Foreign relations of Syria

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Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Since the Syrian Republic gained independence from the French Mandate, Syria has seen tension with its neighbours, such as Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbours and securing the return of the Golan Heights, had been the primary goals of Ba'athist Syria's foreign policy. Syria is also a full member of the Arab League. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian civil war. Due to the Syrian civil war, Ba'athist Syrian government was partially isolated from the countries in the region and the wider international community until 2022.[1] After the fall of the Assad regime in late 2024, the new Syrian government actively engaged with the European Union and neighboring countries including Turkey and the Arab world for post-war reconstruction.[2]

History

Ba'athist Syria

Under the Ba'athist regime, diplomatic relations were severed with several countries, including Turkey, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, Mexico, Qatar, Georgia, and Ukraine.[3] In 2011 and 2012, Syria was suspended from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Union for the Mediterranean and the Arab League.[4]

Ba'athist Syria had close ties with its traditional allies, Iran and Russia. Other countries that maintain good relations with the Assad regime include China, North Korea, Vietnam,[5][6] Fiji, Singapore, Sri Lanka,[7] Laos,[8] Myanmar,[9] Cambodia,[10] Thailand,[11] Philippines,[12] India,[13][14][15] Pakistan,[16] Bangladesh,[17] Malaysia,[18] Indonesia[19] Brunei,[20] Armenia,[21] Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,[22] Kyrgyzstan,[23] Uzbekistan,[11] Turkmenistan,[11] Mongolia,[24] Tajikistan,[25] Greece, Cyprus, North Macedonia,[26] Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary,[27] Serbia, Montenegro,[28] Vatican City and Belarus.[29] Syria was a candidate state of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).[30][31]

Syria maintains relations with autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan.[32] Syria has not recognized Israel since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Ba'athist Syria also didn’t have diplomatic relations with South Korea, but the Assad regime had diplomatic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia (two Russian-occupied territories in Georgia).[33]

On 26 February 2023, Bashar al-Assad met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati lawmakers, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon after more than a decade of isolation in the region. Arab states contributed significantly to the relief effort after the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.[34] Syrian–Turkish normalization was also underway since 2022. On 7 May 2023, following these rapprochements, Syria was readmitted to the Arab League.[4] While the earthquake facilitated these rapprochements, the main reasons for the readmission were the Syrian refugees in neighboring countries and the Captagon trafficking, two issues that needed Syrias involvement for being solved.[4]

Post Ba'athist era

Since the fall of the Assad regime in 2024, it is unclear whether the new transitional government retained all of Ba'athist Syria's diplomatic relations. However, Turkey became the first country to re-establish diplomatic relations with post-Assad Syria, doing so on 14 December 2024.[35] In December 2024, Qatar also re-established diplomatic relations with Syria.[36]

