San Jose. Trade volume between the two countries was 100 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 58.9/41.8 million USD).	X
El Salvador	21 September 1950	El Salvador has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in San Salvador. Trade volume between the two countries was 17.1 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 14.8/2.3 million USD).	X
Guatemala	1952	See Guatemala–Turkey relations Guatemala has an embassy in Ankara and an honorary consulate in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Guatemala City. Trade volume between the two countries was 63.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 53.5/10 million USD).	X
Honduras	4 April 1950	The Turkish ambassador in Guatemala City to Guatemala is also accredited to Honduras. Trade volume between the two countries was 19.8 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 15/4.8 million USD).	X
Nicaragua	21 September 1950	See Nicaragua–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Managua. Nicaraguan Embassy in Berlin to Germany is also accredited to Turkey. Trade volume between the two countries was 11.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 11.1/0.5 million USD).	X
Panama	14 April 1950	See Panama–Turkey relations Panama has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Panama. Trade volume between the two countries was 260.9 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 248.8/12.1 million USD).	X

Latin America, rest of

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Bolivia	26 July 1950	See Bolivia–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in La Paz. Trade volume between the two countries was 130 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 22/108 million USD). 2,491 Bolivian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Brazil	8 September 1927	See Brazil–Turkey relations File:Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva & Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Brasilia, 27 May 2010 (5).jpg Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brazil has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate general in São Paulo. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. There are daily direct flights from Istanbul to São Paulo. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.1 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.48/2.6 billion USD). 101,164 Brazilian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Colombia	10 April 1959	See Colombia–Turkey relations Colombia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bogotá. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Flights from Istanbul to Bogotá commenced in May 2016. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.7 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.25/1.46 billion USD). 70,974 Colombian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Ecuador	11 December 1959	See Ecuador–Turkey relations Ecuador has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Quito and a consulate general in Guayaquil. Trade volume between the two countries was 117 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 59/58 million USD). 8,416 Ecuadorian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Guyana	2 May 1973	The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Guyana. Trade volume between the two countries was 29.6 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.6/1 million USD).	X
Peru	1952	See Peru–Turkey relations Peru has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Lima. Trade volume between the two countries was 250 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 177.4/72.6 million USD). 11,430 Peruvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Suriname	29 June 1976	See Suriname–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Port of Spain to Trinidad and Tobago is also accredited to Suriname. Trade volume between the two countries was 18.2 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 18.1/0.1 million USD).	X
Venezuela	29 December 1950	See Turkey–Venezuela relations Turkey has an embassy in Caracas and an honorary consulate in Maracaibo. Venezuela has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 150 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 130/20 million USD).	X

Asia and Oceania

Turkic states

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Azerbaijan	14 January 1992	See Azerbaijan–Turkey relations Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Kars and Consular Mission in Iğdır. Turkey has an embassy in Baku and Consulates General in Nakhchivan and Ganja. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.63/2.55 billion USD). 901,723 Azeri tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Azerbaijan-Turkey relations have been described as "one nation with two states" due to a common culture and the mutual intelligibility of Turkish and Azerbaijani. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Azerbaijan in November 1991. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Baku.	X
Kazakhstan	2 March 1992	See Kazakhstan–Turkey relations Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ankara and a consulates general in Antalya and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Astana and a consulate general in Almaty. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.9 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.9/3 billion USD). 455,724 Kazakh tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kazakhstan. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Astana.	X
Kyrgyzstan	29 January 1992	See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bishkek. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 519 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 442/77 million USD). 121,364 Kyrgyz tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.	X
Turkmenistan	29 February 1992	See Turkey–Turkmenistan relations Turkmenistan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ashgabat. Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.35 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 745/601 million USD). 297,706 Turkmen tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey became the first state to recognize Turkmenistan on 27 October 1991.	X
Uzbekistan	4 March 1992	See Turkey–Uzbekistan relations Uzbekistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul Turkey has an embassy in Tashkent. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, International Organization of Turkic Culture, OIC, TAKM, Turkic Council, TURKPA, OSCE and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.23/1.14 billion USD). 252,138 Uzbek tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X

