ALBA

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Geopolitical organization ALBA or ALBA–TCP, formally the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (Template:Langx) or the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty (Template:Langx), is an intergovernmental organization based on the idea of political and economic integration of Latin American and Caribbean countries.

Founded initially by Cuba and Venezuela in 2004, it is associated with socialist and social democratic governments wishing to consolidate regional economic integration based on a vision of social welfare, bartering and mutual economic aid. The ten member countries are Antigua and Barbuda, Bolivia, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Nicaragua, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Venezuela.[1] Suriname was admitted to ALBA as a guest country at a February 2012 summit.[2][3]

History

File:Chavez141610-2.jpg
Late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, founder of ALBA

The agreement was proposed by the government of Venezuela, led by Hugo Chávez[4] as an alternative to the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA or ALCA in Spanish, an agreement proposed by the United States), which never materialized.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

This Cuba–Venezuela Agreement,[5] signed on 14 December 2004, by Presidents Chávez and Fidel Castro, was aimed at the exchange of medical and educational resources and petroleum between the two nations. Venezuela began to deliver about 96,000 barrels of oil per day from its state-owned oil company, PDVSA, to Cuba at very favorable prices. In exchange, Cuba sent 20,000 state-employed medical staff and thousands of teachers to Venezuela's poorest states. The agreement also made it possible for Venezuelans to travel to Cuba for specialized medical care, free of charge.[6][7]Template:Self-published inline

When it was launched in 2004, ALBA had only two member states, Venezuela and Cuba.[7][8] Subsequently, a number of other Latin American and Caribbean nations entered into this 'Peoples' Trade Agreement' (Spanish: Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos, or TCP), which aims to implement the principles of ALBA. Bolivia under Evo Morales joined in 2006, Nicaragua under Daniel Ortega in 2007, and Ecuador under Rafael Correa in 2009. Honduras, under Manuel Zelaya, joined in 2008, but withdrew in 2010 after the 2009 Honduran coup d'état.[9] The Caribbean nations Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Saint Lucia also joined.[10]

Jamaica, at the invitation of Chávez,[11] and Mexico, at the invitation of Ortega,[12] were invited to join the ALBA countries. Chávez also invited the countries of Central America to join ALBA,[13] and invited Argentina to use SUCRE.[14] In the 11th Summit of ALBA in February 2012, Suriname, Saint Lucia and Haiti requested admission to the organization. Haiti was granted the special status of permanent member and the other two countries were named special members, while awaiting their full incorporation.[7]

In July 2013, Chávez was honored posthumously by the nine member countries of the group and special guests Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Suriname, Guyana and Haiti at the group's 12th Presidential Summit in Guayaquil, Ecuador.[15]

In December 2014, Grenada and Saint Kitts and Nevis were accepted as full members during the 13th Summit of the Alliance, which occurred in Havana, Cuba.[16]

Ecuador withdrew from ALBA in August 2018.[17] Bolivia's interim government withdrew in November 2019 during the political crisis,[18] but the newly elected government of Luis Arce rejoined following the 2020 Bolivian general election.[19][20]

Amid the international isolation Russia is facing due to the invasion of Ukraine, ALBA invited Russia to participate at the 2023 ALBA Games.[21]

Virtual currency

In October 2009, ALBA leaders agreed at a summit in Bolivia to create a virtual currency, named the SUCRE. "The document is approved," said Bolivian President Evo Morales, the summit host. President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez announced "The sucre [is] an autonomous and sovereign monetary system that will be agreed upon today so that it can be implemented in 2010."[22] As of 2015, the virtual currency is being used to compensate trade between Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua, and especially Ecuador and Venezuela.[7]