In April 2025, Saudi Arabia increased its engagement with Syria by planning to pay off Syria's $15 million debt to the World Bank, potentially allowing Syria to receive grants for reconstruction efforts under its new government led by Ahmed al-Sharaa, who seized power in December 2024. The international community is cautiously observing al-Sharaa's government, particularly regarding its commitment to protecting religious minorities, though this move by Saudi Arabia signals a new level of diplomatic and economic engagement with the Syrian government after years of strained relations. In addition, other Gulf Arab states have announced plans to support Syria as well.[37]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Syria maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Syria.svg
# Country Date
1 Template:Country data United Kingdom Template:Dts[38]Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
2 Template:Country data Saudi Arabia Template:Dts[39]
3 Template:Country data Russia Template:Dts[40]
4 Template:Country data United States Template:Dts[41]
5 Template:Country data Egypt Template:Dts[42]
6 Template:Country data Poland Template:Dts[43]
7 Template:Country data Chile Template:Dts[44]
8 Template:Country data Iraq Template:Dts[45]
9 Template:Country data Brazil Template:Dts[46][47]
10 Template:Country data Argentina Template:Dts[48]
11 Template:Country data Turkey Template:Dts[49]
12 Template:Country data Belgium Template:Dts[50]
13 Template:Country data Switzerland Template:Dts[45]
14 Template:Country data Serbia Template:Dts[45]
15 Template:Country data Venezuela Template:Dts[51]
16 Template:Country data France Template:Dts[52]
17 Template:Country data Philippines Template:Dts[53]
18 Template:Country data Czech Republic Template:Dts[54]
19 Template:Country data Uruguay Template:Dts[55]
20 Template:Country data Iran Template:Dts[45]
21 Template:Country data Greece Template:Dts[45]
22 Template:Country data Sweden Template:Dts[45]
23 Template:Country data Italy Template:Dts[56]
24 Template:Country data Spain Template:Dts[57][58]
25 Template:Country data Afghanistan Template:Dts[59]
26 Template:Country data Norway Template:Dts[60]
27 Template:Country data Jordan Template:Dts[61]
28 Template:Country data Ethiopia Template:Dts[62]
29 Template:Country data Pakistan Template:Dts[63]
30 Template:Country data Indonesia Template:Dts[64]
31 Template:Country data India Template:Dts[65]
32 Template:Country data Mexico Template:Dts[66]
33 Template:Country data Netherlands Template:Dts[67]
34 Template:Country data Austria Template:Dts[67]
35 Template:Country data Germany Template:Dts[68]
— Template:Country data Holy See Template:Dts[69]
36 Template:Country data Finland Template:Dts[70]
37 Template:Country data Luxembourg Template:Dts[71]
38 Template:Country data Denmark Template:Dts[72]
39 Template:Country data Japan Template:Dts[73]
40 Template:Country data Hungary Template:Dts[72]
41 Template:Country data Bulgaria Template:Dts[74]
42 Template:Country data Romania Template:Dts[75]
43 Template:Country data Thailand Template:Dts[76]
44 Template:Country data Morocco Template:Dts[77]
45 Template:Country data Tunisia Template:Dts[77]
46 Template:Country data China Template:Dts[78]
47 Template:Country data Sudan Template:Dts[79]
48 Template:Country data Malaysia Template:Dts[80]
49 Template:Country data Cyprus Template:Dts[81]
50 Template:Country data Algeria Template:Dts[82]
51 Template:Country data Kuwait Template:Dts[83]
52 Template:Country data Libya Template:Dts[84]
53 Template:Country data Benin Template:Dts[85]
54 Template:Country data Cameroon Template:Dts[85]
55 Template:Country data Guinea Template:Dts[85]
56 Template:Country data Mali Template:Dts[85]
57 Template:Country data Sierra Leone Template:Dts[85]
58 Template:Country data Somalia Template:Dts[86]
59 Template:Country data Costa Rica Template:Dts[87]
60 Template:Country data Senegal Template:Dts[88]
61 Template:Country data Canada Template:Dts[89]
62 Template:Country data Yemen Template:Dts[90]
63 Template:Country data Cuba Template:Dts[91]
64 Template:Country data Nigeria Template:Dts[92]
65 Template:Country data Mauritania Template:Dts[93]
66 Template:Country data Vietnam Template:Dts[94]
67 Template:Country data North Korea Template:Dts[95]
68 Template:Country data Niger Template:Dts[96]
69 Template:Country data Tanzania Template:Dts[96]
70 Template:Country data Mongolia Template:Dts[97]
71 Template:Country data Sri Lanka Template:Dts[98]
72 Template:Country data Zambia Template:Dts[99]
73 Template:Country data Albania Template:Dts[100]
74 Template:Country data Chad Template:Dts[101]
75 Template:Country data Nepal Template:Dts[102]
76 Template:Country data Mauritius Template:Dts[103]
77 Template:Country data Malta Template:Dts[104]
78 Template:Country data Rwanda Template:Dts[105]
79 Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago Template:Dts[106]
80 Template:Country data Qatar Template:Dts[107]
81 Template:Country data United Arab Emirates Template:Dts[107]
82 Template:Country data Burundi Template:Dts[108]
83 Template:Country data Myanmar Template:Dts[109]
84 Template:Country data Uganda Template:Dts[110]
85 Template:Country data Guyana Template:Dts[111]
86 Template:Country data Bangladesh Template:Dts[112]
87 Template:Country data Bahrain Template:Dts[113]
88 Template:Country data Portugal Template:Dts[114]
89 Template:Country data Australia Template:Dts[115]
90 Template:Country data Gabon Template:Dts[116]
91 Template:Country data Ireland Template:Dts[116]
92 Template:Country data Mozambique Template:Dts[117]
93 Template:Country data Peru Template:Dts[118]
94 Template:Country data Comoros Template:Dts[119]
95 Template:Country data Panama Template:Dts[120]
96 Template:Country data Suriname Template:Dts[121]
97 Template:Country data Republic of the Congo Template:Dts[122]
98 Template:Country data Djibouti Template:Dts[123]
99 Template:Country data Grenada Template:Dts[124]
100 Template:Country data Maldives Template:Dts[125]
101 Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda Template:Dts[126]
102 Template:Country data Oman Template:Dts[127]
103 Template:Country data Colombia Template:Dts[128]
— Template:Country data State of Palestine Template:Dts[129]
104 Template:Country data Armenia Template:Dts[130]
105 Template:Country data Uzbekistan Template:Dts[131]
106 Template:Country data Turkmenistan Template:Dts[132]
107 Template:Country data Kazakhstan Template:Dts[133]
108 Template:Country data Azerbaijan Template:Dts[134]
109 Template:Country data Tajikistan Template:Dts[135]
110 Template:Country data Ukraine Template:Dts[136][137]
111 Template:Country data Slovakia Template:Dts[138]
— Template:Country data Georgia (terminated) Template:Dts[139]
112 Template:Country data Estonia Template:Dts[140]
113 Template:Country data Moldova Template:Dts[141]
114 Template:Country data Latvia Template:Dts[142]
115 Template:Country data Lithuania Template:Dts[143]
116 Template:Country data Kyrgyzstan Template:Dts[144]
117 Template:Country data Belarus Template:Dts[145]
118 Template:Country data Eritrea Template:Dts[146]
119 Template:Country data South Africa Template:Dts[147]
120 Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina Template:Dts[148]
121 Template:Country data Slovenia Template:Dts[149]
122 Template:Country data Croatia Template:Dts[150]
123 Template:Country data Ecuador Template:Dts[151]
124 Template:Country data Angola Template:Dts[152]
125 Template:Country data Nicaragua Template:Dts[153]
126 Template:Country data Belize Template:Dts[152]
127 Template:Country data Brunei Template:Dts[154]
128 Template:Country data Iceland Template:Dts[152]
129 Template:Country data Paraguay Template:Dts[152]
130 Template:Country data Laos Template:Dts[152]
131 Template:Country data New Zealand Template:Dts[155]
132 Template:Country data Kenya Template:Dts[156]
133 Template:Country data Dominican Republic Template:Dts[157]
134 Template:Country data Singapore Template:Dts[152]
135 Template:Country data Lebanon Template:Dts[158]
136 Template:Country data Montenegro Template:Dts[152]
137 Template:Country data North Macedonia Template:Dts[159]
138 Template:Country data Cambodia Template:Dts[152]
139 Template:Country data Fiji Template:Dts[152]
— Template:Country data Abkhazia Template:Dts[160]
— Template:Country data South Ossetia Template:Dts[161][162][163]
— Template:Country data Dominica (suspended)[164] Template:Dts[152]
140 Template:Country data Bolivia Template:Dts[165]
141 Template:Country data South Korea Template:Dts[152]
142 Template:Country data Ghana Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Algeria 27 August 1962 See Algeria–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1962.[82]
  • Syria has an embassy in Algiers.
  • Algeria has an embassy in Damascus.[166]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Angola 10 February 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1999.[167]
  • In 2021, Faisal Mekdad, Foreign and Expatriates Minister, met with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Angola, Tete António, within the framework of the High-Level Meeting to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the First Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.[168]
Template:Country data Benin 29 November 1964
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[169]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in Cotonou.[170]
Template:Country data Cameroon 29 November 1964
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[169]
  • In 2017, President Bashar al-Assad received on Thursday a cable of congratulation from President of Cameroon Paul Biya on occasion of Syria's Independence Day.[171]
Template:Country data Egypt 1944 See Egypt–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1944 when Rafik Asha was accredited as Chargé d'Affaires of Syrian Legation (Embassy) in Cairo.[42]
  • Syria has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Damascus.[172]
  • In June 2013 Egypt's president Mohammed Morsi announced he would cut all relations with the Syrian government.[173] Under Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, however, Egypt has taken a more supportive stance towards Syria's government. In 2017, for example, Egypt called for Syria's re-admittance to the Arab League.[174]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Libya 1963 See Libya–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Mauritania 11 June 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1966.[93]
  • Syria has an embassy in Nouakchott.[182]
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Damascus.[183]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Morocco 2 June 1956 See Morocco–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1956.[77]
  • Syria is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Algiers.[175]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Damascus.[184]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Mozambique 5 August 1975
Template:Country data Nigeria 30 September 1965
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1965.[92]
  • Syria has an embassy in Abuja and honorary consulates in Lagos and Kano.[170]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Damascus.[186]
  • In 2022, Nigeria called for lifting all sanctions imposed on Syria.[187]
Template:Country data SADR 15 April 1980 (recognition) See See Western Sahara–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria officially recognized SADR on 15 April 1980, but does not maintain diplomatic relations with it.[188]
  • SADR has General Delegation in Damascus.
Template:Country data Senegal 21 January 1965
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1965.[88]
  • Syria has an embassy in Dakar.[189][190]
  • Senegal is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo.[191]
Template:Country data Somalia 13 December 1964

See Somalia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Template:Country data South Africa 1 June 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1994.[194]
  • Syria has an embassy in Pretoria.[195]
  • South Africa has an embassy in Damascus.[196]
  • Both countries share close political and economic relations.[197][198]
Template:Country data Sudan 28 January 1957 See Sudan–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1957, when Ambassador of Syria to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Abdel Rahman El Azm was accredited.[79]
  • Syria has an embassy in Khartoum.[199]
  • Sudan has an embassy in Damascus.[200]
  • On 16 December 2018, Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir, became the first Arab League member to visit Syria since the eruption of Syrian civil war in 2011.[201]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Tanzania 13 September 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1966.[96]
  • Syria has an embassy in Dar-es-Salaam.[202]
  • Tanzania is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo.
  • In 2013, Tanzania supported Syrian government in the civil war.[203]
Template:Country data Tunisia 2 June 1956 See Syria–Tunisia relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries establishged diplomatic relations on 2 June 1956.[77]
  • Syria has an embassy in Tunis.[175]
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Damascus.[204]
  • Tunisia ceased to recognise the government of Syria on 4 February 2012. During his tenure, Hamadi Jebali, the Prime Minister, called on fellow Arab states to follow its lead: "We have to expel the Syrian ambassadors from Arab countries."[205]
  • In 2019, France24 speculated that new president Kais Saied could renew his country's diplomatic relations with Syria.[206]
  • Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, President Saied decided to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria to the ambassador level.[207]
  • In April 2023, Syria officially re-established diplomatic relations with Tunisia.[208]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Uganda 28 June 1972
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1972.[110]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in Kampala.[209]
Template:Country data Zimbabwe
  • Syria is accredited to Zimbabwe from its embassy in Pretoria.
  • On 1 June 2014, chairperson of the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Foreign Affairs Cde Enock Porusingazi said that Zimbabwe stood in solidarity with Syria and its people, supporting their government.[210]

