Convoy SC 107
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Convoy SC 107 was the 107th of the numbered series of World War II Slow Convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island to Liverpool.[1] The ships departed New York City on 24 October 1942 and were found and engaged by a wolfpack of U-boats which sank fifteen ships.[2] It was the heaviest loss of ships from any trans-Atlantic convoy through the winter of 1942–43.[3] The attack included one of the largest non-nuclear man-made explosions in history, when Template:GS torpedoed ammunition ships SS Hobbema and SS Hatimura - both were sunk, one exploded, with the German submarine also being destroyed in the explosion.
Background
As western Atlantic coastal convoys brought an end to the "Second Happy Time", Admiral Karl Dönitz, the Befehlshaber der U-Boote (BdU) or commander in chief of U-Boats, shifted focus to the mid-Atlantic to avoid aircraft patrols. Although convoy routing was less predictable in the mid-ocean, Dönitz anticipated that the increased numbers of U-boats being produced would be able to effectively search for convoys with the advantage of intelligence gained through B-Dienst decryption of British Naval Cypher Number 3.[4] However, only 20 percent of the 180 trans-Atlantic convoys sailing from the end of July 1942 until the end of April 1943 lost ships to U-boat attack.[3]
Discovery
B-Dienst decrypted message traffic detailing routing and composition of convoy SC 107, and fifteen U-boats of wolfpack Veilchen (violet) were deployed to intercept it.[5] The convoy was found and reported by Template:GS, patrolling the same general area as wolfpack Veilchen, on 29 October[6] as the Western Local Escort Force[7] turned the convoy over to Escort Group C-4,[8] supported by the convoy rescue ship Stockport.[7] Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". obtained a HF/DF bearing when U-522 sent the first convoy contact report at 16:24, and the convoy made a course change after dark in the hope of evading the shadowing U-boat.[9] Soon after, a No. 10 Squadron RCAF Digby bomber sunk Template:GS, patrolling in the area of the convoy.[7] As the boats of Veilchen were sailing towards their assembly point, wolfpack boat Template:GS was sunk by a RCAF Lockheed Hudson.[6] Wolfpack boat Template:GS found the convoy and released U-522 to sail off for other prey.[9]
First attack on 1/2 November
Stockport and Restigouche located 25 HF/DF transmissions from the eight U-boats in contact with the convoy on the afternoon of 1 November, but the single destroyer was unable to investigate all of them.[6] At sunset Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". HMS Celandine was sent to investigate the closest HF/DF fix eight miles off the port quarter; and Restigouche made a sweep astern. After sunset, a clearing sky revealed the flickering aurora borealis to port silhouetting the convoy and its three remaining escorts. As Restgouche engaged an ASDIC contact six miles behind the convoy with depth charges and star shells, nervous merchant sailors revealed the convoy location by firing snowflake pyrotechnic mortars.[10]
While Restigouche pursued another U-boat, Kapitänleutnant Siegfried von Forstner's Template:GS passed the destroyer at 22:40 while overtaking the silhouetted convoy from astern. When corvette Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". had a radar malfunction, U-402 went undetected as it penetrated the starboard side on the convoy screen about midnight to torpedo the British freighter Empire Sunrise. Empire Sunrise fired two flares and most of the ships in convoy fired snowflake mortars. U-402 dived to avoid the rapidly approaching Restigouche whose depth charges were comfortably distant. Restigouche narrowly avoided torpedoes launched a short time later by Template:GS as the convoy changed course 40 degrees to port to confuse the U-boats.[10]
While Celandine dropped astern to screen Stockport rescuing survivors from Empire Sunrise, U-402 twice more penetrated the convoy screen where Celadine had been and torpedoed the Greek freighter Rinos and British freighters Dalcroy, Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities"., and Empire Leopard. U-402 was lightly damaged by machine-gun fire from corvette Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and by a Script error: No such module "convert". projectile from a merchant ship. Kapitänleutnant von Forstner would receive the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for his work in U-402 during this convoy and in Convoy SC 118 on the next patrol. U-522 torpedoed the Greek freighter Mount Pelion and British freighters Hartington and Maratima.[7] During the melee, merchant ships avoided two torpedoes launched by Template:GS, three from Template:GS, and four from Template:GS ; while Arvida avoided damage from machine-gun fire by several merchant ships who thought she might be a U-boat.[10]