Asia-Pacific

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Afghanistan	1 March 1921	See Afghanistan–Turkey relations Afghanistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Kabul and Consulate General in Kandahar and Mazar-e Sharif. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 180 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/156 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kabul.	X
Australia	1967	See Australia–Turkey relations Australia has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul and Çanakkale. Turkey has an embassy in Canberra and Consulate General in Melbourne and Sydney. Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.66 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 521.6/544.8 million USD). 120,837 Australian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 150 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Australia. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Melbourne.	X
Bangladesh		See Bangladesh–Turkey relations Bangladesh has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dhaka. Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 934 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 427/509 million USD).	X
Bhutan	26 September 2012	Bhutan and Turkey cooperate through their respective embassies in New Delhi. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.58 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.1/1.48 million USD).	X
Brunei Darussalam	27 June 1984	See Brunei–Turkey relations Brunei Darussalam has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.88 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 4882/16 million USD).	X
Cambodia	1959	See Cambodia–Turkey relations Cambodia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Phnom Penh. Trade volume between the two countries was 108.4 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 13.7/94.7 million USD).	X
China	1971	See China–Turkey relations China has an embassy in Ankara and Consulate General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Beijing and Consulate General in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 21.08 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.58/18.49 billion USD). 426,344 Chinese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.	X
Cook Islands	28 October 2008	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to the Cook Islands. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2019.	X
Template:Country data East Timor	20 May 2002	See East Timor–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Jakarta to Indonesia is also accredited to East Timor. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Fiji	17 December 1975	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Fiji. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
India	15 August 1947	See India–Turkey relations File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mr. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on May 01, 2017 (1).jpg Prime Minister Erdoğan meets with Narendra Modi in India. India has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in New Delhi and Consulate General in Hyderabad and Mumbai. Both countries are members of G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7.80 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.17/6.64 billion USD). 230,131 Indian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Indonesia	1950	See Indonesia–Turkey relations Indonesia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are members of D-8, G20, MIKTA, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.21/1.64 billion USD). 127,149 Indonesian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,400 Indonesian citizens reside in Turkey.	X
Japan	1890	See Japan–Turkey relations Japan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tokyo and a Consulate General in Nagoya. Both countries are members of G20, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.02 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.5/3.52 billion USD). 103,320 Japanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tokyo.	X
Kiribati	2008	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Kiribati. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Laos	1958	See Laos–Turkey relations The Embassy of Laos in Vienna is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Vientiane. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.44/1.48 billion USD).	X
Maldives	1979	See Maldives–Turkey relations The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations Office in Geneva is also accredited to Turkey. The Turkish ambassador in New Delhi to India is also accredited to the Maldives. Both countries are members of OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 46.5 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 28.2/18.3 million USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Malé since 24 November 2012.	X
Malaysia	1964	See Malaysia–Turkey relations Malaysia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur. Both countries are members of D-8, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.70 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.36/1.34 billion USD). 114,214 Malaysian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kuala Lumpur.	√
Marshall Islands	9 April 2008	See Marshall Islands–Turkey relations Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to the Marshall Islands. Marshall Islands has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Template:Country data Micronesia	6 August 2007	The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Micronesia. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Mongolia	24 June 1969	See Mongolia–Turkey relations Mongolia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 39.7 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 39.2/0.5 million USD).	X
Myanmar	1958	See Myanmar–Turkey relations The Burmese Embassy in Cairo, Egypt is also accredited to Turkey. Turkey has an embassy in Yangon. Trade volume between the two countries was 38.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 30.7/8 million USD).	X
Nauru		The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Nauru. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
New Zealand	12 December 1978	See New Zealand–Turkey relations New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Wellington. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 152.8 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 90.1/62.7 million USD). 20,912 New Zealanders visited Turkey in 2019. 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.	X
Niue	7 June 2014	Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
North Korea	15 January 2001	See North Korea–Turkey relations The Embassy of North Korea in Sofia is also accredited to Turkey. The ambassador in Seoul to South Korea is also accredited to North Korea. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Pakistan	1947	See Pakistan–Turkey relations Pakistan has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Islamabad and Consulate General in Karachi and Lahore. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 856 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 550/306 million USD). 130,736 Pakistani tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Karachi and Lahore.	X
Palau	10 May 2007	Turkish ambassador in Tokyo to Japan is also accredited to Palau. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.7 million USD in 2014.	X
Papua New Guinea	30 May 1979	Papua New Guinea has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. The Turkish ambassador in Canberra is also accredited to Papua New Guinea. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Philippines	13 June 1949	See Philippines–Turkey relations Philippines has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Manila. Trade volume between the two countries was 219.7 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 104/115.7 million USD). 139,126 Filipino tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,200 Philippine nationals are residing in Turkey. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Manila since March 2015.	X
Samoa	12 April 1979	See Samoa–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Singapore	12 February 1969	See Singapore–Turkey relations Singapore has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Singapore. Trade volume between the two countries was 808 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 443/365 million USD). 34,930 Singaporean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Singapore.	√
Solomon Islands	8 March 1979	See Solomon Islands–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Solomon Islands since 8 March 1979. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
South Korea	11 August 1949	See South Korea–Turkey relations South Korea has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Seoul. Both countries are members of G20, MIKTA, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.53 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.88/5.64 billion USD). 212,970 South Korean tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Free Trade Agreement between the two countries entered into force on 1 May 2013 and was updated on 1 August 2018 to include an Investment Agreement. Turkey ranks third in number of martyrs among the 16 countries that participated in the Korean War. United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan honors 462 of the 966 Turkish soldiers who died during the war. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Seoul.	√
Sri Lanka	4 February 1948	See Sri Lanka–Turkey relations Sri Lanka has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Colombo. Trade volume between the two countries was 185.7 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 84.3/101.4 million USD).	X
Taiwan	Started in 1934, Ended in 1971	See Taiwan–Turkey relations Diplomatic recognition was withdrawn in 1971 by the establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and China.	X
Tajikistan	29 January 1992	See Tajikistan–Turkey relations Tajikistan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dushanbe. Both countries are members of Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Economic Cooperation Organization, OIC and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 274 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 143/131 million USD). 44,155 Tajik tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Thailand	1958	See Thailand–Turkey relations Thailand has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Bangkok. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.34 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.26/1.09 billion USD). 62,192 Thai tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Negotiations on a bilateral Free Trade Agreement (FTA) began in 2017. There are direct flights from Istanbul to Bangkok and Phuket.	X
Tonga	26 January 1976	See Tonga–Turkey relations The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tonga since 26 January 1976. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Tuvalu	19 July 1979	The Turkish ambassador in Wellington to New Zealand is also accredited to Tuvalu. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Vanuatu	10 April 1987	Turkish ambassador in Canberra to Australia is also accredited to Vanuatu. Vanuatu has an honorary consulate in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 17.4 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 10.3/7.1 million USD).	X
Vietnam	1978	See Turkey–Vietnam relations Vietnam has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Hanoi. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.91 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.16/1.76 billion USD). There are direct flights from Istanbul to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City since 27 June 2016.	X