Americas

Syria has diplomatic relations with most Central and South American countries such as Antigua and Barbuda,[211] Argentina,[212] Bolivia,[213] Brazil,[214] Chile,[215] Cuba,[216][217] Ecuador,[218] El Salvador,[219] Grenada,[220] Guatemala,[221] Guyana,[222] Nicaragua,[223] Panama,[224] Paraguay,[225] Peru,[226] Saint Lucia,[227] Suriname,[211] Uruguay[228] and Venezuela.[229]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda 18 April 1983
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1983.[230]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in St. John's.[231]
  • In 2021, Antigua along with other ALBA members, expressed support for Syria in the war.[211]
Template:Country data Argentina 23 November 1945 See Argentina–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Belize 28 August 2001
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 2001.[236]
  • Syria is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Havana.
Template:Country data Bolivia 4 September 2023
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2023.[165]
  • Syria is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Santiago.
  • In 2019, Dr. Bouthaina Shaaban, the presidential advisor, held a meeting with Bolivian Minister of Foreign Affairs Diego Pary Rodríguez. The two sides stressed the importance of friendly relations between Syria and Bolivia and mutual cooperation.[213]
Template:Country data Brazil 13 November 1945 See Brazil–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945.[46][47]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Damascus.[237][238]
  • Syria has an embassy in Brasília.[239]
  • In 2010, President Bashar al-Assad visited Brazil and held meeting with Lula da Silva on closer political and economic ties.[240]
Template:Country data Canada 20 May 1965 See Canada–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1965.[241]
  • The Canadian Embassy closed on 5 March 2012.[242]
  • The Syrian Embassy in Ottawa was closed on 29 May 2012.[243]
  • Syrian consulate in Montreal was closed in 2016.[244] Syria has an honorary consulate in Vancouver.
  • Since the beginning of the Syrian War, over 40,000 Syrian refugees have re-settled in Canada.[245]
  • Canada has announced plans to ease sanctions against Syria and names its ambassador to Lebanon to serve in a parallel role in Syria on 13 March 2025.[246]
Template:Country data Chile 22 October 1945 See Chile–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Colombia 24 May 1988
Template:Country data Cuba 11 August 1965[91] See Cuba–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Damascus.[250]
  • Both countries have close political, economic and military relations.[251]
  • In 2010, President Bashar al-Assad met with Cuban leader Raul Castro as part of his visit in Cuba.[234]
Template:Country data Dominican Republic 2 October 2007
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 2007.[157]
  • Syria is accredited to Dominican Republic from its embassy in Caracas.
Template:Country data Grenada 23 January 1980
Template:Country data Guyana 19 June 1973
Template:Country data Mexico 20 August 1950 See Mexico–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Mexico and Syria established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1950.[254]
  • Syria does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo.[255]
  • In 2014, Mexico closed its honorary consulate in Damascus.[256]
Template:Country data Nicaragua 14 February 1999 See Nicaragua–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1999.[153]
  • Syria is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Havana.
  • Nicaragua is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Tehran.
  • Both nations share close political relations.[223]
Template:Country data Panama 17 February 1976
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1976.[120]
  • Syria has an honorary consulates in Panama City and Colón.[257]
Template:Country data Paraguay 13 December 2004
Template:Country data Peru 16 August 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1975.[118]
  • Syria is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago.
  • In 2023, the Syrian Foreign Ministry has expressed solidarity and condolences to the relatives of the victims of an Guayas earthquake that shook a coastal region of northern Peru.[263]
Template:Country data Suriname 18 October 1976
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1976.[264]
  • In 2021, Suriname along with other ALBA members, expressed support for Syria in the civil war.[211]
Template:Country data Trinidad and Tobago 11 January 1972
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1972 when was accredited first Ambassador of Syrian Arab Republic (resident in Caracas) Mr. Bachir El Kotb.[106]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in Arima.[265]
Template:Country data United States 17 November 1944 See Syria–United States relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1944.[266]
  • While relations between the two states have long since been tense, the two have maintained diplomatic exchanges. However, relations took an ominous turn in October 2008 with a cross-border raid during the Iraq War to ostensibly fend off the rise of allegedly foreign militants into the Iraq fighting for the Iraqi resistance.
  • In December 2012, US president Barack Obama announced the US would formally recognise the Syrian Opposition Coalition, rather than the Damascus government, as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. Template:As of, the embassy of the United States is suspended due to the Syrian civil war.[267] In May 2014, the US announced it recognised the opposition Syrian National Coalition's US offices as an official "foreign mission".[268]
  • On 21 August 2013, the United States has threatened to strike key Syrian chemical and biological weapons installations in response to a chemical attack that was allegedly carried out by forces loyal to Assad on the rebel stronghold of Ghouta within the capital Damascus. Assad had denied any involvement, however President Obama claims to have intelligence proving otherwise. No proof has been given to the public other than reports from key United States senators and representatives. As of 4 September 2013, the Committee on Foreign Relations approved an attack with a 10–7 vote.
  • President Trump on 6 April 2017, ordered the first U.S. airstrike on the Syrian air force since the country's civil war began in 2011. US Navy warships USS Porter and USS Ross in the Mediterranean Sea launched dozens of Tomahawk missiles at Syria's Shayrat air base. The strikes were in reaction to what Washington says was a sarin poison gas attack by the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad that killed at least 70 people in the Idlib region of Syria. U.S. officials informed Russian forces ahead of the missile strikes, which Russian military were in Syria actively supporting and assisting al-Assad during Syria's civil war, and US air strikes avoided hitting Russian personnel. Trump, who authorized the launch of 59 Tomahawk missiles from Navy warships in the Mediterranean Sea on an air base near Homs were in direct response to Bashar al-Assad's alleged use of chemical weapons in the town of Khan Shaykhun on 4 April 2017. Following airstrikes were conducted on 8 April 2017, on the Syrian city that was the site of chemical weapons attack earlier.
  • On 7 October 2019, the President of the United States ordered the withdrawal of US military troops stationed on the Syrian-Turkey border. This withdrawal of military support was ordered by the President with disapproval of the Pentagon and the US Intelligence community. The US president ordered the withdrawal of military troops under the premise that Turkey would not invade the region being held by Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF); however Turkey attacked the SDF within 24 hours of US military withdrawal from the region.[269]
Template:Country data Uruguay 11 October 1946
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1946.[55]
  • Syria is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[270]
  • In 2019, Dr. Faisal Mekdad received a senior military delegation headed by Armed Forces of Uruguay Army Chief of Staff, Major General Marcelo Montaner. Both talked about preparations held by Uruguay to dispatch a military unit within the frame of the UNDOF in Golan.[228]
Template:Country data Venezuela 14 June 1946 See Syria–Venezuela relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Asia and Oceania

Syria's relations with the Arab world were strained by its support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, which began in 1980. With the end of the war in August 1988, Syria began a slow process of reintegration with the other Arab states. In 1989, it joined with the rest of the Arab world in readmitting Egypt to the 19th Arab League Summit at Casablanca.

This decision, prompted in part by Syria's need for Arab League support of its own position in Lebanon, marked the end of the Syrian-led opposition to Egypt and the 1977–79 Sadat initiatives toward Israel, as well as the Camp David Accords. It coincided with the end of the 10-year Arab subsidy to Syria and other front-line Arab countries pledged at Baghdad in 1978. Syria re-established full diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1989. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, Syria joined other Arab states in the US-led multinational coalition against Iraq. In 1998, Syria began a slow rapprochement with Iraq, driven primarily by economic needs. In this period, Syria continued to play an active pan-Arab role, which intensified as the Israel-Palestine peace process collapsed in September 2000 with the start of the second Palestinian uprising (Intifada) against Israel. Though it voted in favor of UNSCR 1441 in 2002, Syria was against coalition military action in Iraq in 2003. However, the Syrian government accepted UNSCR 1483 (after being absent for the actual vote), which lifted sanctions on Iraq and established a framework to assist the Iraqi people in determining their political future and rebuilding their economy.

