Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

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The Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is a regional international organization focusing on multilateral political and economic initiatives aimed at fostering cooperation, peace, stability and prosperity in the Black Sea region. It traces its origin to 25 June 1992, when Turkish President Turgut Özal and leaders of ten other countries gathered in Istanbul and signed the Summit Declaration and the "Bosphorus Statement". BSEC Headquarters – the Permanent International Secretariat of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC PERMIS) – was established in March 1994, also in Istanbul.[1]

With the entry into force of its Charter on 1 May 1999, BSEC acquired international legal identity and was transformed into a full-fledged regional economic organization: Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. With the accession of Serbia (then Serbia and Montenegro) in April 2004, the Organization’s Member States increased to twelve.[1] North Macedonia's accession in 2020 increased the organization's membership to thirteen.

An important aspect of the activities of BSEC is the development of SME and entrepreneurship in the member countries. Concerning these issues, a series of workshops have been organized in cooperation with Konrad Adenauer Foundation and ERENET.[2]

Membership

File:Black Sea Economic Cooperation.svg
<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  BSEC member states
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  BSEC observer states

Member countries

Founding members

Arms Flag Name Area
(km2) 		Population
 Population
density
(per km2) 		Capital Name(s) in official language(s)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Albania 28,748 2,876,591 98.5 Tirana Shqipëria
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Armenia 29,743 3,000,756 101.5 Yerevan Հայաստան (Hayastan)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Azerbaijan 86,600 9,911,646 113 Baku Azǝrbaycan
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Bulgaria 110,910 7,101,859 64.9 Sofia Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Transliteration)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Georgia 69,700 3,718,200 53.5 Tbilisi საქართველო (Sakartvelo)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Greece 131,957 10,768,477 82 Athens Ελλάδα (Elláda)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Moldova 33,846 3,434,547 101.5 Chișinău Moldova
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Romania 238,397 19,638,000 84.4 Bucharest România
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Russia 17,098,246 144,526,636 8.4 Moscow Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Transliteration)
Template:Flagicon Turkey 783,356 83,614,362[3] 106.7 Ankara Türkiye
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Ukraine 603,628 33,365,000 73.8 Kyiv Script error: No such module "Lang". (Template:Transliteration)

Later members

Arms Flag Name Area
(km2) 		Population
 Population
density
(per km2) 		Capital Name(s) in official language(s)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon North Macedonia 25,713 1,836,713 83 Skopje Северна Македонија (Template:Transliteration)
Template:Coat of arms Template:Flagicon Serbia 88,361 8,669,541 98.1 Belgrade Србија (Template:Transliteration)
File:BSEC members.png
Black Sea Economic Cooperation (zoom) <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />
  members
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  observers

As seen above, membership has not been restricted to countries which have access to the Black Sea: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Greece, North Macedonia, Moldova, and Serbia do not have coastlines on the Black Sea, though the last two are connected through the Danube river corridor and Greece through the two sea straits.

North Macedonia's application was vetoed by Greece after Turkey vetoed the previous application of the Republic of Cyprus, prompting Greece to cease to approve future applications from any country.[4] However, North Macedonia was admitted into the bloc on 9 November 2020.[5]

Observer nations

Observer organizations

Sectoral dialogue partner countries

Sectoral dialogue partner organizations

International organizations

Structure

File:BSEC 2017 stamp of Serbia.jpg
Commemorating 25th Anniversary of BSEC on 2017 post stamp of Serbia
  • Summit Meetings of the Heads of State or Government of the Member States meets regularly every 5 years;[9]
  • Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs is the main decision-making organ of BSEC, and meets twice a year;
  • The Council of Ministers meets to achieve consensus on specific issues;
  • The Committee of Senior Officials meets 4 times a year and acts on behalf of Ministers of Foreign Affairs;
  • The Subsidiary Organs formed by the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs deal with their mandate defined by the Council, prepare joint projects and follow the implementation of these projects. Working Groups and Groups of Experts are the Subsidiary Organs;
  • Chairmanship-in-Office coordinates all activities of BSEC, as well as, it controls the proper conduct of the activities of the organization and implementation of the Resolutions and Decisions adopted by the Council. In English alphabetical order, one of the Member States heads the Chairmanship-in-Office every 6 months.[9] Chairmanship in BSEC is performed by Ukraine for the term of 1 July - 31 December 2017.[10]

Related bodies

Related bodies of BSEC carry out their functions due respect to the principles of BSEC defined in the Summit Declaration of 25 June 1992 and in the Charter. They have their own budget.[9]

Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (PABSEC)

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation based in Istanbul, is the inter-parliamentary consultative institution of the organization formed based on the Declaration on the Establishment of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation on February 26, 1993 by 9 founding states. Greece joined PABSEC in 1995, Bulgaria joined in 1997, and Serbia (former Serbia and Montenegro) joined in 2004.[11]