Western Asia

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Armenia		See Armenia–Turkey relations Diplomatic relations suspended over the Nagorno-Karabakh War.	X
Bahrain	12 April 1973	See Bahrain–Turkey relations Bahrain has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Manama. Trade volume between the two countries was 486 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 299/187 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Manama.	X
Cyprus		Diplomatic relations suspended over the Cyprus dispute.	√
Northern Cyprus	1983	See Northern Cyprus–Turkey relations Northern Cyprus has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Gaziantep, Istanbul, İzmir, Mersin and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in North Nicosia Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in North Nicosia.	Free Trade
Template:Country data Georgia	21 May 1992	See Georgia–Turkey relations Georgia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in Tbilisi and a consulate general in Batumi. Both countries are members of Council of Europe, Economic Cooperation Organization, Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and WTO. Turkey supports Georgia's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.85 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.58/0.27 billion USD). 1,995,254 Georgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tbilisi.	√
Iran	1835	See Iran–Turkey relations Iran has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul, Trabzon and Erzurum. Turkey has an embassy in Tehran and Consulates General in Tabriz, Orumiyeh and Mashhad. Both countries are members of Economic Cooperation Organization and OIC. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.60 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.31/3.29 billion USD). 2,102,890 Iranian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Tehran.	X
Iraq	16 January 1928	See Iraq–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 January 1928 when has been accredited the first Iraqi ambassador to Turkey Salih Nishat. The first Turkish ambassador, Lütfi Tokay, also presented his letters of credence in Baghdad on 21 December 1929. Iraq has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Gaziantep and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Baghdad and a consulate general in Erbil. Trade volume between the two countries was 9.77 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.35/1.42 billion USD). 1,374,896 Iraqi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Kurdistan Region	2001	See Kurdistan Region–Turkey relations
Israel		See Israel–Turkey relations Israel has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.37 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.70/1.67 billion USD). 569,368 Israeli tourists visited Turkey in 2019. The history of the Jewish–Turkish relations dates back to 14th–16th centuries, when the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid II invited the Sephardic Jews fleeing the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions to settle in the Ottoman Empire. During the 1930s and 1940s, the Republic of Turkey again served as a safe haven for the European Jewish refugees fleeing the Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust. A Turkish diplomat, Selahattin Ulkumen, is honoured as one of the Righteous Among The Nations for his work in rescuing Jews from Nazi officials on the island of Rhodes, by issuing them Turkish visas and later arranging for their transport to Turkish territory. Another diplomat, Necdet Kent, also rescued Jews from Nazi authorities, for which he was awarded a special medal by the government of the State of Israel. Turkey was the first country with a Muslim majority to formally recognize the State of Israel. The founders of the State of Israel and prominent Israeli politicians such as David Ben-Gurion, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, and Moshe Shertok had all studied in the leading Turkish schools of Istanbul in their youth, namely Galatasaray High School and Istanbul University.	√
Jordan	11 January 1947	See Jordan–Turkey relations Jordan has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Amman. Trade volume between the two countries was 962 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 835/127 million USD). 474,874 Jordanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Free Trade Agreement went into force on 11 March. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amman.	X
Kuwait	10 January 1964	See Kuwait–Turkey relations Kuwait has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Kuwait City. Trade volume between the two countries was 678 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 534/144 million USD). 374,191 Kuwaiti tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	X
Lebanon	8 March 1946	See Lebanon–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946. Lebanon has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Beirut. Trade volume between the two countries was 1070 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 901/169 million USD). 376,721 Lebanese tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Beirut.	Template:Yes-no
Oman	18 June 1973	See Oman–Turkey relations Oman has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Muscat. Trade volume between the two countries was 489 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 422/67 million USD).	X
Template:Country data Palestine	15 November 1988	See Palestine–Turkey relations Palestine has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has a consulate general in Jerusalem accredited to Palestine. Trade volume between the two countries was 84 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 82/2 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Jerusalem and Ramallah.	√
Qatar	20 March 1973	See Qatar–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Doha. United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.4 billion USD in 2018. Turkey has a military base in Qatar. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Doha.	X
Saudi Arabia	3 August 1929	See Saudi Arabia–Turkey relations Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Riyadh and a consulate general in Jeddah. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.96 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.64/2.32 billion USD). 564,816 Saudi tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Syria	8 March 1946	See Syria–Turkey relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.	√
United Arab Emirates	1971	See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate general in Dubai. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.92 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.14/3.78 million USD).	X
Yemen	4 March 1946	See Turkey–Yemen relations Yemen has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Sanaa. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X