After start of the war in 2011, much of the Middle East condemned Syria's handling of the civil uprising, with only a few countries in the Middle East supporting Syria, most notably Iran, Iraq and Lebanon.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Abkhazia 4 September 2018 See Abkhazia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria has an embassy in Sukhumi.
  • Abkhazia had an embassy in Damascus. Personnel were withdrawn on 15 December 2024.[272]
  • The status of Syria's relationship with Abkhazia is presently unknown following the fall of the al-Assad regime on 8 December 2024.
Template:Country data Afghanistan 18 November 1951
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1951 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Afghanistan to Syria (Resident in Bagdad) Mr. Mir Amanullah Rahimi.[273]
  • Afghan Taliban officials and Syrian minister met for the first time to discuss cooperation in 2023,[274] but the Assad regime and the Taliban have no diplomatic relations. After the fall of the Assad regime, Afghan foreign minister Amir Khan Muttaqi congratulated the Syrian transitional government on its victory and expressed hope during a conversation with Asaad al-Shaibani that the two countries could establish regular diplomatic relations.[275]
Template:Country data Armenia 6 March 1992 See Armenia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Australia 12 May 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1975 when first Australian ambassador to Syria Mr. P. N. Hutton presented credentials to President Hafez al-Assad.[115]
  • Syria has an honorary consulates in Sydney[280] and Melbourne.[281]
  • Australia is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Beirut.
  • An Australian embassy was opened in Damascus in 1977. Syria opened an embassy in Canberra in the early 2000s.
  • Until the start of the current Syrian civil war in 2011, the two countries enjoyed good relations.
  • Since 2011, Australia has imposed autonomous sanctions on Syria.[282]
  • Syrian embassy in Canberra was closed in 2012.[283]
Template:Country data Bahrain 23 January 1975 See Bahrain–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1975.[284]
  • Syria has an embassy in Manama.
  • Bahrain reopened its embassy in Damascus in December 2018.[285]
  • On 19 June 2022, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad received the credentials of Ambassador Waheed Mubarak Sayyar in an official ceremony attended by Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad.[286]
  • In 2024, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad met with Bahrain's Foreign Minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani in Damascus.[287] It was the first visit by a Bahraini foreign minister to Syria in 13 years.
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Bangladesh 14 September 1973 See Bangladesh–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1973.[112]
  • Syria is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in New Delhi.
  • Bangladesh is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo and is represented through an honorary consulate in Damascus.
Template:Country data China 1 August 1956 See China–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • China recognized Syria's independence in 1946.
  • Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 1 August 1956.[78]
  • Syria has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Damascus
  • Both countries are close allies and strategic partners.

See Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Syria

Template:Country data Georgia Template:Dts
Relations severed on 6 May 2018[288]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1993.[139]
  • Georgia terminated diplomatic relations with Syria due to the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Damascus.[289]
Template:Country data India May 1950 See India-Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 1950.[65]
  • Syria has an embassy in Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Damascus.
  • India and Syria have historical and cultural links dating back to silk route trade. The countries maintained relatively cordial relations during the Syrian Civil War.[290]
Template:Country data Indonesia 27 February 1950 See Indonesia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1950.[64]
  • Syria has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both nations are the member of Non-Aligned Movement.
Template:Country data Iran 12 November 1946 See Iran–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Iran to Syria with residence in Beirut Mr. Zein-el-Abdine Rahnema.[45]
  • Syria has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Syria and Iran are strategic allies. Syria is often called Iran's "closest ally",[291] the Arab nationalism ideology of Syria's ruling Baath party notwithstanding.
  • During the Iran–Iraq War, Syria sided with non-Arab Iran against its enemy Iraq and was isolated by Saudi Arabia and some of the Arab countries, with the exceptions of Libya, Lebanon, Algeria, Sudan and Oman.[292]
  • Iran and Syria have had a strategic alliance ever since, partially due to their common animosity towards Saddam Hussein and coordination against the United States and Israel.
  • Syria and Iran cooperate on arms smuggling from Iran to the Hezbollah in Lebanon, which borders Israel.[293]
  • In addition to receiving military hardware, Iran has consistently invested billions of dollars into the Syrian economy.[294][295]
  • Currently, Iran is involved in implementing several industrial projects in Syria, including cement factories, car assembly lines, power plants, and silo construction. Iran also plans to set up a joint Iranian–Syrian bank in the future.
Template:Country data Iraq 8 November 1945 See Iraq–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1945 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Iraq to Syria Mr. Ibrahim Fadli.[45]
  • Syria has an embassy in Baghdad and Consulate-General in Mosul.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Damascus.
  • The political states of Iraq and Syria were formed by the United Kingdom and France following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.
  • Iraq and Syria are united by historical, social, political, cultural and economic relations, but share a long foreign drawn border. The land known as Mesopotamia is Iraq and eastern Syria and is called such by its inhabitants.
  • Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as "Historic" were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between Iraq and Syria.[296]
  • During the early phase of the Syrian civil war, Iraq was also one of the few remaining Arab countries which support the Syrian government, and has abstained from voting to expel Syria from the Arab league.[297]
  • Both countries have closely cooperated with each other against ISIS, with Iraq and Ba'athist Syria being a part of the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition.[298][299][300]
Template:Country data Israel No formal diplomatic relations See Israel–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria has been an active belligerent, with periodic ceasefires and use of proxies, against Israel ever since May 1948, when the Syrian army captured territory from the newly established State of Israel north and south of the Sea of Galilee.
  • Syria was an active belligerent in the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, which resulted in Israel's occupation of the Golan Heights and the city of Quneitra. On 19 June, a week after the war ended, Israel offered to return the Golan if Syrian would agree to a full Peace Treaty. However, Syria refused. From 1967 to 1973 there were sporadic bouts of fighting along the new border.
  • Following the October 1973 Arab–Israeli War, which left Israel in occupation of additional Syrian territory, Syria accepted UN Security Council Resolution 338, which signaled an implicit acceptance of Resolution 242.
  • Syria participated in the Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid in October 1991.
  • In 2004 and 2005 Israel and Syria engaged in private talks discussing an outline peace accord. These were successful at a technical level, but failed to gain adequate political support.[301]
  • Hostility between Syria and Israel further increased following Israel's execution of Operation Orchard on 6 September 2007. Israel bombed a northern Syrian complex near Dayr az-Zawr which was suspected of holding nuclear materials from North Korea.[302]
  • In 2008 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad confirmed that talks with Israel have resumed through a third party.[303]
  • Buthaina Shaaban has also confirmed that Israel is ready to give up the Golan Heights.[304]
  • In October 2019, Israel was one of the countries that condemned the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, but also because of deterioration of Israel–Turkey relations.
Template:Country data Japan December 1953 See Japan–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1953.[73]
  • Syria has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Damascus.[305]
  • Japan introduced sanctions against Syria in September 2011.[306]
Template:Country data Jordan 1948 See Jordan–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Kazakhstan 27 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.[312]
  • Kazakhstan has an consulate-general in Damascus.[313]
  • Kazakhstan donated funds to help Syrian refugees fleeing the country. In 2012, about $400,000 were allocated by the country through the OIC.
  • Kazakhstan sent its next humanitarian aid to Syria in January 2017. The 500 tonnes of supply of food and medications were delivered to Tartus Port on the Mediterranean coast of Syria.[314]
Template:Country data Kuwait 24 October 1963 See Kuwait–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1963[83]
  • Syria has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Kuwait–Syria relations became somewhat strained due to the Syrian civil war after Kuwait closed its embassies along with the rest of the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.
  • Bilaterial relations have since come to focus on humanitarian efforts for Syria instead. For example, Kuwait has hosted three international pledging conferences in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 raising 1.5bn,[315] 2.4bn,[316] 3.8bn,[317] and 10bn[318] respectively.
  • Relations between the two countries have since 2019 normalized.
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Lebanon 15 October 2008[158] See Lebanon-Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Syria plays an important role in Lebanon by virtue of its history, size, power, and economy. Lebanon was part of Ottoman Syria until 1926. The presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon dates to 1976, when President Hafez al-Assad intervened in the Lebanese civil war on behalf of Maronite Christians. Following the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Syrian and Israeli forces clashed in eastern Lebanon. The late U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib negotiated a cease-fire in Lebanon and the subsequent evacuation of PLO fighters from West Beirut. However, Syrian opposition blocked implementation of the 17 May 1983 Lebanese-Israeli accord on the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Following the February 1984 withdrawal of the UN Multinational Force from Beirut and the departure of most of Israel's forces from southern Lebanon a year later, Syria launched an unsuccessful initiative to reconcile warring Lebanese factions and establish a permanent cease-fire. Syria actively participated in the March–September 1989 fighting between the Christian Lebanese Forces and Muslim forces allied with Syria. In 1989, Syria endorsed the Charter of National Reconciliation, or "Taif Accord", a comprehensive plan for ending the Lebanese conflict negotiated under the auspices of Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Morocco.