Summits of heads of state and government

Summit
 Date
 Location
 Country
 Decisions
I Ordinary 14 December 2004 Havana Template:Flagcountry Founding summit of ALBA. Cuba-Venezuela Agreement signed by presidents Hugo Chávez and
Fidel Castro.
II Ordinary 27–28 April 2005 Havana Template:Flagcountry Attended by presidents Hugo Chávez and Fidel Castro.
III Ordinary 29 April 2006 Havana Template:Flagcountry Attended by presidents Hugo Chávez, Fidel Castro and Evo Morales from Bolivia,
who joins the group. The TCP is signed.
IV Ordinary 10 January 2007 Managua Template:Flagcountry Meeting coinciding with inauguration as president of Nicaragua of Daniel Ortega, who announces
the entry in the bloc as fourth country member.
V Ordinary 28–29 April 2007 Barquisimeto Template:Flagcountry
VI Ordinary 24–26 January 2008 Caracas Template:Flagcountry Dominica joins the bloc.
I Extraordinary 22 April 2008 Caracas Template:Flagcountry
II Extraordinary 25 August 2008 Tegucigalpa Template:Flagcountry Honduras joins the bloc.
III Extraordinary 26 November 2008 Caracas Template:Flagcountry
IV Extraordinary 2 February 2009 Caracas Template:Flagcountry Celebration of the tenth anniversary of Bolivarian Revolution.
V Extraordinary 16–17 April 2009 Cumaná Template:Flagcountry
VI Extraordinary 24 June 2009 Maracay Template:Flagcountry Antigua and Barbuda, Ecuador and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines join the bloc.
VII Extraordinary 29 June 2009 Managua Template:Flagcountry Condemnation of the coup d'état in Honduras and demand of restoration of deposed president
Manuel Zelaya.
VII Ordinary 16–17 October 2009 Cochabamba Template:Flagcountry The Unified System for Regional Compensation (SUCRE) is adopted.
VIII Ordinary 13–14 December 2009 Havana Template:Flagcountry Celebration of the fifth anniversary of the bloc.
IX Ordinary 19 April 2010 Caracas Template:Flagcountry Honduras had left the group.[23]
X Ordinary 25 June 2010 Otavalo Template:Flagcountry
XI Ordinary 4–5 February 2012 Caracas Template:Flagcountry
XII Ordinary 30 July 2013 Guayaquil Template:Flagcountry Saint Lucia joins the bloc.
VIII Extraordinary 20 October 2014 Havana Template:Flagcountry Summit to deal with the Ebola crisis.
XIII Ordinary 14 December 2014 Havana Template:Flagcountry Grenada and Saint Kitts and Nevis join the bloc. Celebration of the tenth anniversary of the bloc.
IX Extraordinary 17 March 2015 Caracas Template:Flagcountry
XIV Ordinary 5 March 2017 Caracas Template:Flagcountry
XV Ordinary 5 March 2018 Caracas Template:Flagcountry
XVI Ordinary 14 December 2018[24] Havana Template:Flagcountry
XVII Ordinary 14 December 2019[25] Havana Template:Flagcountry Celebration of the fifteenth anniversary of the bloc.
XVIII Ordinary 14 December 2020[26] videoconference Celebration of the sixteenth anniversary of the bloc and of the rejoining of Bolivia into it.
XIX Ordinary 24 June 2021[27] Caracas Template:Flagcountry Celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Carabobo.
XX Ordinary 14 December 2021[28][29] Havana Template:Flagcountry
XXI Ordinary 27 May 2022[30][31] Havana Template:Flagcountry
XXII Ordinary 14 December 2022[32][33] Havana Template:Flagcountry Celebration of the eighteenth anniversary of the bloc.
XXIII Ordinary 24 April 2024[34] Caracas Template:Flagcountry
XXIV Ordinary 14 December 2024[35] Caracas Template:Flagcountry Celebration of the 20th anniversary of the bloc.

MembershipScript error: No such module "anchor".

