Serranilla Bank

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Serranilla Bank (Template:Langx and Placer de la Serranilla)[1] is a partially submerged reef, with small uninhabited islets, in the western Caribbean Sea. It is situated about Script error: No such module "convert". northeast of the Punta Gorda River, Nicaragua, and roughly Script error: No such module "convert". southwest of Jamaica.[2] The closest neighbouring land feature is Bajo Nuevo Bank, located Script error: No such module "convert". to the east.

Serranilla Bank was first shown on Spanish maps in 1510. It is administered by Colombia as a part of the department of San Andrés and Providencia.[3][4] The reef is subject to a sovereignty dispute involving Colombia, Jamaica, and the United States. A previous claim by Honduras was resolved in favor of Colombia when the two countries approved a treaty establishing their maritime boundaries.[5] Jamaica's claim was largely considered to be resolved when it established a "Joint Regime Area" with overlapping maritime boundaries in 1993, acknowledging Colombian control of Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank, even though the treaty mentioned the dispute over territorial waters.[6][7] On 19 November 2012, in regards to Nicaraguan claims to the islands, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) upheld Colombia's sovereignty over the bank. However, the judgment does not analyze or mention the U.S. claim over the reef.[8]

Geography

Serranilla Bank is a former atoll, now a mostly submerged carbonate platform consisting of shallow reef environments. It is about Script error: No such module "convert". in length and Script error: No such module "convert". in width, covering an area of over Script error: No such module "convert"., almost entirely under water. Three small cays and two rocks emerge above the water to form the bank's islands. These are West Breaker, Middle Cay, East Cay, Beacon Cay, and Northeast Breaker.[9] They are largely barren, with sparse vegetation of bushes and some trees. Many shipwrecks are located in its vicinity.[10] The bank lacks coral reefs and has minimal sediment cover. Accretion of the bank is not keeping up with the rise in sea level. The south-eastern portion is covered mainly by hardgrounds, while the rest of the bank is mostly covered by thin Halimeda sediments.[11]

Beacon Cay is the largest islet in the Bank. It is overbuilt with small military facilities, which house a small rotating garrison of Colombian naval personnel. There is a lighthouse on a coral ledge in the southwest approach to the bank. It is a Script error: No such module "convert". tall skeletal tower built atop a 3-storey crew residence. The lamp emits a focal plane beam of light as two white flashes every 20 seconds. The current lighthouse was first erected in 1982,[12] and was reconstructed in May 2008 by the Colombian Ministry of National Defense. It is currently maintained by the Colombian National Navy and overseen by the state's Maritime Authority.[9][13][14]

History

The Serranilla Bank was first shown on Spanish maps in 1510 as Placer de la Serranilla. It was mentioned by Louis-Michel Aury, whose ship was shipwrecked on it in 1820.[15] In later history, it has been the subject of conflicting claims by several sovereign states; in most cases, the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas.

Between 1982 and 1986, Colombia maintained a formal agreement with Jamaica, which granted regulated fishing rights to Jamaican vessels within the territorial waters of Serranilla Bank and the nearby Bajo Nuevo Bank.[16][17] In November 1993, the two states agreed upon a maritime delimitation treaty establishing a "Joint Regime Area" to cooperatively manage and exploit living and non-living resources in designated waters between the two banks.[18] However, the territorial waters immediately surrounding the cays themselves were excluded from the zone of joint-control, as Colombia considers these areas to be parts of its coastal waters.[19][20] The agreement came into force in March 1994.[17]

Nicaragua formerly claimed all the islands on its continental shelf,[21] covering an area of over 50,000 km2 in the Caribbean Sea, including the Serranilla Bank and all islands associated with the San Andrés and Providencia archipelagoes. It had persistently pursued this claim against Colombia in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), filing cases in both 2001 and 2007.[22][23] Nicaragua formally accepted the ICJ's 2012 ruling of Colombian sovereignty in a 2014 constitutional amendment.[24]

The United States' claim was made in 1879[25] and 1880 under the Guano Islands Act[26] by James W. Jennett.[27][28] Most claims made by the U.S. over the guano islands in this region were officially renounced in a treaty with Colombia dated September 1972.[29] But whether or not Serranilla Bank was included in the agreement is disputed. There is no specific mention of the feature in the treaty, and as per Article 7 of the treaty, only matters specifically mentioned in the document are subject to it. The U.S. considers the reef an insular area.[28][30]

Honduras claimed Serranilla Bank as part of its national territory in Article 10 of its Constitution.[31] In 1986, it agreed upon a maritime boundary demarcation with Colombia that excluded Honduras of any control over the bank or its surrounding waters.[4][32] The ratification of this boundary on 20 December 1999[33] proved to be controversial within Honduras, as it ensured that the state implicitly recognized Colombia's sovereignty over the claimed territory.[34] At that time, Nicaragua disputed Honduras' legal right to hand over these areas before the ICJ.[21][35] Despite the agreement with Colombia, the Honduran government has not officially renounced the claim in the Constitution.

Notable fauna

In 1952, Serranilla Bank was the site of the last sighting of the now-extinct Caribbean monk seal.[36]

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Derrotero de las islas Antillas y de las costas orientales de América p. 333
  2. ↑ Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
  3. ↑ Template:In lang Armada de la República de Colombia: Forces and Commands — area is under the jurisdiction of Comando Específico de San Andrés y Providencia.
  4. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".Script error: No such module "Unsubst". An official map of Colombian borders, with treaty dates.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies: Colombia–Jamaica maritime boundary and the Joint Regime Area
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Sanandresislas – description and photographs of Serranilla Bank.
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Legal status of the Banks of Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo, page 8.
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Contract detail between Colombian Defense Ministry and private contractor, Tecnosoluciones Ltda., for the replacement of various metal lighthouse structures, including on Serranilla Bank.
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Photographs of Colombian lighthouses, with Serranilla Bank shown, pages 4–5.
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Fishing agreement which permits regulated fishing rights to Jamaican vessels around Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Banks.
  17. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Review of the 1993 Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Colombia and Jamaica.
  20. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Topographic map of the Colombia-Jamaica Joint-Regime Area, with the two exclusion circles shown.
  21. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  22. ↑ Template:In lang El Espectador: Colombia could lose territory, despite the Hague failure Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  23. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Nicaragua v. Colombia, Preliminary Objections.
  24. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  25. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  26. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  27. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  28. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". lists Serranilla Bank as an insular area under U.S. sovereignty.
  29. ↑ Template:In lang Treaty of exchange between Colombia and the United States, 1972 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  30. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1". Page 39 states that U.S. sovereignty over Serranilla Bank is disputed. "Currently, the United States conducts maritime law enforcement operations in and around Serranilla Bank and Bajo Nuevo consistent with U.S. sovereignty claims." This is the only archived document from this source that mentions Serranilla Bank as an insular area.
  31. ↑ Template:In lang Republic of Honduras: Political Constitution of 1982 through 2005 reforms
  32. ↑ Template:In lang Treaty between Colombia and Honduras, 1986
  33. ↑ Template:In lang Affirmation of Maritime Delimitation Treaty between Honduras and Colombia, 1999
  34. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  35. ↑ Nicaragua-Honduras Territorial Dispute Script error: No such module "webarchive". De Mar, Rebecca. American University, June 2002.
  36. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".

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External links

  • Script error: No such module "webarchive". – aerial image of Serranilla Bank
  • Photos of the islands on Panoramio: [1] [2]

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