Europe

Country/Region	Relations began	Notes	Free trade agreement
Albania	15 December 1923	See Albania–Turkey relations Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Tirana. Both countries are members of OIC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 430 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 408/22 million USD). 125,935 Albanian tourists visited Turkey in 2018. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Shkoder and Tirana There are over 500,000 Albanians residing in Turkey.	√
Andorra	8 October 1998	The Turkish ambassador in Madrid to Spain is also accredited to Andorra. Trade volume between the two countries was 478 thousand USD in 2010 (Turkish exports/imports: 476/1.4 thousand USD).	√
Austria	1526	See Austria–Turkey relations Austria has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Vienna and Consulates General in Bregenz and Salzburg Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.43 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.14/1.29 billion USD). 401,475 Austrian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Vienna.	√
Belarus	25 March 1992	See Belarus–Turkey relations Belarus has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Minsk. Both countries are members of OSCE. Trade volume between the two countries was 691 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 531/160 million USD). 258,419 Belarusian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	X
Belgium	1838	See Belgium–Turkey relations Belgium has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate general in Antwerp. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.7 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.6/3.1 billion USD). 220 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Belgium. See Turks in Belgium 557,435 Belgian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Brussels.	√
Bulgaria	1908	See Bulgaria–Turkey relations Bulgaria has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Sofia and a consulate general in Burgas. and Plovdiv. Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.1 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.0 billion USD). 2,713,464 Bulgarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Bosnia and Herzegovina	29 August 1992	See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Turkey relations Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Sarajevo. Turkey supports Bosnia and Herzegovina's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 661 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 420/241 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Fojnica, Mostar and Sarajevo.	√
Croatia	6 August 1992	See Croatia–Turkey relations Croatia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Zagreb. Both countries are members of NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 384 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 232/152 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Zagreb.	√
Czech Republic	1924	See Czech Republic–Turkey relations Czech Republic has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Prague. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.65 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1/2.65 billion USD). 4,500 Turkish citizens reside in the Czech Republic. 311,359 Czech tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Denmark	Template:Dts	See Denmark–Turkey relations Denmark has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Copenhagen. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.88 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.1/0.81 billion USD). 70 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Denmark. See Turks in Denmark 335,877 Danish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	√
Estonia	1924	See Estonia–Turkey relations Estonia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Tallinn. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 312 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 92/220 million USD). 77,041 Estonian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 575 Turkish citizens live in Estonia.	√
Finland	1924	See Finland–Turkey relations Finland has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Helsinki. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Turkey did not support Finland's accession to NATO until March 2023, but accepted its participation. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.32 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 0.34/0.98 billion USD). 13 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Finland. See Turks in Finland 135,192 Finnish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	√
France	1483	See France–Turkey relations France has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Paris and Consulates General in Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes and Strasbourg. Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 13.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.8/7.6 billion USD). 650 thousand Turkish citizens reside in France and 3,152 French citizens reside in Turkey. 875,957 French tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Paris.	√
Germany	1790	See Germany–Turkey relations Germany has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Berlin and Consulates General in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Hamburg Hanover, Karlsruhe Mainz, Munich, Münster, Nuremberg and Stuttgart. Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 35.9 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 16.6/19.3 billion USD). 3 million people of Turkish origin reside in Germany. 5,027,472 German tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Relations with Turkey significantly deteriorated after the 2016–17 Turkish purges and Turkey's turn to authoritarianism, including the arrest of journalists such as Die Welt's Deniz Yücel. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Berlin and Cologne.	√