Representatives of Parliaments of member countries pursue objectives which are stated in the preamble of the PABSEC Rules and Procedures: insure the understanding and adoption of the ideas and objectives of BSEC; provide a legal basis for social, economic, cultural, commercial and political cooperation among the member states; provide support to the national parliaments to reinforce the parliamentary democracy; pass the legislation required for the implementation of the decisions adopted by the Heads of States or by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs.[11]

Main bodies of PABSEC are General Assembly, Standing Committee, the Bureau, Committees, the President, the Secretary General, and the International Secretariat. The Assembly is composed of 76 members. English, French, Russian and Turkish are the working languages of PABSEC.[11]

The President of PABSEC is Archil Talakvadze from Georgia, the Vice-President is Anush Beghloyan from Armenia.[12]

Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization Business Council (BSEC BC)

The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization Business Council was formed in 1992 as an international, non-governmental and non-profit organization to strengthen the improvement of the business environment within Black Sea region. Business Council represents the business communities of member states. The International Secretariat of Business Council is based in Istanbul.[13]

Black Sea Trade and Development Bank (BSTDB)

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Black Sea Trade and Development Bank (BSTDB) is an international financial institution that was formed 24 January 1997.[14] It supports economic development and regional cooperation by providing trade and project financing, guarantees, and equity for development projects supporting both public and private enterprises in its member countries. Objectives of the bank include promoting regional trade links, cross country projects, foreign direct investment, supporting activities that contribute to sustainable development, with an emphasis on the generation of employment in the member countries, ensuring that each operation is economically and financially sound and contributes to the development of a market orientation.[15] The organization has an authorized capital of $1.325 billion.[16] The bank's headquarters are located in Thessaloniki, Greece.

BSTDB is governed by the Agreement Establishing Black Sea Trade and Development Bank, a United Nations registered treaty.[14] Unlike the International Monetary Fund and others, the BSTDB does not attach policy conditions by which debtor states can be controlled.[17] The Bank has a long term credit rating of 'A' from Moody's Investors Service and an 'A3' from Standard & Poor's, both with a stable outlook.[18]

International Centre for Black Sea Studies (ICBSS)

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The International Center for Black Sea Studies is an independent think tank focused on the wider Black Sea region, which serves as a related body of BSEC at the same time. It was established in 1998.[19]

BSEC Coordination Center for the Exchange of Statistical Data and Economic Information (BCCESDEI)

The BSEC Coordination Center for the Exchange of Statistical Data and Economic Information was established with the aim to collect statistical and economic information, accomplish secretarial functions, coordinate obtained data and share it with member countries.[20]

Working Groups

Member states are cooperating on different issues within the Working Groups.[21] They are the following:

Working Groups of OBSEC
Working Groups on Country Coordinator Term
Agriculture and Agro-Industry Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2023 - 30 June 2025[22]
Banking and Finance Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2020 - 31 December 2021[23]
Combatting Crime Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2018 - 31 December 2020[24]
Culture Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2023 - 30 June 2025[25]
Customs Matters pending[26]
Education Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2020 - 31 December 2021[27]
Emergency Assistance Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2023 - 30 June 2025[28]
Energy Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2023 - 30 June 2025[29]
Environmental Protection Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2019 - 31 December 2020[30]
Exchange of Statistical Data and Economic Information pending[31]
Healthcare and Pharmaceutics Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2018 - 30 June 2020[32]
Information and Communication Technologies Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2020 - 31 December 2021[33]
Institutional Renewal and Good Governance Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2023 - 30 June 2025[34]
Science and Technology Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2023 – 30 June 2024[35]
SMEs Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2024 - 31 December 2025[36]
Tourism Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2023 - 31 December 2024[37]
Trade and Economic Development Template:Flagcountry 1 July 2018 - 30 June 2020[38]
Transport Template:Flagcountry 1 January 2023 - 31 December 2024[39]

The functions of Working Groups, of which country coordinators have not been appointed yet, are performed temporarily by the PERMIS.[40][31][41]

See also

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Notes

Template:Refbegin <templatestyles src="Citation/styles.css"/>^ Joined as Template:Country data Serbia and Montenegro in April 2004;[1] BSEC membership was inherited by Serbia after the country dissolved in 2006.[42]Template:Refend

References

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External links

Template:Black Sea Economic Cooperation countries Template:Regional organizations Template:Europe topics (small) Template:Navbox with collapsible groups Template:Western world Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Antal Szabó (ed.), Emerging entrepreneurship and the policy development in the BSEC after the economic crises, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Ankara 2012, Template:ISBN
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  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  14. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  31. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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