Foreign relations of Nicaragua

Template:Short description Nicaragua pursues an subordinated foreign policy to Russia and China. A participant of the Central American Security Commission, Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within states in the region.

Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica to the International Court of Justice for resolution.

International membership

At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable economic development in the region.

Nicaragua belongs to the United Nations and several specialized and related agencies, including:

• World Bank
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• International Labour Organization (ILO)
• UN Human Rights Commission (UNHRC)
• Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
• International Atomic Energy Commission (IAEA)
• Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
• Central American Common Market (CACM)
• Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI).
• Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
• Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
• Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
• Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
• Latin American Economic System (SELA)
• Central American Integration System (SICA)

International disputes

• Territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca. The ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be required;
• Maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea.
• Nicaragua is sovereign over the Rio San Juan, and by treaty Costa Rica has the right to navigate over part of the river with 'objects of commerce'. A dispute emerged when Costa Rica tried to navigate with armed members of its security forces.

International relations with intergovernmental organizations and countries

Nicaragua signed a 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in October 2007. As part of the IMF program, the Government of Nicaragua agreed to implement free market policies linked to targets on fiscal discipline, poverty spending, and energy regulation. The lack of transparency surrounding Venezuelan bilateral assistance, channeled through state-run enterprises rather than the official budget, has become a serious issue for the IMF and international donors. On September 10, 2008, with misgivings about fiscal transparency, the IMF released an additional $30 million to Nicaragua, the second tranche of its $110 million PRGF.

The flawed municipal elections of November 2008 prompted a number of European donors to suspend direct budget support to Nicaragua, a move that created a severe budget shortfall for the government. This shortfall, in turn, caused the Government of Nicaragua to fall out of compliance with its PRGF obligations and led to a suspension of PRGF disbursements. The IMF is currently in negotiations with the Government of Nicaragua to reinstate disbursements.

Under current president Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has stayed current with the Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement, which entered into force for Nicaragua on April 1, 2006. Nicaragua exports to the United States, which account for 59% of Nicaragua's total exports, were $1.7 billion in 2008, up 45% from 2005. Textiles and apparel account for 55% of exports to the United States, while automobile wiring harnesses add another 11%.

Other leading export products are coffee, meat, cigars, sugar, ethanol, and fresh fruit and vegetables, all of which have seen remarkable growth since CAFTA-DR went into effect. Leading Nicaraguan exports also demonstrated increased diversity, with 274 new products shipped to the United States in the first year. U.S. exports to Nicaragua, meanwhile, were $1.1 billion in 2008, up 23% from 2005. Other important trading partners for Nicaragua are its Central American neighbors, Mexico, and the European Union. Nicaragua is negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union as part of a Central American bloc.

Despite important protections for investment included in CAFTA-DR, the investment climate has become relatively insecure since Ortega took office. According to the United States State Department, President Ortega's decision to support "radical regimes" such as Iran and Cuba, his harsh rhetoric against the United States and capitalism, and his use of government institutions to persecute political enemies and their businesses, has had a negative effect on perceptions of country risk, which by some accounts has quadrupled since he assumed office. The government reports foreign investment inflows totaled $506 million in 2008, including $123 million in telecommunications infrastructure and $120 million in energy generation.

There are over 100 companies operating in Nicaragua with some relation to a U.S. company, either as wholly or partly owned subsidiaries, franchisees, or exclusive distributors of U.S. products. The largest are in energy, financial services, textiles/apparel, manufacturing, and fisheries. However, many companies in the textile/apparel sector, including a $100 million U.S.-owned denim mill, had shuttered by 2017.

Poor enforcement of property rights deters both foreign and domestic investment, especially in real estate development and tourism. Conflicting claims and weak enforcement of property rights has invited property disputes and litigation. Establishing verifiable title history is often entangled in legalities relating to the expropriation of 28,000 properties by the revolutionary government that Ortega led in the 1980s. The situation is not helped by a court system that is widely believed to be corrupt and subject to political influence.

Illegal property seizures by private parties, occasionally in collaboration with corrupt municipal officials, often go unchallenged by the authorities, especially in the Atlantic regions and interior regions of the north, where property rights are poorly defined and rule of law is weak. Foreign investor interest along the Pacific Coast has motivated some unscrupulous people to challenge ownership rights in the Departments of Rivas and Chinandega, with the hope of achieving some sort of cash settlement.