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

Full members

Common name
 Official name
 Join date
 Population
 Area (km2)
 E.E.Z + Area (km2)
 GDP PPP (US$ bn)
 Capital
Template:Flagcountry Antigua and Barbuda 24 June 2009 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 1.575 St. John's
Template:Flagcountry Plurinational State of Bolivia 29 April 2006 Template:Nts Template:Nts 50.904 Sucre
Template:Flagcountry Republic of Cuba 14 December 2004 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 114.100 Havana
Template:Flagcountry Commonwealth of Dominica 20 January 2008 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 0.977 Roseau
Template:Flagcountry[1][36] Grenada 14 December 2014 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 1.467 St. George's
Template:Flagcountry Republic of Nicaragua 11 January 2007[37] Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 18.878 Managua
Template:Flagcountry[1][38] Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis 14 December 2014 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 1.087 Basseterre
Template:Flagcountry Saint Lucia 20 July 2013 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 2.101 Castries
Template:Flagcountry Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 24 June 2009 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 1.259 Kingstown
Template:Flagcountry Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela 14 December 2004 Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 374.111 Caracas
ALBA–TCP totals 10 countries Template:Nts Template:Nts Template:Nts 515.555

Observer members

Common name Official name Population Capital
Script error: No such module "flag".[39] Republic of Haiti 10,847,334 Port-au-Prince
Script error: No such module "flag".[39] Islamic Republic of Iran 81,672,300 Tehran

Former members

Common name Official name Join year Withdrawal year Population Capital
Script error: No such module "flag". Republic of Honduras 2008 2010 9,112,867 Tegucigalpa
Script error: No such module "flag". Republic of Ecuador 2009 2018 16,385,068 Quito

Other ALBA initiatives

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Template:Supranational American Bodies

File:XIV cumbre del ALBA-TCP.jpg
XIV ALBA-TCP summit, 2017

PetroCaribe

Based on the earlier San José Accords (1980) and Caracas Energy Accords (2000) between Venezuela and a number of Caribbean states, Petrocaribe was founded in 2005 to facilitate oil trade under a concessionary financial agreement. The initiative has provided the Caribbean member states with important hydrocarbon resources, which many do not possess on their territories, in exchange for services and goods. In the case of Cuba, a nation largely deprived of oil since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Petrocaribe has provided oil in exchange for medical doctors.[40]

Other energy initiatives

As part of Cuba's efforts to spread its Energy Revolution campaign through ALBA, Cuban social workers traveled to 11 countries in the Caribbean and Latin America to help develop energy efficiency projects in those countries.[41]Template:Rp

TeleSUR

Launched in 2005, TeleSUR is a media network that provides news and current affairs broadcasts throughout the ALBA bloc. The network has an internet based television channel and is a cooperative effort between the governments of Venezuela, Cuba and Nicaragua.

PETROSUR

PETROSUR is an inter-governmental energy alliance between Venezuelan PDVSA, Argentinean YPF, and Brazilian Petrobras nationalized oil companies. The goal of this initiative is to provide funding for social welfare programs within these nations.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Criticism

In July 2018, President Lenín Moreno of Ecuador distanced himself from ALBA, stating that the organization "has not worked for a while."[42] In August 2018, Ecuador officially withdrew from ALBA.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

Karen Longaric, appointed as foreign minister by Jeanine Áñez's interim government, announced the formal departure of the country from ALBA in November 2019 over "interference" in Bolivia's political crisis.[43] Bolivia remained in ALBA after the Áñez government was defeated in the 2020 Bolivian general election.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".

See also

Template:Columns-list

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Sister project

Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) Template:Pan-Americanism Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Chávez presidency Template:UNFCCC negotiating groups

Template:Authority control

  1. ↑ a b c Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". initial Cuba-Venezuela TCP
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Template:Self-published source
  8. ↑ Monthly Review, 2 July 2008, ALBA: Creating a Regional Alternative to Neo-liberalism?
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  21. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  29. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  31. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  32. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  33. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  37. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  38. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  39. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  40. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  41. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  42. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  43. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Retrieved from "http://debianws.lexgopc.com/wiki143/index.php?title=ALBA&oldid=2200412"