2 November
Rain and misty weather caused the U-boats to lose contact after U-522 torpedoed Greek freighter Parthenon in a daylight attack. Escort Group C-4 was reinforced by the V-class destroyer Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". from convoy HX 213 before nine U-boats regained contact when visibility improved on 3 November.[6]
Second attack on 3/4 November
Celandine, Amherst and Vanessa attacked the gathering U-boats unsuccessfully while the convoy reassembled after losing cohesion in the fog. One of the straggling merchant ships avoided two torpedoes launched by U-438.[11] U-521 torpedoed the American tanker Hahira shortly after dawn on 3 November.[7] Stockport was carrying 350 survivors by the time she picked up those from Hahira. Harbor tugs Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". had been attached to the convoy for passage to Iceland, and were detailed to act as rescue ships because Stockport was carrying three times her intended capacity. The little tugs were ordered to keep their running lights on in their assigned rescue positions astern of the convoy to minimize chances they might be mistaken for U-boats. Template:GS torpedoed the convoy commodore's freighter Jeypore after sunset on 3 November; but snowflake illumination was minimal because most ships had exhausted their supply of pyrotechnics during the earlier attacks. Corvettes Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". made unsuccessful counterattacks[11] before Template:GS torpedoed the Dutch freighter SS Hobbema and British freighters Empire Lynx and Hatimura at 23:10.[7] The entire convoy and nearby U-boats were shaken thirty minutes later by a heavy explosion believed to have been one of the largest prior to atomic bomb testing. The magnitude of the explosion temporarily stopped the engine of the rescue tug six miles astern of the convoy and caused several ships to believe they had been torpedoed. Titus was abandoned before the captain realized she was undamaged and returned with a skeleton crew including survivors from other ships. U-boats submerged at a depth of 200 feet reported being severely jolted, and U-132 is believed to have been destroyed by the detonation. The cause of the explosion was undetermined, but assumed to have resulted from detonation of the ammunition cargo of either Hobbema[11] or Hatimura while they were sinking.[7]
On 4 November, Arvida and Celandine were detached to Iceland with Stockport and the two tugs overcrowded with a total of 590 survivors.[7] U-89 torpedoed the British freighter Daleby shortly before the convoy escort was reinforced by the United States Coast Guard Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". cutter Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and the Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".s Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". and Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". from Iceland.[7] No. 120 Squadron RAF B-24 Liberators scrambled from Iceland drove off the remaining U-boats,[7] and the convoy reached Liverpool on 10 November.[2]
Ships in convoy
| Name[12] | Flag[12] | Dead[13] | Tonnage gross register tons (GRT)[12] | Cargo[13] | Notes[12] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agios Georgios (1911) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,248 | Grain & general cargo | Survived this convoy and convoy ONS 5 | |
| Ann Skakel (1920) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,949 | Detached to Iceland 7 Nov; survived this convoy and convoy SC 118 | ||
| Benedick (1928) | Template:Flagcountry | 6,978 | Furnace fuel oil | Survived this convoy, convoy SC 122 and convoy SC 130 | |
| Berkel (1930) | Template:Flagcountry | 2,130 | Lumber | Survived this convoy, convoy ON 154 and convoy ONS 5 | |
| Bruarfoss (1927) | Template:Flagcountry | 1,580 | Detached to Iceland 7 Nov | ||
| Carrier (1921) | Template:Flagcountry | 3,036 | Grain | ||