At the request of Lebanese President Hrawi, the Syrian military took joint action with the Lebanese Armed Forces on 13 October 1990, to oust rebel Gen. Michel Aoun who had defied efforts at reconciliation with the legitimate Government of Lebanon. The process of disarming and disbanding the many Lebanese militias began in earnest in early 1991. In May 1991, Lebanon and Syria signed the treaty of brotherhood, cooperation, and coordination called for in the Taif Accord, which is intended to provide the basis for many aspects of Syrian-Lebanese relations. The treaty provides the most explicit recognition to date by the Syrian Government of Lebanon's independence and sovereignty.

According to the U.S. interpretation of the Taif Accord, Syria and Lebanon were to have decided on the redeployment of Syrian forces from Beirut and other coastal areas of Lebanon by September 1992. Israeli occupation of Lebanon until May 2000, the breakdown of peace negotiations between Syria and Israel that same year, and intensifying Arab/Israeli tensions since the start of the second Palestinian uprising in September 2000 have helped delay full implementation of the Taif Accords. The UN declared that Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon fulfilled the requirements of UN Security Council Resolution 425. However, Syria and Lebanon claimed that UNSCR 425 had not been fully implemented because Israel did not withdraw from an area of the Golan Heights called Shebaa Farms, which had been occupied by Israel in 1967, and which Syria now claimed was part of Lebanon. The United Nations does not recognize this claim. However, Lebanese resistance groups such as Hezbollah use it to justify attacks against Israeli forces in that region, creating a potentially dangerous flashpoint along the Lebanon-Israeli border.

In 2005, Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon after the assassination of Lebanese Sunni Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005. In December 2008, The Syrian Embassy was opened in Beirut for the first time in history since both countries gained their Independence during the 1940s. In March 2009, Lebanon followed and opened its embassy in Damascus. On 19 December 2009, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Al-Hariri visited Syria, and stayed in Damascus for three days meeting with President Bashar Al-Assad & breaking the ice between the two sides.[319]

Template:Country data Malaysia 1958 See Malaysia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Mongolia 31 July 1967

See Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Syria Template:In lang

Template:Country data North Korea 25 July 1966 See North Korea–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1966.[323]
  • Syria has an embassy in Pyongyang.[324]
  • North Korea has an embassy in Damascus.[325]
  • North Korea is one of Syria's closest allies.[325]
  • In September 2015, the Syrian government paid tribute to Kim Il Sung in a ceremony for a new park in Damascus named in his honor.[326]
Template:Country data Oman 19 December 1987 See Oman–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1987.[127]
  • Syria has an embassy in Muscat.
  • Oman has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Since the start of the war, Syria and Oman have been strategic allies.[327]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
Template:Country data Pakistan 1948 See Pakistan–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both countries were on the silk route through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria. During the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[328] In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the fields of science and technology. Pakistan also supports the Syrian Government since the beginning of Syrian civil war.[329]
Template:Country data Palestine 22 January 1992 See Palestine–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria officially recognized Palestinian statehood on 18 July 2011.[330]
  • Syria is accredited to Palestine from its embassy in Amman.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Damascus.
Template:Country data Philippines 4 September 1946
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1946.[53][331]
  • Syria has an consulate in Manila.
  • Syria is accredited to Philippines from its embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • The Philippines has an embassy in Damascus.
Template:Country data Qatar 19 January 1972 See Qatar–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1972.[107]
  • Syrian President Hafez al-Assad sided with Saudi Arabia against Qatari Emir Hamad bin Khalifa when he deposed his father. Later on, Bashar al-Assad visited Doha in 2003, which initiated a new chapter of economic, trading and investment relations.
  • In 2007–8, several Qatari-funded banks were established in Syria.[332]
  • During the conflict in Syria, Qatar vocally and materially supported different rebels with arms and funds against the government. Qatar has been the biggest sponsor of Syrian opposition forces during the civil war.[333][334]
  • In January 2019, Qatar said it would not normalise relations with Syria, which it wanted to remain excluded from the Arab League.[335]
  • In April 2019, Qatar Airways was granted a license to fly over Syrian airspace and a Syrian ban on Qatar's Al-Jazeera station was lifted.[336]
  • In 2021, Qatar worked with Russia and Turkey to create a political solution to the conflict.[337]
Template:Country data Saudi Arabia 26 June 1944 See Saudi Arabia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1944 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Saudi Arabia to Syria Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Zeid.[39]
  • Syria has an embassy in Riyadh.[338]
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Following the Syrian civil war, the relations between the two countries have greatly deteriorated (until 2018).[339]
  • Between 2018 and 2023, both countries made a gradual reaprochement.[340]
  • Both countries are members of the Arab League.
Template:Country data South Korea 10 April 2025 See South Korea–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 2025.[341]
  • On February 8, 2025, Syrian Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani met with Kim Eun-jeong, Director-General for African and Middle Eastern Affairs in Damascus. During the meeting, both parties conveyed their willingness to renew cooperation, which had been suspended since 2003.[342] Three days later, the South Korean Foreign Ministry announced that the country would establish diplomatic relations with Syria.[343]
  • On 11 March 2025, a tentative deal was struck for both nations to establish diplomatic relations.[344]
Template:Country data South Ossetia 22 July 2018
  • Syria had recognized South Ossetia and maintaied diplomatic relations with Tskhinvali.[289]
  • The status of Syria's relationship with South Ossetia is presently unknown following the fall of the al-Assad regime on 8 December 2024.
Template:Country data Sri Lanka 10 May 1969
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1969.[345]
  • Syria is accredited to Sri Lanka from its embassy in New Delhi.
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Beirut, but it has an honorary consulate in Damascus.[321]
  • Syrian President Hafez al-Assad visited Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1976.
Template:Country data Turkey 8 March 1946 See Syria–Turkey relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[49] Diplomatic relations suspended since 2011. Syrian–Turkish relations have long been strained even though Turkey shares its longest common border with Syria and various other geographic, cultural, and historical links tie the two neighboring states together.

This friction has been due to disputes including the self annexation of the Hatay Province to Turkey in 1939, water disputes resulting from the Southeastern Anatolia Project, and Syria's support for the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), but relations have improved greatly since October 1998; when PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was expelled by Syrian authorities.