In October 2022, the European Union declared the Nicaraguan representative Zoila Müller non grata.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Nicaragua maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Nicaragua.svg
#	Country	Date
1	Colombia	Template:Dts
—	Ecuador (suspended)	1836
2	Mexico	Template:Dts
3	El Salvador	Template:Dts
4	Guatemala	Template:Dts
5	United States	Template:Dts
6	Spain	Template:Dts
7	Chile	Template:Dts
8	Peru	Template:Dts
9	Belgium	Template:Dts
10	United Kingdom	Template:Dts
11	France	Template:Dts
12	Honduras	Template:Dts
13	Costa Rica	Template:Dts
14	Argentina
15	Venezuela	Template:Dts
16	Cuba	Template:Dts
17	Italy	Template:Dts
18	Brazil	Template:Dts
—	Holy See (suspended)	Template:Dts
19	Uruguay	Template:Dts
20	Czech Republic	Template:Dts
21	Poland	Template:Dts
22	Japan
23	Sweden	Template:Dts
24	Panama	Template:Dts
25	Norway	Template:Dts
—	Israel (suspended)	Template:Dts
26	Dominican Republic	Template:Dts
27	Turkey	Template:Dts
28	Germany	Template:Dts
29	Haiti	Template:Dts
30	Bolivia	Template:Dts
—	Netherlands (suspended)	Template:Dts
31	Paraguay	Template:Dts
32	Portugal	Template:Dts
33	Switzerland	Template:Dts
34	Denmark	Template:Dts
35	Canada	Template:Dts
36	South Korea	Template:Dts
37	Austria	Template:Dts
38	Greece	Template:Dts
39	Trinidad and Tobago	Template:Dts
40	India	Template:Dts
41	Philippines	Template:Dts
42	Jamaica	Template:Dts
43	Barbados	Template:Dts
44	Thailand	Template:Dts
45	Finland	Template:Dts
46	Iran	Template:Dts
47	Suriname	Template:Dts
48	Luxembourg	Template:Dts
49	Pakistan	Template:Dts
50	Hungary	Template:Dts
51	Egypt	Template:Dts
52	Romania	Template:Dts
53	Zambia	Template:Dts
54	Serbia	Template:Dts
55	North Korea	Template:Dts
56	Malta	Template:Dts
57	Vietnam	Template:Dts
58	Republic of the Congo	Template:Dts
59	Russia	Template:Dts
60	Grenada	Template:Dts
61	Mongolia	Template:Dts
62	Albania	Template:Dts
63	Bulgaria	Template:Dts
64	Zimbabwe	Template:Dts
65	Laos	Template:Dts
66	Tanzania	Template:Dts
67	Mozambique	Template:Dts
68	Libya	Template:Dts
69	Belize
70	Algeria	Template:Dts
71	Guyana	Template:Dts
72	Cyprus	Template:Dts
73	Lebanon	Template:Dts
74	Iceland	Template:Dts
75	Bangladesh	Template:Dts
76	Yemen	Template:Dts
77	Afghanistan	Template:Dts
78	Ghana	Template:Dts
79	Lesotho	Template:Dts
80	Guinea	Template:Dts
81	Liberia	Template:Dts
82	Cape Verde	Template:Dts
83	Burkina Faso	Template:Dts
84	Australia	Template:Dts
85	Ethiopia	Template:Dts
86	Seychelles	Template:Dts
87	Benin	Template:Dts
88	Equatorial Guinea	Template:Dts
89	Madagascar	Template:Dts
90	Mauritius	Template:Dts
91	China	Template:Dts
92	Vanuatu	Template:Dts
93	Nepal	Template:Dts
94	Ivory Coast	Template:Dts
95	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Template:Dts
96	Indonesia	Template:Dts
97	New Zealand	Template:Dts
98	Angola
—	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Template:Dts
—	Template:Country data State of Palestine	Template:Dts
99	Iraq	Template:Dts
100	Jordan	Template:Dts
101	Kuwait	Template:Dts
102	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Template:Dts
103	United Arab Emirates	Template:Dts
104	Bahrain	Template:Dts
105	Qatar	Template:Dts
106	Oman	Template:Dts
107	Bahamas	Template:Dts
108	Antigua and Barbuda	Template:Dts
109	Slovenia	Template:Dts
110	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Template:Dts
—	Ukraine (suspended)	Template:Dts
111	Saint Lucia	Template:Dts
112	Slovakia	Template:Dts
113	Singapore	Template:Dts
114	Malaysia	Template:Dts
115	Mali	Template:Dts
116	Moldova	Template:Dts
117	Cambodia	Template:Dts
118	Lithuania	Template:Dts
119	Belarus	Template:Dts
120	Latvia	Template:Dts
121	Kazakhstan	Template:Dts
122	Armenia	Template:Dts
—	Template:Country data Georgia (suspended)	Template:Dts
123	South Africa	Template:Dts
124	Azerbaijan	Template:Dts
125	Andorra	Template:Dts
126	Template:Country data North Macedonia	Template:Dts
127	Croatia	Template:Dts
128	Turkmenistan	Template:Dts
129	Brunei	Template:Dts
130	Syria	Template:Dts
131	Morocco	Template:Dts
132	Nigeria	Template:Dts
133	Ireland	Template:Dts
134	Estonia	Template:Dts
135	Saudi Arabia	Template:Dts
136	Uzbekistan	Template:Dts
137	Botswana	Template:Dts
138	Timor-Leste	Template:Dts
139	Dominica	Template:Dts
—	Abkhazia	Template:Dts
140	Montenegro	Template:Dts
141	San Marino	Template:Dts
142	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Template:Dts
143	Solomon Islands	Template:Dts
144	Maldives	Template:Dts
—	South Ossetia	Template:Dts
145	Tuvalu	Template:Dts
146	Fiji	Template:Dts
147	Liechtenstein	Template:Dts
148	Sudan	Template:Dts
149	Tajikistan	Template:Dts
150	Kyrgyzstan	Template:Dts
151	Sri Lanka	Template:Dts
152	Eritrea	Template:Dts
153	Uganda	Template:Dts
154	Central African Republic	Template:Dts
155	Marshall Islands	Template:Dts
156	Palau	Template:Dts
157	Burundi	Template:Dts
158	Tunisia	Template:Dts
159	Gambia	Template:Dts
160	South Sudan	Template:Dts
161	Kenya	Template:Dts
162	Niger	Template:Dts
163	Monaco	Template:Dts
164	Djibouti	Template:Dts
165	Eswatini	Template:Dts
166	Comoros	Template:Dts
167	Mauritania	Template:Dts
168	Namibia
169	Nauru	Template:Dts
170	Togo	Template:Dts
171	Cameroon	Template:Dts
172	Rwanda	Template:Dts
173	Federated States of Micronesia	Template:Dts
174	Myanmar	Template:Dts
175	Sierra Leone	Template:Dts
176	Kiribati	Template:Dts
177	Gabon	Template:Dts
178	Chad	Template:Dts
179	Malawi	Template:Dts
180	Papua New Guinea	Template:Dts
181	Tonga	Template:Dts
182	Somalia	Template:Dts
183	São Tomé and Príncipe	Unknown
184	Senegal	Unknown

