Clupavus

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Clupavus is an extinct genus of marine ray-finned fish that lived during the middle of the Cretaceous period.[1] It is known from North Africa, Europe, Brazil, and possibly North America.

Taxonomy

It contains the following species:

Fossils of an indeterminate Clupavus species are abundant in the Albian-aged Pietraroja Plattenkalk of Italy, and the Cenomanian-aged Komen Limestone of Slovenia.[7][8] A few specimens of a potential indeterminate species are also known from the Albian-aged Mowry Shale of Wyoming, USA.[9][10]

The genus was initially described in 1950 with the species C. neocomiensis (Bassani, 1879) as its type species, based on a specimen from Morocco classified C. cf. neocomiensis. In 1968, the original C. neocomiensis was found to be synonymous with Leptolepis brodiei, so Clupavus was redefined with the newly-described C. maroccanus as the type species.[11][12] The classification of C. brasiliensis in this genus has been questioned, as it differs from C. maroccanus in the morphology of the caudal skeleton.[13][14] The species Casieroides yamangaensis and Chardonius longicaudatus from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were initially classified in this genus, but are now known to be unrelated.[3]

Initially described as a member of the Clupeiformes,[12] later studies have found the presence of a Weberian apparatus in members of this genus, indicating them to be basal otophysans.[3][15] Relatives of Clupavus include Lusitanichthys and possibly Jhingrania.[16][17]

Ecology

Clupavus is one of the most common fossil fishes in the formations where it occurs in Europe.[5][7][8] They are especially common in the Hesseltal Formation of Germany, from around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. These German fossils indicate that Clupavus was a widespread, sardine-like shoaling fish, closely associated with cool waters from upwelling, that served as the base of the food chain in marine ecosystems of the Tethys Sea and pre-North Sea. Remains of Clupavus have been found as the fossilized stomach contents of medium-sized predatory fishes such as Bananogmius ornatus and possibly Protostomias maroccanus.[5]

References

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