Syria had embassy in Ankara[346] and two consulates–general in Istanbul[347] and Gaziantep.[348]

Both countries have been full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), although Syria's membership in the former was suspended in 2011[349][350][351] as well as from the latter in 2012.[352]

Because of the Syrian civil war relations between Syria and Turkey have become increasingly tense. Turkey closed its embassy in Damascus on 26 March 2012,[353] as well as its consulate–general in Aleppo.Script error: No such module "Unsubst". In April 2012 it hosted the second meeting of the Friends of Syria, the Arab-Western coalition in support of the Syrian opposition.[353]

Turkey has been taking in refugees from Syria, although abuse and injustice towards the Syrian refugees has been reported. Relations have further been degraded due to a serious incident that occurred with the Syrian downing of a Turkish military training flight in June 2012. Relations worsened further in May 2013 following a border incident involving two car bombs exploding in the town of Reyhanlı, Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 43 people were killed and 140 more were injured in the attack. The car bombs were left outside Reyhanlı's town hall and post office. The first exploded at around 13:45 local time (10:45 GMT)[40] and the second exploded about 15 minutes later.

The issue that cemented the crack in the relations was Turkey's reported dealings with the Islamic State (an enemy of the Syrian government) in oil and weapons by various sources. A video surfacing of the Islamic State being unopposed by Turkish security as they traveled across the border between Syria, questions more of Turkey's alleged role of simply fighting terrorism.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Turkish Military troops attacked the Kurdish backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on 8 October 2019, after the acting US President Donald Trump recalled US military troops from Syria the previous day. The US action to move troops out of the region was done so solely by the US president with stern disapproval by US military intelligence departments.

Turkey re-established diplomatic relations with Syria on 14 December 2024, following the fall of the al-Assad regime.[354]

Template:Country data United Arab Emirates 19 January 1972 See Syria–UAE relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1972.[355]
  • Syria has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both countries are members of the Arab League.
  • In 2016, the Emirates was planning to normalize its relations with Syria, but was barred by the US.[356]
  • UAE re-opened its Damascus embassy in December 2018.[335]
  • In November 2021, the UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan travelled to Damascus to meet Bashar al-Assad. He was the first Emirati official to visit Syria, since the war. The US strongly opposed efforts to normalize ties with Syria.
  • On 18 March 2022, Assad travelled to the UAE to meet Emirati leaders, including Abu Dhabi's Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. It was Assad's first visit to an Arab nation since 2011.[357] On 19 March 2023, Assad visited the UAE again, with his wife Asma al-Assad.[358]
Template:Country data Yemen 23 May 1965 See Syria–Yemen relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Europe

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Czech Republic and Austria were the only European Union countries which never closed its embasies in Damascus throughout the Syrian civil war.[360][361] Greece and Cyprus re-established diplomatic relations with Syria and opened their embassies in 2021, making them the first EU countries to do so.[362] Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania appointed a chargé d'affaires to their diplomatic missions in the country.[360][363] In July 2024, Italy decided to re-establish relations with Syria, appoint its special envoy and chargé d'affaires to the country and reopen its embassy in Damascus.[364] Following the fall of the Assad regime, Germany and France became the first European Union countries to visit Damascus.[365] On 16 January 2025, Spain reopened its Embassy in Damascus.[366] On 20 March 2025, Germany reopened its Embassy in Damascus.[367]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Template:Country data Austria 7 February 1952 See Austria–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1952.[67]
  • Syria has an embassy in Vienna.[368]
  • Austria has an embassy in Damascus since 1978.[369]
Template:Country data Belarus 26 August 1993 See Belarus–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • The diplomatic relations between Belarus and Syria started on 26 August 1993.[370]
  • Syria has an embassy in Minsk.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Damascus. Belarusian diplomatic personnel were withdrawn from Syria on 15 December 2024.[371]
Template:Country data Belgium 20 March 1946 See Belgium–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1946 when has been appointed M.R. Taymans as Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Syria with residence in Beirut.[50]
  • Syria has an embassy in Brussels.[372]
  • Embassy of Belgium in Damascus was closed on 29 March 2012.[373]
Template:Country data Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 December 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1994.[374]
  • Syria is accredited to Bosnia from its embassy in Belgrade.
Template:Country data Bulgaria 24 August 1954 See Bulgaria–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1954.[375]
  • Syria has an embassy in Sofia.[376]
  • Since May 1955, Bulgaria has embassy in Damascus and an honorary consulate in Aleppo.[377]
Template:Country data Croatia 29 August 1997 See Croatia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1997.[378]
  • Syria is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Budapest and its honorary consulate in Zagreb.
  • Croatia is represented in Syria through its embassy in Cairo, Egypt and an honorary consulate in Damascus.
  • Diplomatic relations were terminated in 2012.[379]
Template:Country data Cyprus 1 February 1962