Bilateral relations

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
China	1985 (With the People's Republic of China)	See China–Nicaragua relations Nicaragua established diplomatic relations of the nationalist government of Republican China in 1930 but maintained relations after the central government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan after declaring the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After the Sandinista National Liberation Front took power in 1979, Nicaragua recognized the PRC on 7 December 1985 until 9 November 1990 when FSLN was defeated and resumed relations with the ROC, which continued under Daniel Ortega's presidency since 2007. On 9 December 2021, Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.
Colombia		See Colombia–Nicaragua relations The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the Caribbean close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries covering 150,000 km2 that included the islands of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided with Nicaragua in disavowing. The archipelago has been under Colombian control since 1931 when a treaty was signed during US occupation of Nicaragua, giving Colombia control over the islands. Colombia has an embassy in Managua. Nicaragua has an embassy in Bogotá.
Cuba	3 September 1905	See Cuba–Nicaragua relations Relations between the two countries were particularly positive during Nicaragua's initial Sandinista period and have been strong since the 2007 election of Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua.
Denmark		See Denmark–Nicaragua relations
Finland		See Finland–Nicaragua relations Finland is a significant donor of aid to Nicaragua. In 2007, total aid amounted to around EUR 14.5 million. The cooperation focused on rural development, health care and supporting local government. In 1992, the Finnish government announced an aid program of US$27.4 million. In 2006, the Finnish government pledged 4.9 million euros to help the Nicaraguan government integrate the ICT systems of 20 town councils. In 2008, the Finnish government revoked a 1.95 million euro aid package meant for Nicaragua in protest of what it alleged was a lack of transparency in Nicaragua's national budget and its municipal elections. In 2004, Finnish President Tarja Halonen visited Nicaragua where she stated "The Finnish government and Parliament have decided that Nicaragua is one of the main targets of Finnish development aid. However, the visit has shown that Finland is not only giving money – it is also interested in what is happening here". The Finnish President also made a speech to the National Assembly of Nicaragua on 31 May 2004. In 2003, the two countries signed the Agreement for the Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments. In February 2012, Finland made decision to stop development aid to Nicaragua. The main reason was concern over the state of the democracy in Nicaragua. Finland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. Nicaragua has an honorary consulate in Helsinki.
Template:Country data Georgia	Diplomatic relations severed in November 2008	Nicaraguan-Georgian diplomatic relations established on 19 September 1994 and ended on 29 November 2008. The Georgian Foreign Ministry said that it had cut diplomatic ties with Nicaragua in a response to the latter's recognition of independence of breakaway South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
		See Germany–Nicaragua relations Germany has an embassy in Managua. In April 2024, Nicaragua closed its embassy in Berlin. In future, official duties will be assumed by the Nicaraguan diplomatic mission in Austria.
Greece		See Greece–Nicaragua relations Greece is accredited to Nicaragua through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico. Nicaragua is accredited to Greece through its embassy in Rome, Italy.
Holy See		See Holy See–Nicaragua relations Holy See had an Apostolic Nunciature in Managua until 2023. Nicaragua had an embassy in Rome to the Holy See until 2023.
India		See India-Nicaragua relations India has an honorary consulate in Managua. Nicaragua has honorary consulate in New Delhi and in Mumbai.