Greece	24 August 1833	See Greece-Turkey relations File:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and George Papandreou, Turkey November 2009.jpg Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, November 2009 Greece has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Edirne, Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Athens and Consulates General in Komotini, Piraeus, Rhodes and Thessaloniki. Both countries are members of BSEC, OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.18 billion USD in 2018. 150 thousand muslims that Turkey claims are "ethnic Turks" reside in Western Thrace, Greece. 836,882 Greek tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Turkey and Greece have clashed for decades over the status of Aegean islands and over the extent of territorial waters and airspace. In February 1999, the discovery that Greek authorities had been aiding and abetting Abdullah Öcalan, Turkey's most wanted criminal, caused a diplomatic crisis. When Abdullah Öcalan was captured by Turkish authorities, he was found holding Greek and Cypriot passports, and he later revealed that he had been hiding in the Greek Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya. Relations have since improved, particularly following the earthquakes that struck both countries in 1999.	√
Holy See	1960	See Holy See–Turkey relations The Holy See has a nunciature in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See. Trade volume between the two countries was negligible in 2018.	X
Hungary	1521	See Hungary–Turkey relations Hungary has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Budapest. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Hungary is an observer in the Turkic Council. Trade volume between the two countries was 2.5 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.16/1.4 billion USD). 149,523 Hungarian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 2,600 Turkish citizens reside in Hungary. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Budapest.	√
Iceland	17 June 1944	See Iceland–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Iceland are being coordinated by the Embassy of the Republic of Turkey in Oslo and the Embassy of Iceland in Copenhagen. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 51 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 24/27 million USD). 100 Turkish citizens reside in Iceland.	√
Ireland	2 October 1951	See Ireland–Turkey relations Ireland has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Dublin. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 528/970 million USD). 1,800 Turkish citizens reside in Ireland. 118,620 Irish tourists visited Turkey in 2011. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Dublin.	√
Italy	25 September 1856	See Italy–Turkey relations Italy has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Rome and a consulate general in Milan Both countries are members of G20, NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 19.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 8.47/11.3 billion USD). 205,788 Italian tourists visited Turkey in 2017. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Rome.	√
Kosovo	18 February 2008	See Kosovo–Turkey relations Kosovo has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Pristina and a consulate general in Prizren. Trade volume between the two countries was 249 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 241/7 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Peja, Pristina and Prizren.	√
Latvia	1925	See Latvia–Turkey relations Latvia has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Riga. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. 200 Turkish citizens reside in Latvia. Trade volume between the two countries was 291 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 126/165 million USD). 86,051 Latvian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Liechtenstein	Template:Dts	Bilateral relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein are being coordinated by the Embassies of the Republic of Turkey and Liechtenstein in Bern. Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 7 million USD in 2017.	√
Lithuania	1930	See Lithuania–Turkey relations Lithuania has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Vilnius. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 687 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 277/410 million USD). 229,704 Lithuanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. 350 Turkish citizens reside in Lithuania.	√
Luxembourg	10 July 1946	See Luxembourg–Turkey relations Luxembourg has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Luxembourg. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 160 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 36/124 million USD). 900 Turkish citizens reside in Luxembourg.	√
Malta	10 October 1967	See Malta–Turkey relations Malta has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Valletta. Both countries are members of WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 593 million USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 541/52 million USD).	√
Moldova	3 February 1992	See Moldova–Turkey relations Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Chişinău and a consulate general in Comrat. Comrat is the capital of Gagauzia, an autonomous region populated by the Gagauz, an Orthodox Christian Turkic people, the region hence acting as a bridge to Turkey and Russia. As a response internal challenges to Gagauzia's autonomy, Mikhail Formuzal, President of People's Assembly in Comrat is seeking Turkey's aid to defend Gagauz culture and identity. Both countries are members of BSEC. Trade volume between the two countries was 568 million USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 322/246 million USD). Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Comrat.	√
Monaco	1954	See Monaco–Turkey relations Bilateral relations between Turkey and Monaco are being coordinated by the Consulates General of Turkey and Monaco in Marseille. Trade volume between the two countries was 15.1 million USD in 2017.	√
Montenegro	3 July 2006	See Montenegro–Turkey relations Montenegro has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Podgorica. Trade volume between the two countries was 46 million USD in 2015. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Podgorica.	√
Netherlands	1612	See Netherlands–Turkey relations Netherlands has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in The Hague and Consulates General in Amsterdam, Deventer and Rotterdam. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 8.97 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 5.76/3.20 billion USD). 500 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in the Netherlands. 1,117,290 Dutch tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Amsterdam.	√