| Dalcroy (1930) | Template:Flagcountry | 0 | 4,558 | 1,809 tons steel & lumber | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Daleby (1929) | Template:Flagcountry | 0 | 4,640 | 8,500 tons grain | Veteran of convoy SC 26; sunk by Template:GS |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". (1919) | Template:Flagcountry | 0 | 4,945 | 5,560 tons general cargo | Veteran of convoy SC 94; sunk by Template:GS |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". (1917) | Template:Flagcountry | 37 | 5,676 | 7,410 tons zinc concentrates | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Empire Lynx (1917) | Template:Flagcountry | 0 | 6,379 | 7,850 tons general cargo | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Empire Shackleton (1941) | Template:Flagcountry | 7,068 | Steel & lumber | CAM ship; survived to be sunk the following month in convoy ON 154 | |
| Empire Sunrise (1941) | Template:Flagcountry | 0 | 7,459 | 10,000 tons steel & lumber | Sunk by Template:GS & Template:GS |
| Empire Union (1924) | Template:Flagcountry | 5,952 | General cargo | Survived to be sunk the following month in convoy ON 154 | |
| Fairwater (1928) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,108 | Steel & lumber | ||
| Geisha (1921) | Template:Flagcountry | 5,113 | General cargo | Ship's master was convoy vice-commodore | |
| Granfoss (1913) | Template:Flagcountry | 1,461 | Flour | ||
| Hahira (1920) | Template:Flagcountry | 3 | 6,855 | 8,985 tons furnace fuel oil | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Hartington (1932) | Template:Flagcountry | 24 | 5,496 | Tanks & 8,000 tons wheat | Sunk by Template:GS, Template:GS & Template:GS |
| Hatimura (1918) | Template:Flagcountry | 4 | 6,690 | Food, steel, ammunition & explosives | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities". (1918) | Template:Flagcountry | 28 | 5,507 | 7,000 tons explosives & general cargo | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Janeta (1929) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,312 | Steel & lumber | Survived this convoy and convoy ON 154 | |
| Jeypore (1920) | Template:Flagcountry | 1 | 5,318 | 6,200 tons explosives & general cargo | Carried convoy commodore VADM B C Watson CB DSO; sunk by Template:GS |
| L V Stanford (1921) | Template:Flagcountry | 7,138 | Fuel oil | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 121 | |
| Maratima (1912) | Template:Flagcountry | 32 | 5,804 | 7,167 tons explosives & general cargo | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Marsa (1928) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,405 | Steel & lumber | ||
| Mount Pelion (1917) | Template:Flagcountry | 7 | 6,625 | 7,452 tons general cargo & trucks | Veteran of convoy SC 94; sunk by Template:GS |
| New York City (1917) | Template:Flagcountry | 2,710 | General cargo | Survived this convoy and convoy SC 118 | |
| Olney (1928) | Template:Flagcountry | 7,294 | Diesel | Survived this convoy and convoy ON 154 | |
| Oropos (1913) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,474 | Grain | ||
| PLM 17 (1922) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,008 | Phosphates | Survived damaged by depth charge explosions | |
| Pacific (1914) | Template:Flagcountry | 4,978 | General cargo | ||
| Parthenon (1908) | Template:Flagcountry | 6 | 3,189 | Paper | Sunk by Template:GS |
| USS Pleiades (1939) | Template:Flagcountry | 3,600 | Veteran of convoy ON 67; detached to Iceland | ||
| Rinos (1919) | Template:Flagcountry | 8 | 4,649 | 6,151 tons general cargo & trucks | Sunk by Template:GS |
| Stockport (1911) | Template:Flagcountry | 1,583 | convoy rescue ship | ||
| Tidewater (1930) | Template:Flagcountry | 8,886 | Furnace fuel oil | ||
| Titus (1930) | Template:Flagcountry | 1,712 | Flour | Veteran of convoy SC 42 | |
| Vest (1920) | Template:Flagcountry | 5,074 | Grain & lumber | Survived this convoy and convoy ON 154 |
German losses
RCAF bombers, patrolling the area of Convoy SC 107, sunk the free-patrolling Template:GS on 30 October and wolfpack Veilchen member Template:GS on 5 November. Wolfpack Veilchen boat Template:GS sunk herself through the explosion caused by her torpedoing of Hobbema (or Hatimura) on 4 November.
See also
- Convoy Battles of World War II
- Operation CHASE for a description of experimental detonation of obsolete munition cargoes in sinking ships to simulate nuclear testing.
Notes
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- ↑ Hague 2000 p.133
- ↑ a b Hague 2000 p.135
- ↑ a b Hague pp.132, 137–138, 161–162, 164, 181
- ↑ Tarrant p.108
- ↑ Waters, p.15
- ↑ a b c d Cite error: Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".Script error: No such module "Namespace detect".
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p.170
- ↑ Milner 1985 p.290
- ↑ a b Waters, pp.31–34
- ↑ a b c Waters, pp.38–55
- ↑ a b c Waters, pp.60–72
- ↑ a b c d Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ a b Hague 2000 p.137
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References
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