See Cyprus–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1962 when Cyprus has agreed to the appointment of Thabit al-Aris, as Syrian Ambassador to Cyprus.[380]
  • Syria has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both countries re-established relations in 2021.[360]
  • Syrian president Bashar al-Assad became the first Syrian head of state to visit Cyprus in November 2010, resulting in the signing of five agreements between the two countries and pledges to work closer together on issues of common interest.
  • Christofias awarded al-Assad the Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III, while the Syrian leader presented Christofias with the National Order of Ummayya with the Grand Sash.
  • Cyprus Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Syria
Template:Country data Czech Republic 20 September 1946
  • Syria and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 20 September 1946.[381]
  • Syria has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Damascus.
Template:Country data Denmark 6 July 1953
(relations suspended 2012)		 See Denmark–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1953 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Syria to Denmark with residence in Stockholm Jamal E. D. Farra.[382]
  • Syria is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm.[383]
  • Denmark was represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus until 2012, when relations between the two countries were severed.[384]
  • Following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and subsequent attack on the Danish embassy in 2006, relations between the two countries were greatly strained.
Template:Country data Finland 22 May 1953
Template:Country data France 18 June 1946 See France–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1946.[385]
  • Syria has an embassy in Paris and honorary consulates in Marseille and Pointe-à-Pitre.[386]
  • France had an embassy in Damascus and a consulate general in Aleppo, both were closed on 2 March 2012.[387]
  • France was the first Western country to give recognition to the SOC on 13 November 2012.[388]
Template:Country data Germany 14 October 1952Template:Efn See Germany–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1952.[68]
  • Syria has an embassy in Berlin and honorary consulate in Bremen.[389]
  • The German embassy in Damascus was reopened on 20 March 2025.[367]
  • Germany hosts the most Syrian refugees in the EU.
  • Relations were severed from 1965 to 1974 after Germany's establishing relations with Israel.
Template:Country data Greece 24 June 1947 See Greece–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Georges Triandafyllides.[45]
  • Syria has an embassy in Athens.[390]
  • Greece has an embassy in Damascus.
  • On 8 May 2020, the Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias announced a restoration of relations between Greece and Syria and assigned former ambassador to Syria and Russia, Tasia Athanassiou, as a Special Envoy of Greece's Foreign Ministry for Syria.
  • See Greeks in Syria
  • Greek Foreign Affairs Ministry about relations with Syria
Template:Country data Holy See 21 February 1953 See Holy See–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1953.[391]
  • Syria has an embassy in Rome.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature in Damascus.[392]
  • At present, the Holy See has comparatively good relations with Syria. It has sought to foster ecumenism between rival Christian factions in Antioch and to ensure the survival of age-old Christian communities in the country. The declaration Nostra aetate has made possible inter-faith dialogue and cooperation with Syrian Muslims.
  • Some Vatican leaders have also sought to foster greater political independence for Lebanon, which has been tied to Syria since the end of the Lebanese civil war. This call for Lebanese independence has traditionally been resisted by Syrian leaders.
  • John Paul II visited Syria in 2001 and was the first pope to have been to an Islamic mosque, the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus,[393] which includes the relics of John the Baptist.
  • Syrian President Bashar al-Assad attended Pope John Paul II's funeral.[394]
Template:Country data Hungary 13 October 1954[395] See Hungary–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1954.[396]
  • Syria has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Damascus and honorary consulates in Aleppo and Latakia.[397]
  • Hungary sent diplomats to procure consular affairs in 2020.[398]
Template:Country data Ireland 18 July 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975.[116]
  • Syria is represented in Ireland through its embassy in Paris, France.[175]
  • Ireland is represented in Syria through its embassy in Cairo, Egypt and an honorary consulate in Damascus.[399]
Template:Country data Italy 27 September 1947 See Italy–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Syria Mr. Luigi Cortese.[56]
  • Syrian embassy in Rome was reopened in 2024.[400][401]
  • Italian embassy in Damascus was reopened in 2024, after its closure at early stage of war in March 2012.[402][403][401]
  • In 2019, Italy announced it was considering re-opening its embassy,[404] and in July 2024 it decided to appoint an ambassador to Syria, the first such move since 2012. Italy is the first G7 nation to restore diplomatic ties with Syria.[405]
Template:Country data Moldova 20 May 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1993.[406]
  • Syria is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest and honorary consulate in Chișinău.[407]
Template:Country data Netherlands 24 January 1952 See Netherlands–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1952 when Mr. Knoop Koopmans was accredited to Syria.[67]
  • Syria is accredited to the Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels.
  • The Netherlands closed its embassy in Syria in March 2012.[403]
Template:Country data Norway 11 August 1948 See Norway–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1948.[408]
  • Syria is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Stockholm.[383]
  • Norwegian embassy in Damascus was closed in March 2012.[409]
Template:Country data Poland 18 September 1945
  • Both countries established diplomatic relationbs on 18 September 1945.[410]
  • Syria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland had an embassy in Damascus which closed in July 2012 due to security reasons.[411]
Template:Country data Portugal 19 February 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1975.[412]
  • Syria is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Madrid.
  • Portugal is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Nicosia.
Template:Country data Romania 9 August 1955 See Romania–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Template:Country data Russia 25 July 1944 See Russia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1944.[416]
  • Syria has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Damascus and a consulate in Aleppo.
  • As with most of the Arab countries, Russia enjoys a historically strong and stable friendly relationship with Syria.
  • Since 1971, Russia has leased port facilities in Tartus for its naval fleet. Between 1992 and 2008 these facilities were much in disrepair, however, works have commenced concurrent with the 2008 South Ossetia war to improve the port's facilities to support an increased Mediterranean presence of the Russian Navy.
  • Russia is believed to have sent Syria dozens of Iskander missiles.[417]
  • Russia has been strongly supporting Syria in the Syrian civil war, especially since the start of an air campaign in 2015.
Template:Country data Serbia 18 May 1946 See Serbia–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Yugoslavia to Syria Mr. Esref Badnjevic.[418]
  • Syria has an embassy in Belgrade.[419]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Damascus.[420]
  • Also, Syria is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and Serbia is an observer state.
  • Serbia was of the few close allies in Europe of the Baathist Syrian government.
Template:Country data Slovakia 1 January 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[421]
  • Syria is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna and honorary consulate in Bratislava.[422]
  • Slovakia had an embassy in Syria until 2012, when it transferred it to Beirut for security reasons.[423]
  • In 2015, it was definitively moved to Beirut.[424]
Template:Country data Slovenia 25 August 1997
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1997.[425]
  • Syria is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Vienna.
  • In November 2021, during a visit to the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 in Dubai, the ministerial delegation of Slovenia confirmed unofficially its interest in re-establishing relations with Syria.[426]
Template:Country data Spain 3 April 1948 See Spain–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1948.[57][58]
  • Syria has an embassy in Madrid.[427]
  • Spain has an embassy in Damascus.[366]
Template:Country data Sweden 24 June 1947 See Sweden–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when with accredation of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Widar Bagge.[45]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Damascus and honorary consulate in Aleppo.[428]
  • Syria is represented in Sweden through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[429]
Template:Country data Switzerland 1945 See Switzerland–Syria relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria has an consulate general in Geneva.[430]
  • Switzerland closed its embassy in Damascus in 2012 for security reasons.[431]
  • Switzerland has a humanitarian presence in Damascus since 2017, through an office that coordinates Swiss humanitarian activities in Syria. Although the embassy in Damascus is closed, diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Syria have not been broken off.[431]
Template:Country data Ukraine 31 March 1992 See Syria–Ukraine relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Syria recognised independent Ukraine on 28 December 1991.
  • Until 2011, relations were positive and mainly oriented on scientific-technical, trade and economic cooperation.[432]
  • After 11 years of frozen relations, Ukraine severed diplomatic relations with Syria on 30 June 2022, when Damascus recognized the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[433]
  • Syria formally broke its diplomatic ties to Ukraine on 20 July 2022, citing the principle of reciprocity.[434]
  • Ukraine opened an honorary consulate in Damascus during a visit by foreign minister Andrii Sybiha to Syria on 30 December 2024, signalling a warming in relations following the fall of the Assad regime.[435][436]
  • On 2 January 2025, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced plans to re-establish diplomatic relations with Syria.[437]
  • Diplomatic relations were officially re-established on 24 September 2025.[438]
Template:Country data United Kingdom 21 May 1942 See Syria–United Kingdom relationsScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
File:Foreign Secretary David Lammy visits Saudi Arabia (54261873821).jpg
British Foreign Secretary David Lammy with Syrian Foreign Minister Asaad al-Shaibani in Riyadh, January 2025.

Syria re-established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 5 July 2025.[439]

  • Syria's embassy in London remains closed despite the re-establishment of diplomatic relations.[440]
  • The UK 's embassy in Damascus is currently closed with all consular operations suspended.[441]

Both countries share common membership of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[442]

Membership in international organizations

Syria is a member of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa,[443] Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development,[444] Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization, Arab League, Arab Monetary Fund, Arab Parliament, Arab States Broadcasting Union, ALBA (observer), Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization, Asian Parliamentary Assembly,[445] Association of Arab Universities, Bureau International des Expositions, Council of Arab Economic Unity, Customs Cooperation Council, Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, European Broadcasting Union (associate member),[446] FEAS, Food and Agriculture Organization, Group of 24, Group of 77, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, International Civil Aviation Organization,[447] International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions, International Chamber of Commerce, International Development Association,[448] Islamic Development Bank (suspended 2012),[352] International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Finance Corporation, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Intelsat, Interpol,[449] International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Standardization, IRENA (acceding), International Solar Alliance, International Telecommunication Union, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation,[450] Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (joined 2013, suspended 2021),[451] OTIF, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, UN, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNESCO, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Union for the Mediterranean (suspended 2011),[350] Universal Postal Union, World Bank, World Court, World Customs Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions,[452] World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Syria's two-year term as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council ended in December 2003.[453] Syria was elected to the executive of the World Health Organization in 2021.[454][455]

Arab League

Syria was temporarily suspended from the Arab League since the beginning of the Syrian civil war.[456] Six of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf recognised the Syrian National Coalition as Syria's only legitimate representative on 12 November 2012, but Iraq, Algeria and Lebanon prevented the Arab League from following suit.[457] On 26 March 2013, at the Arab league summit in Doha, the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. The National Coalition was henceforth granted Damascus' seat at the summit.