Template:Country data North Macedonia	26 August 1992.	See North Macedonia–Turkey relations North Macedonia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Skopje and a consulate general in Bitola. Both countries are members of NATO. Trade volume between the two countries was 503 million USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 396/107 million USD). 209,519 Macedonian tourists visited Turkey in 2018. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Skopje.	√
Norway	1926	See Norway-Turkey relations Norway has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.28 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 513/765 million USD). 20 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Norway . 208,330 Norwegian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Poland	1414	See Poland–Turkey relations Poland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Warsaw. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 6.45 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.34/3.34 billion USD). 880,839 Polish tourists visited Turkey in 2018.	√ See also Polonezköy
Portugal	1843	See Portugal–Turkey relations Portugal has an embassy in Ankara. Turkey has an embassy in Lisbon. Both countries are members of NATO, OECD and WTO. Turkey is an observer in Lusophone Commonwealth. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.5 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 811/684 million USD). 54,130 Portuguese tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Romania	22 October 1879	See Romania–Turkey relations Romania has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Istanbul and İzmir. Turkey has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate general in Constanţa. Both countries are members of BSEC, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 5.4 billion USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.8/2.6 billion USD). 763,320 Romanian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Bucharest and Constanța.	√
Russia	1699	See Russia–Turkey relations File:Putin meets Erdogan (2024-06-03) (1).jpg President Erdoğan meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin in July 2024 Russia has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya, Istanbul and Trabzon. Turkey has an embassy in Moscow and Consulates General in Kazan Novorossiysk and Saint Petersburg. Both countries are members of BSEC, G20 and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 26.3 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 3.85/22.4 billion USD). 7,017,657 Russian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has local branches in Kazan and Moscow.	X
Serbia	1879	See Serbia–Turkey relations Serbia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Belgrade. Both countries are members of BSEC, Central European Free Trade Agreement and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 731 million USD in 2015 (Turkish exports/imports: 493/328 million USD). 282,347Serbian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Belgrade.	√
Slovakia	1993	See Slovakia–Turkey relations Slovakia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Bratislava. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.29 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 532/767 million USD). 207,108 Slovak tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Slovenia	6 February 1992	See Slovenia–Turkey relations Slovenia has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Ljubljana. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 1.15 million USD in 2015. 50,414 Slovenian tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Spain	1782	See Spain–Turkey relations Spain has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate general in Barcelona. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 12.7 billion USD in 2017 (Turkish exports/imports: 6.3/6.4 billion USD). 257,342 Spanish tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Madrid.	√
Sweden	1603	See Sweden–Turkey relations Sweden has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Stockholm. Both countries are members of OECD, NATO and WTO. Turkey did not support Sweden's accession to NATO until January 2024, but accepted its participation. Trade volume between the two countries was 3.2 billion USD in 2018 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.5/1.7 billion USD). 115 thousand people of Turkish origin reside in Sweden. See also Turks in Sweden 444,285 Swedish tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Switzerland	1899	See Switzerland–Turkey relations Switzerland has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate general in Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Bern and Consulates General in Geneva and Zürich. Both countries are members of OECD and WTO. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.41 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 1.04/3.38 billion USD). 130 thousand Turkish citizens reside in Switzerland. 314,572 Swiss tourists visited Turkey in 2019.	√
Ukraine	3 February 1992	See Turkey–Ukraine relations Ukraine has an embassy in Ankara and Consulates General in Antalya and Istanbul. Turkey has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate general in Odesa. Both countries are members of WTO. Turkey supports Ukraine's NATO membership. Trade volume between the two countries was 4.8 billion USD in 2019 (Turkish exports/imports: 2.1/2.72 billion USD). 1,547,996 Ukrainian tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in Kyiv.	Template:Yes-no
United Kingdom	2 September 1924	See Turkey–United Kingdom relations File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer visits Türkiye (cropped).jpg Prime Minister Keir Starmer with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Ankara, October 2025. Turkey maintains an embassy in London, and consulates generals in Edinburgh, London and Manchester. The United Kingdom is accredited to Turkey through its embassy in Ankara, a consulate general in Istanbul, and an honorary vice consulate in Antalya. The United Kingdom also has a consulate in İzmir, and honorary consulates in Bodrum, Fethiye, and Marmaris. Both countries share common membership of the Coalition of the Willing, the Council of Europe, the G20, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Agreement, an Investment Agreement, and a Trade Agreement. Both countries are negotiating a new Free Trade Agreement. 250 thousand Turkish citizens reside in the United Kingdom. 2,562,064 British tourists visited Turkey in 2019. Yunus Emre Institute has a local branch in London.	√