Israel	Diplomatic relations severed in October 2024	Israel was the last country that still shipped weapons to the embattled Anastacio Somoza regime in 1978–1979 (the dictator's father had supported Israel in 1948, establishing a "special relationship" between Nicaragua and Israel), becoming the regime's main supplier of arms, after the Carter administration had cut off supplies amid the public outcry over Somozista troops' atrocities. This soured the relations with the -Sandinista government; the relations were then gradually normalized. In March 2017, Nicaragua and Israel reestablished diplomatic relations after they were suspended in 2010. In October 2024, Nicaragua broke ties with Israel again in solidarity with the Palestinian government and people amid the Gaza war.
Mexico	1838	See Mexico–Nicaragua relations Mexico has an embassy in Managua. Nicaragua has an embassy in Mexico City.
Soviet Union-Russia	October 1979	See Nicaragua–Russia relations Both countries signed diplomatic missions on October 18, 1979, a few months after the Sandinista revolution. President Vladimir Putin visited Nicaragua on July 12, 2014. Nicaragua has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Managua.
South Korea	January 1962	The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and the Republic of Nicaragua began in January 1962. Nicaragua has an embassy in Seoul. South Korea has an embassy in Managua.
Netherlands	Diplomatic Relations severed in October 2022	The direct cause for severing relations was the Netherlands' decision to definitively terminate its financial contribution to the Nicaraguan authorities for the construction of a hospital in Nicaragua, which has been on hold for several years.
Spain	20 March 1851	See Nicaragua–Spain relations Nicaragua has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Managua. Both countries are full members of the Association of Spanish Language Academies and the Organization of Ibero-American States Nicaragua was a colony of Spain from the 16th century, Nicaragua gained independence from Spain in 1821. Nicaragua was in a coalition led by Spain during the Iraq War the Multi-National Force – Iraq between 2003 up to 2004.
Switzerland	1956	File:Schweizer Botschaft, wurde 2010 eröffnet und hat ein excellente Aussicht über die ganze Stadt. - panoramio.jpg Swiss Cooperation Office in Managua Relations with Nicaragua and Switzerland focus on development cooperation, humanitarian aid and trade. Nicaragua is accredited to Switzerland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Switzerland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in San José, Costa Rica and maintains a Swiss cooperation office in Managua.
Syria	February 14, 1999	See Nicaragua–Syria relations
Turkey	Nov. 11, 1926	See Nicaragua–Turkey relations Turkey has an embassy in Managua. Nicaraguan embassy in Berlin is accredited to Turkey. Trade volume between the two countries was US$11.6 million in 2019 (Nicaraguan exports/imports: 0.5/11.1 million USD).
United Kingdom		See Nicaragua–United Kingdom relations Nicaragua established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 18 January 1859. Nicaragua maintains an embassy in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in San Jose, Costa Rica; there is no British embassy in Nicaragua. Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization, as well as the Central America–United Kingdom Association Agreement. Bilaterally the two countries have an investment agreement.
United States	1824; 1849	See Nicaragua–United States relations File:Embassy of Nicaragua.JPG Embassy of Nicaragua in Washington, D.C. Nicaragua has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Miami and New York. United States has an embassy in Managua.
Uruguay	1849	See Nicaragua–Uruguay relations File:Embassy of Nicaragua in Montevideo.JPG Embassy of Nicaragua in Montevideo Nicaragua has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala.
Venezuela	1979	Venezuela and Nicaragua have had diplomatic relations since January 1979. During the Venezuelan government of Carlos Andrés Pérez, they helped FSLN to overthrow regime of longtime Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Relations between Nicaragua and Venezuela have significantly improved during the presidency of Hugo Chávez. In 2007 Nicaragua became a formal member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) international cooperation organization and the Caribbean oil alliance Petrocaribe. In the recent years Nicaragua has received discounted oil from Venezuela with low payments. The presidents of Venezuela and Nicaragua, President Hugo Chávez and President Daniel Ortega, have both described themselves as good friends and visited one another's nations. Nicaragua has an embassy in Caracas. Venezuela has an embassy in Managua.

