Colorado River Numic language

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Colorado River Numic (also called Ute Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Southern Paiute Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Ute–Southern Paiute, or Ute-Chemehuevi Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell), of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family, is a dialect chain that stretches from southeastern California to Colorado.Template:Sfn Individual dialects are Chemehuevi, which is in danger of extinction, Southern Paiute (Moapa, Cedar City, Kaibab, and San Juan subdialects), and Ute (Central Utah, Northern, White Mesa, Southern subdialects). According to the Ethnologue, there were a little less than two thousand speakers of Colorado River Numic Language in 1990, or around 40% out of an ethnic population of 5,000.[1]

The Southern Paiute dialect has played a significant role in linguistics, as the background for a famous article by linguist Edward Sapir and his collaborator Tony Tillohash on the nature of the phoneme.[2]

Dialects

The three major dialect groups of Colorado River are Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, and Ute, although there are no strong isoglosses. The threefold division is primarily one of culture rather than strictly linguistic. There are, however, three major phonological distinctions among the dialects:

  • In Southern Paiute and Ute, initial Script error: No such module "IPA". has been lost: Chemehuevi Script error: No such module "IPA". 'drink' is a verb, other dialects Script error: No such module "IPA". 'drink'.
  • In Ute, nasal-stop clusters have become voiceless geminate stops: Ute Script error: No such module "IPA". 'horse, pet', other dialects Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  • In Ute, the mid back round vowel Script error: No such module "IPA". has been fronted to Script error: No such module "IPA".: Ute Script error: No such module "IPA". 'lungs', other dialects Script error: No such module "IPA"..

There are no strong isoglosses between Southern Paiute and Ute for the changes but an increasing level of change, as one moves from Kaibab Southern Paiute (0% of nasal-stop clusters have changed) to Southern Ute (100% of nasal-stop clusters have changed).

Phonology

Consonant and vowel charts for the westernmost and easternmost dialects are given.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Consonants

Consonant phonemes in Chemehuevi dialect
labial dental palatal velar glottal
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plosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
fricative Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
rhotic Template:IPA link
nasal plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
glottalizedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
glide plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
glottalizedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Consonant phonemes in Southern Ute dialect
labial dental palatal velar glottal
plainScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". labialScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
plosive Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
fricative Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
rhotic Template:IPA link
nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
glide Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Vowels

Vowel phonemes in Chemehuevi dialect
front central back
unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
high Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
mid Template:IPA link
low Template:IPA link
Vowel phonemes in Southern Ute dialect
front central back
unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". unroundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". roundedScript error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
high Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
mid Template:IPA link
low Template:IPA link

Vowels can be long or short. Short unstressed vowels can be devoiced.

Morphology

The Colorado River Numic language is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".

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Bibliography

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External links

Template:Uto-Aztecan languages Template:Languages of California Template:Languages of Nevada Template:Languages of Arizona

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