This act of recognition was opposed by Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon.[458] On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.[459] In late 2018, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco began lobbying for Syria's return to the League.[335]

In December 2018, after American president Donald Trump announced the partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, some countries initiated reopening of their diplomatic relations with Syria. Diplomatic relations have returned with Iraq, Saudi Arabia (in 2023), Egypt (after 3 July 2013), Tunisia, UAE (after 2018), Jordan (after 2021),[460] Lebanon (after 2021),[461][462][463] Algeria,[464][465] Mauritania (after 2018),[212] Bahrain (after 2018),[285] Kuwait (after 2018),[466] Libya,[467] Oman,[468][469][470][471] Comoros, Sudan (after 2018),[472] Yemen,[473] Somalia[193] and Palestine.[474]

Following the visit of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, the Arab League initiated the process of readmission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the organization,[475] while the United Arab Emirates reopened their embassy in Syria on 27 December,[476] and Bahrain[477] announced its intentions to reopen their embassies.

After the devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, the Saudis, Emirati, Algerians, Iraqis and Jordanians contributed significantly to the relief effort. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.[34]

On 26 February 2023, President Bashar al-Assad had met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati speakers of legislative bodies, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon on behalf of Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, to discuss further cooperation between the Arab states and Syria.[478]

In early April 2023, Saudi Arabia had invited Syria's Assad to the Arab League summit, ending regional isolation. On 13 April 2023, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad arrived in Jeddah to meet Saudi Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan.[479] After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria," according to the Saudi foreign ministry.[340]

On 15 April 2023, foreign ministers of GCC+3 format met in Jeddah and discussed the return of Syria to the regional organisation and so called Arab peace plan.[480]

On 18 April 2023, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan travelled to Damascus, met with Syrian President Assad and discussed further steps. The summit is scheduled for 19 May 2023.[481]

On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo composed of foreign ministers, was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership in the Arab League.[482]

Earlier, Kuwait and Qatar had opposed al-Assad's presence at the Arab League summit. The regional normalisation effort had caught the U.S. and its European allies by surprise, as they were opposing an "Arab-led political path" in solving the crisis. According to the statement, al-Assad would be allowed to the meeting on 19 May 2023, if "he wishes to do so". The new political process in Syria was described as the "Jordanian Initiative".[483]

Nevertheless, Syria remains under international sanctions after millions of Syrians had been displaced or sought refuge in Arab and European countries during the war. The changes to the relations between Syria and other Arab States would allow many of them to return to their homeland, according to the announcements made earlier by Jordanian and Saudi officials.[484]

International disputes

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Notes

Template:Notelist

See also

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References

Template:Reflist

External links

Further reading

  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

Template:Foreign relations of Syria Template:Syria topics Script error: No such module "Navbox".

  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  44. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  45. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  46. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  47. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  48. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  49. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  50. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  51. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  52. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  53. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  54. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  55. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  56. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  57. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  58. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  59. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  60. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  61. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  62. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  63. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  64. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  65. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  66. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  67. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  68. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  69. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  70. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  71. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  72. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  73. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  74. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  75. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  76. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  77. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  78. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  79. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  80. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  81. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  82. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  83. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  84. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  85. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  86. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  87. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  88. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  89. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  90. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  91. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  92. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  93. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  94. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  95. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  96. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  97. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  98. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  99. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  100. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  101. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  102. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  103. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  104. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  105. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  106. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  107. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  108. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  109. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  110. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  111. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  112. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  113. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  114. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  115. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  116. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  117. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  118. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  119. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  120. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  121. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  122. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  123. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  124. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  125. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  126. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  127. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  128. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  129. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  130. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  131. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  132. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  133. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  134. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  135. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  136. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  137. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  138. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  139. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  140. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  141. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  142. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  143. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  144. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  145. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  146. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  147. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  148. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  149. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  150. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  151. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  152. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  153. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  154. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  155. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  156. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  157. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  158. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  159. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  160. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  161. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  162. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  163. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  164. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  165. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  166. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  167. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  168. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  169. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  170. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  171. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  172. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  173. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  174. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  175. ↑ a b c d e f Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  176. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  177. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  178. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  179. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  180. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  181. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  182. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  183. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  184. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  185. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  186. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  187. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  188. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  189. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  190. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  191. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  192. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  193. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  194. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  195. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  196. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  197. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  198. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  199. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  200. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  201. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  202. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  203. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  204. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  205. ↑ Damien McElroy "Britain under pressure to withdraw diplomatic recognition of Syria" The Daily Telegraph 5 February 2012
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  207. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  208. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  209. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  210. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  211. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  212. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  213. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  214. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  215. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  216. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  217. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  218. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  219. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  220. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  221. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  222. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  223. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  224. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  225. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  226. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  227. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  228. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  229. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  230. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  231. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  232. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  233. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  234. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  235. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  236. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  237. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  238. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  239. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  240. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  241. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  242. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  243. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  244. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  245. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  246. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  247. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  248. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  249. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  250. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  251. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  252. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  253. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  254. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  255. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  256. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  257. ↑ Syrian embassies in North AmericaTemplate:Dead link
  258. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  259. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  260. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  261. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  262. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  263. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  264. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  265. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  266. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  267. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  268. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  269. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  270. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  271. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  272. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  273. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  274. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  275. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  276. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  277. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  278. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  279. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  280. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  281. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  282. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  283. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  284. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  285. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  286. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  287. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  288. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  289. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  290. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  291. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  292. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  293. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  294. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  295. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  296. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  297. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  298. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  299. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  300. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  301. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  302. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  303. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  304. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  305. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  306. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  307. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  308. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  309. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  310. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  311. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  312. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  313. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  314. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  315. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  316. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Cbignore
  317. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  318. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  319. ↑ New Lebanese Prime Minister visits Syria Template:Webarchive, 2005
  320. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  321. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  322. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  323. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  324. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  325. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  326. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  327. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  328. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  329. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  330. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  331. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  332. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  333. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  334. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  335. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  336. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  337. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  338. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  339. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  340. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  341. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  342. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  343. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  344. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  345. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  346. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  347. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  348. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  349. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  350. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  351. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  352. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  353. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  354. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  355. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  356. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  357. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  358. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  359. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  360. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  361. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  362. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  363. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  364. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  365. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  366. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  367. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  368. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  369. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  370. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  371. ↑ https://x.com/BelarusMFA/status/1868363622826594772
  372. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  373. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  374. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  375. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  376. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Template:Dead link
  377. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  378. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  379. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  380. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  381. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  382. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  383. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  384. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  385. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  386. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  387. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  388. ↑ Stefan Talmon Recognition of Opposition Groups as the Legitimate Representative of a People, Chinese Journal of International Law, Volume 12, Issue 2, 1 June 2013, Pages 219–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmt014 Published: 5 May 2013
  389. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  390. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  391. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  392. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  393. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  394. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  395. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  396. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  397. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  398. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  399. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  400. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  401. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  402. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  403. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  404. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  405. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  406. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  407. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  408. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  409. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  410. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  411. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  412. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  413. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  414. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  415. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  416. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  417. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  418. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  419. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  420. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  421. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  422. ↑ Honorárny konzul Sýrskej arabskej republiky na Slovensku
  423. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  424. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  425. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  426. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  427. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  428. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  429. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  430. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Dead link
  431. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  432. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  433. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  434. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  435. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  436. ↑ Template:Cite tweet
  437. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  438. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  439. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  440. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  441. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  442. ↑ Script error: No such module "cite".
  443. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  444. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  445. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  446. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  447. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  448. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  449. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  450. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  451. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  452. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  453. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  454. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  455. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  456. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  457. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  458. ↑ Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis Xinhua News Agency. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  459. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  460. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  461. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  462. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  463. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  464. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  465. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  466. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  467. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  468. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  469. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  470. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  471. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  472. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  473. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  474. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  475. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  476. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  477. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  478. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  479. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  480. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  481. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  482. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  483. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  484. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  485. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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