International organizations

• ASEAN (Sectoral Dialogue Partner)
• ACD
• ADB
• Australia Group
• BIS
• Black Sea Naval Force
• BSEC
• CE
• Community of Portuguese Language Countries (observer)
• Developing-8
• EBRD
• G20
• IAEA
• IBRD
• International Energy Agency
• NATO
• NEA
• NSG
• OECD
• OIC
• OSCE
• Turkic Council
• TURKPA
• TÜRKSOY
• UfM

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945), the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (1969), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973), and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as a strategic eastern anchor. Its strategic importance lies in its control of the Turkish Straits, which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and its borders with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir and the United States has maintained a military presence via the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Turkey
• List of diplomatic missions of Turkey
• Turkey's membership of international organizations
• Visa requirements for Turkish citizens
• 2025 UAE espionage network in Turkey

Further reading

European Union–Turkey relations

• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, "EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012).
• Barchard, David. "Turkey and the West." (Chatham House Papers, No. 27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.
• Cakir, A.E. (ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011).
• Dixon, Jeffrey C., "Turkey, Islam and the EU," Contexts, 8.4 (2009).
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, "Fading Attraction: Turkey's Shifting Relationship with the European Union," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013).
• Fuller, Graham E. Turkey's New Geopolitics: From the Balkans to Western China. (A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993.
• Gocek, Fatma Muge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
• Goffman, Daniel. Izmir and the Levantine World, 1550–1650. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990.
• International Crisis Group, "Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead," Europe Report No. 184 (17 August 2007).
• Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).
• Kubicek, Paul, "Turkey's Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward," Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008).
• Kuniholm, Bruce R. "Turkey and the West," Foreign Affairs, 70, No. 2, Spring 1991, pp. 34–48.
• Kuniholm, Bruce R., "Turkey and NATO," in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R. and Luraghi, R. (eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985).
• McGhee, George C. "Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30.
• Oguzlu, Tarik, "Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?" Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011).
• Pierini, Marc, "Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019.
• Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, "A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship," Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014).
• Reuther, Helmut (ed.). „Deutschlands Außenpolitik seit 1955“. With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Außenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965.
• Steinbach, Udo. "Turkey-ECC Relations: Cultural Dimension." pp. 13–24 in Erol Manisali, ed., Turkey's Place in Europe: Economic, Political, and Cultural Dimensions. Istanbul: Ucer, 1990.
• Tocci, Nathalie, "New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations," Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
• Narbone, Luigi and Tocci, Nathalie, "Running Around in Circles? The Cyclical Relationship Between Turkey and the European Union," in Verney, S. and Infantis, K. (eds.), Turkey's Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009).

Greece–Turkey relations

• "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26.
• Bahcheli, Tozun. Greek–Turkish Relations since 1955. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990.
• Balci, Ali, "Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP," Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012).
• Brus, Marcel et al., "A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots," TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No. 7 (Istanbul, June 2008).
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010).
• Ertekün, Necati M. The Cyprus Dispute and the Birth of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984.
• International Crisis Group, "Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet," Europe Report No. 194 (23 June 2008).
• International Crisis Group, "The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?" Europe Report No. 171 (8 March 2006).
• Migdalovitz, Carol, "Cyprus: Status of U.N. Negotiations and Related Issues," CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007).
• Ozcan, Gencer, "The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey," in Kirisci, K. and Rubin, B. (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Pipinelis, Panayotis. "The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306–16.
• Psomiades, Harry J. The Eastern Question: The Last Phase. A Study in Greek Turkish Diplomacy. Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968.
• Qicek, Kemal. "Living Together: Muslim-Christian Relations in 18th-Century Cyprus as Reflected by the Shari'a Court Record," Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations [Birmingham, United Kingdom], 4, No. 1, 1993.
• Sozen, Ahmet, "The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?" in Cengiz, F. and Hoffmann, L. (eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014).
• Stearns, Monteagle. Entangled Allies: US Policy toward Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992.
• Turkeş, Alpaslan. Dış Politikamız ve Kıbrıs (Our Foreign Policy and Cyprus). Istanbul: Publication of the Istanbul Cypriote-Turkish Society, 1966.

Middle East–Turkey relations

• Ayoob, Mohammed, "Beyond the Democratic Wave in the Arab World: The Middle East's Turko-Persian Future," Insight Turkey, 13.2 (2011).
• Bank, André and Karadag, Roy, "The 'Ankara Moment': The Politics of Turkey's Regional Power in the Middle East," Third World Quarterly, 34.2 (2013).
• Bengio, Ofra and Ozcan, Gencer, "Old Grievances, New Fears: Arab Perceptions of Turkey and Its Alignment with Israel," Middle Eastern Studies, 37.2 (April 2001).
• Bolukbasi, Suha. "Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and the Euphrates Dam," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 16, No. 4, June 1993, pp. 9–32.
• Brummett, Palmira. Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.
• Burton, J.A. "Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558–1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103.
• Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
• Haddad, Benjamin, "Time for Turkey and Europe to Face Reality: Turkey Is Not Going to Join the EU. And That Is OK," Foreign Policy, 23 May 3016.
• Nafi, Basheer M., "The Arabs and Modern Turkey: A Century of Changing Perceptions," Insight Turkey, 11.1 (2009).
• Hale, William M. "Turkey, the Middle East, and the Gulf Crisis," International Affairs [London], 68, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 679–692.
• International Crisis Group, "Turkey and the Middle East: Ambitions and Constraints," Europe Report No. 203 (7 April 2010).
• Jennings, Ronald C. Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
• Karpat, Kemal H., "Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations," in Karpat, K. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal, Tocci, Nathalie, and Walker, Joshua, "A Neighborhood Rediscovered: Turkey's Transatlantic Value in the Middle East," The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Paper Series (Washington, DC, 2010).
• Kirisci, Kemal, "The EU, Turkey and the Arab Spring: Challenges and Opportunities for Regional Integration," IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 1 (2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Winrow, Gareth M., The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
• Levy, Aviador. The Sephardim in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992.
• Robins, Philip. Turkey and the Middle East. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991.
• Sayari, Sabri. "Turkey: The Changing European Security Environment and the Gulf Crisis," Middle East Journal, 46, No. 1, Winter 1992, pp. 9–21.
• Shaw, Stanford. The Jews of the Ottoman Emire and Modern Turkey. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits

• "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47.
• Bayazit, Vural. "Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67–69.
• DeLuca, Anthony R. The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936. (East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981.
• Dranov, B. Chernomorskie Prolivy-Mezhdunarodno-pravovoi rezhim (The Black Sea Straits-International-legal regime). Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948.
• Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt. "Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28–43.
• Eren, Nuri. "Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337–48.
• Erkin, Feridun Cerna. Les Relations Turco-Soviétiques et la Question des Detroits. Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968.
• Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü. "The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290–302.
• Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm. "Nachbarschaft am Schwarzen Meer. Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613–20.
• Howard, Harry N. "The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East Journal, January 1947, pp. 59–72.
• Hurewitz, J. C. The Background of Russia's Claims to the Turkish Straits. Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964.
• Imhoff, Christoph von. Duell in Mittelmeer: Moskau greift nach dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten. Freiburg i. Br.: Rombach, 1968.
• Rohn, Peter H. "Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. n9-60.
• Routh, D. A. "The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936. London: Oxford University Press, 1937.
• Sadak, Necmeddin. "Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449–461.
• Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak. Turkey at the Straits: A Short History. New York: Macmillan, 1940.
• Yanik, Lerna. "Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991–2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349–370.

Turkey–Turkic world relations

• Contessi, Nicola P. "Turkey and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Common values, economics or pure geopolitics?" in Emre Erşen, Seçkin Köstem, eds. Turkey's Pivot to Eurasia. Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp. 93–110.
• Gokalp, Ziya. The Principles of Turkism. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968.
• Kubilay Yado Arin. The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013).
• Landau, Jacob M. Pan-Turkism in Turkey: A Study of Irredentism. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981.
• Robins, Philip. "Between Sentiment and Self-interest: Turkey's Policy toward Azerbaijan and the Central Asian States," Middle East Journal, 47, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp. 593–610.

Turkey–United States relations

• Armaoglu, Fahir H. "Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. 1–15.
• Aybet, Gülnur. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Its Implications for the West: A Turkish Perspective. London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994.
• Barkey, Henri. "Turkish-American Relations in the Post-War Era: An Alliance of Convenience," Orient [Leverkusen, Germany], 33, No. 3, 1992, pp. 447–464.
• Barlas, Dilek, and Şuhnaz Yilmaz. "Managing the transition from Pax Britannica to Pax Americana: Turkey's relations with Britain and the US in a turbulent era (1929–47)." Turkish Studies (2016): pp. 1–25.
• Bolukbasi, Suha. The Superpowers and the Third World: Turkish–American Relations and Cyprus. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988.
• Couloumbis, Theodore A. The United States, Greece, and Turkey: The Troubled Triangle. New York: Praeger, 1983.
• Yilmaz, Şuhnaz. Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015).

Foreign relations (1923–1945)

• "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923–1968)" ("Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923–1968"). Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi (Review of the Political Science Faculty), 23 (1968).
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. "Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923–1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103–42.
• Ataöv, Türkkaya. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Howard, Harry N. The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913–1923. New York: Ferig, 1966.
• Kohn, Hans. "Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp. 141–155.
• Sousa, Nasim. The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey: Its History, Origin, and Nature. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
• Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918–1948. Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950.

Foreign relations (1945–2002)

• Abramowitz, Morton. "Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Özal," Foreign Policy, No. 91, 1993, pp. 164–81.
• Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, "Turkey's Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?" Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008).
• Batu, Hamit. "La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp. 1–12.
• Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W. Thompson (eds.). Foreign Policies in a World of Change. New York: Harper & Row, 1963. With a contribution by Nuri Eren, "The Foreign Policy of Turkey."
• Danforth, Nicholas. 2021. The Remaking of Republican Turkey: Memory and Modernity since the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
• Deshocquets, Claude. "La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp. 222–236.
• Dodd, Clement H., ed. Turkish Foreign Policy: New Prospects. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Hartmann, Hans Walter. Die auswärtige Politik der Türkei, pp. 923–940. Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999.
• Karpat, Kemal H. (ed.), Turkey's Foreign Policy in Transition (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975).
• Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
• Robins, Philip, "Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan," Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997).
• Rouleau, Eric. "The Challenges to Turkey," Foreign Affairs, 72, No. 5, November–December 1993, pp. 110–126.

Foreign relations (2002–present)

• Duran, Burhanettin, "JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation," in Yavuz, H.M. (ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006).
• Dursun-Özkanca, Ova. 2019. Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-Alliance Opposition. Cambridge University Press.
• Hale, William. Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2012).
• Kirisci, Kemal, "Turkey's Foreign Policy in Turbulent Times," Chaillot Paper 92 (Paris, EUISS, 2006).
• Kutlay, Mustafa, "Economy as the 'Practical Hand' of 'New Turkish Foreign Policy': A Political Economy Explanation," Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Renda, Kadri Kaan, "Turkey's Neighborhood Policy: An Emerging Complex Interdependence?" Insight Turkey, 13.1 (2011).
• Sandole, Dennis J.D., "Turkey's Unique Role in Nipping in the Bud the 'Clash of Civilizations'," International Politics, 46.5 (September 2009).
• Schenkkan, Nate, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats, Foreign Affairs Committee, United States House of Representatives, Hearings on "The Future of Turkish Democracy," 15 July 2014.

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey
• Örmeci, Ozan & Işıksal, Hüseyin (2015), Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Template:Webarchive