States with limited recognition

The following table includes Republic of China, Georgia, and some of the states with limited recognition:

Name	Recognized by Nicaragua	Notes
Abkhazia		See Abkhazia–Nicaragua relations Nicaragua recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia on September 5, 2008. At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment. Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."
Template:Flagcountry	Yes	Palestine has an embassy in Managua. Nicaraguan foreign minister, Denis Moncada, has publicly expressed solidarity with Palestinian statehood and called for "an end to the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories," and the "liberation of Palestinian prisoners."
Template:Flagcountry	Yes	Template:Numrec, claimed by Morocco.
South Ossetia	Yes	See Nicaragua–South Ossetia relations Nicaragua extended diplomatic recognition to South Ossetia and Abkhazia on 5 September 2008. After the recognition was announced, the Nicaraguan Foreign Ministry stated that they would immediately establish ties with Tskhinvali and would eventually appoint an ambassador to the republic. At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment. Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]." The recognition of South Ossetia by Nicaragua triggered immediate reactions from other countries involved in the dispute over the status of South Ossetia. Georgia responded to Nicaragua's concurrent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by cutting diplomatic relations with the Central American state at the end of November 2008. Russia offered to strengthen ties with Nicaragua and to provide aid to Nicaragua to help rebuild areas damaged by hurricanes. The U.S. Secretary of Commerce canceled a planned trip to Nicaragua, with the U.S. Ambassador in Managua saying, "It isn't the appropriate moment for the visit."
Template:Flagcountry	Yes	A sovereign entity without territory, established diplomatic relations with 104 states.
Taiwan	Diplomatic relations severed in 2021	Nicaragua used to maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of the People's Republic of China. In 2007, President Daniel Ortega stated that Nicaragua will maintain its diplomatic ties with Taiwan. Ortega defended Nicaragua's right of having diplomatic relations with Taiwan and China at the same time and insisted that Nicaragua will not break its diplomatic relations with Taiwan and Vice-president Jaime Morales Carazo (during Ortega's first tenure) criticized the People's Republic of China for conditioning Nicaragua's diplomatic relations. Nicaragua maintained its diplomatic relations with Taiwan until 2021. On December 9, 2021, Nicaragua broke off diplomatic relations with the Republic of China and recognised the PRC as the legitimate Chinese government.

See also

• List of diplomatic missions in Nicaragua
• List of diplomatic missions of Nicaragua
• Nicaragua v. United States
• Brazil–Nicaragua relations
• Nicaragua–United States relations

External links

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nicaragua Template:In lang
• ICJ Nicaragua v. Colombia (Preliminary Objections) and (Merits) and 2007 Preliminary Objections Judgment Template:Webarchive and ASILTemplate:Category handler and BBC Template:Webarchive and Colombia President and Colombia MFATemplate:Category handler and Analysis 20 Hague YIL 75–119 2008 Template:Webarchive
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