Leptolepis

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Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

Leptolepis (from Template:Langx Script error: No such module "lang"., 'slight' and Template:Langx Script error: No such module "lang". 'scale')[1] is an extinct genus of stem-teleost fish that lived in what is now Europe (Germany, Luxembourg, France, England, Italy and maybe Greece)[2][3][4][5] and North of Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco) during the Jurassic period (Pliensbachian–Callovian ages).[6][7][8]

Taxonomy

The genus Leptolepis was for a long time used as a wastebasket taxon for various small, unspecialised teleosts that did not form a natural clade. In 1974 the Swedish ichthyologist Orvar Nybelin revised the genus, restricting it to seven species from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Europe. Other species were reassigned to different genera.[2]

  • Leptolepis autissiodorensis Sauvage, 1892Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis buttenheimensis Schwarzhans & Keupp, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
  • Leptolepis coryphaenoides (Bronn, 1830)Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis curvisulcatus Schröder, 1956Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis flexuosus Schwarzhans & Wakefield, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
  • Leptolepis jaegeri Agassiz, 1832Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis kremmeldorfensis Schröder, 1956Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis inaequalis Weiler, 1954Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis nathorsti Woodward, 1900Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis macrocephalus Schröder, 1956Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis normandica Nybelin, 1962Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis saltviciensis Simpson, 1855Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
  • Leptolepis skyensis Schwarzhans & Wakefield, 2024Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[10]
  • Leptolepis steberae Schwarzhans & Keupp, 2022Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".[9]
  • Leptolepis woodwardi Nybelin, 1974Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".

Species formerly placed in Leptolepis

  • Leptolepis talbragarensis Woodward, 1895Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Now referred to Cavenderichthys)
  • Leptolepis koonwarri Waldman, 1971Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". (Now referred to Waldmanichthys)[11]

The type species Leptolepis coryphaenoides is placed as a stem-group Teleost.

Cladogram of Teleosteomorpha after Sferco et al. 2021:[12]Script error: No such module "Clade".

Appearance

File:Clarkeiteuthis and Leptolepis reconstruction.png
Reconstruction of Leptolepis being predated by Clarkeiteuthis

Length of Leptolepis was about Script error: No such module "convert". long,[13] and superficially resembled the unrelated modern herring. While more basal teleosts such as Pholidophorus had skeletons composed of a mixture of bone and cartilage, Leptolepis resembled modern teleosts in possessing a skeleton completely made of bone.[14] Another modern development in Leptolepis were its cycloid scales, which lacked the covering of ganoine present in more basal teleosts. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony spine was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.[15]

Mass graves of Leptolepis have indicated that species probably lived in schools which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface plankton. Pelagosaurus was a known predator of Leptolepis, as a Pelagosaurus fossil was found with Leptolepis remains in its stomach.[16] Clarkeiteuthis is known from three specimens with Leptolepis in its arms, which estimate that Leptolepis is probably most common prey of Clarkeiteuthis. The Pterosaur Dorygnathus preserves remains of Leptolepis in its stomach.[17]

The Morrison cf. Leptolepis

Known only from a single nearly complete skeleton found at Rabbit Valley, Colorado.[18] A Script error: No such module "convert". fish that was deeper bodied than its co-occurring contemporaries Morrolepis and Hulettia.[18] The Morrison cf. Leptolepis probably had a live mass of about Script error: No such module "convert"..[18] It is the only teleost fish known from the formation and was morphologically more highly derived than other Morrison fish.[18] A specific example of apomorphy in cf. Leptolepis is its "more modern tail structure" compared to Morrolepis.[18] It is believed to have fed on fish and small invertebrates.[18]

References

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ The virtual petrified wood museum
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b c d e f Foster, J. (2007). "cf. Leptolepis." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 135.

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Bibliography

  • Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
  • Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
  • Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249–258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
  • Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. American Museum Novitates, New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History

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