Deira

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "other uses". Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Deira (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;[1] Old Welsh/Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Langx or Script error: No such module "Lang".)[2] was an area of Post-Roman Britain, and a later Anglian kingdom.[3]

Etymology

The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, and is derived from the Proto-Celtic Script error: No such module "Lang"., meaning 'oak' (Script error: No such module "Lang". in modern Welsh), in which case it would mean 'the people of the Derwent', a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Script error: No such module "Lang"..[4] It is cognate with the modern Irish word Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "IPA".); the names of the Irish cities of Derry and Kildare stem from this word.[5]Template:Sfn

History

Brythonic Deira

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain a number of successor kingdoms rose in northern England, reflecting pre-Roman tribal territories. The area between the Humber and River Tees known as Script error: No such module "Lang". or Script error: No such module "Lang". corresponds to the tribal lands of the Parisi, bordered to the west and north by the Brythonic kingdoms of Elmet (Script error: No such module "Lang".) and Bernicia (Script error: No such module "Lang".) respectively, and to the east by the North Sea.

Early Deira may have centred on Petuaria (modern Brough) and archaeological evidence shows that the town was refortified. Petuaria was a great tribal centre for the Parisi, but declined in importance from the mid-fourth century (possibly as the harbour silted up). After this period, Derventio (modern Malton) may have functioned as the region's capital.[6]

It is not known if Deira was ever an independent Brythonic kingdom, and no British king has been identified with the area from the surviving genealogies, poems or chronicles. However the area was subject to the same fractious inheritance traditions and changing power dynamic (following the Roman withdrawal) that allowed Elmet and Bernicia to become independent hereditary kingdoms in the early fifth century. In Welsh literature, Deira is part of the Script error: No such module "Lang". (The Old North) region, which was divided into many related kingdoms after the death of Script error: No such module "Lang". (Coel the Old).[7][8]

Anglian Deira

The kingdom, which was previously ruled by a British dynasty, was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley.[9] Anglian Deira's territory also extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia, its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of Northumbria.

According to Simeon of Durham (writing early in the 12th century), Deira extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. The Brythonic kingdom centred on Script error: No such module "Lang". ("boar-place"), which may have also been called Ebrauc. After the city was taken by King Edwin of the Angles, it became Script error: No such module "Lang"., the capital of the new Anglian kingdom.Template:Sfn

Archaeology suggests that the Anglian royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is Ælla in the late sixth century.[10] After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.[11]

Osric, the nephew of Edwin, ruled Deira after Edwin, but his son Oswine was put to death by Oswiu in 651. For a few years subsequently, Deira was governed by Æthelwald son of Oswald of Bernicia.[12]

Bede wrote of Deira in his Historia Ecclesiastica (completed in 731).Template:Sfn

Anglian kings of Deira

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Reign Incumbent Notes
559/560 to 589 Ælla
(Aelli)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		ÆLLA YFFING DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ÆLLA REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
589/599 to 604 Æthelric
(Aedilric)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		ÆÞELRIC IDING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ÆÞELRIC REX BERNICIA ET DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Bernicia Dynasty
593/604? to 616 Æthelfrith ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ÆÞELFERÞ REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Killed in battle
Deira Dynasty
616 to 12/14 October 632 Edwin EDVVIN ÆLLING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
EDVVIN REX BERNICIA ET DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia
late 633 to summer 634 Osric OSRIC ÆLFRICING DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
OSRIC REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Bernicia Dynasty
633 to 5 August 642 Oswald OSVVALD BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
OSVVALD REX BERNICIA ET DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald
642 to 644 Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
OSVVIO REX BERNICIA ET DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Deira Dynasty
644 to 651 Oswine OSVVINE OSRICING DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
OSVVINE REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Murdered
Bernicia Dynasty
summer 651 to late 654 or 655 Æthelwold ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ÆÞELVVALD REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
654 to 15 August 670 Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING NORÞANHYMBRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
OSVVIO REX NORÞANHYMBRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". 		Restored
656 to 664 Alchfrith ALCHFRIÞ DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ALCHFRIÞ REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
664 to 670 Ecgfrith ECGFRIÞ DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ECGFRIÞ REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
670 to 679 Ælfwine ÆLFVVINE DEIRA CYNINGScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
ÆLFVVINE REX DEIRAScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Notes

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  1. ↑ A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World, 1880
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Higham, p. 81
  5. ↑ Library Ireland Template:Webarchive – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Morris, p. 54.
  8. ↑ Koch 2006, pp. 584–585.
  9. ↑ Higham, p. 98
  10. ↑ Higham, pp. 77-78
  11. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), page 78.

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References

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  • Script error: No such module "If empty".Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  • Higham, N.J. (1993). The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton. Template:ISBN
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  • Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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Further reading

  • Geake, Helen & Kenny, Jonathan (eds.) (2000). Early Deira: Archaeological studies of the East Riding in the fourth to ninth centuries AD. Oxford: Oxbow. Template:ISBN

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