Central Kalapuya language

Central Kalapuyan was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys.

Dialects

Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:

• Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along the Pudding and Molalla rivers
• Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lower Santiam River
• Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the Luckiamute River
• Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Marys River
• Chemapho dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Muddy Creek
• Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along the Long Tom River
• Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the Calapooia River
• Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the McKenzie, Mohawk, and Coast Fork Willamette rivers

Phonology

The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below. Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar			Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
			plain	sibilant	lateral		plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
	aspirated
	ejective	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Nasal		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink				Template:IPAlink
Fricative		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Approximant					Template:IPAlink	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink

The nasals Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink likely had syllabic forms: Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink. Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives also have voiced allophones, as Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, and Template:IPAblink. Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Open-mid	Template:IPAlink ~ Template:IPAlink		Template:IPAlink
Open		Template:IPAlink

Santiam Kalapuya had three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/.

External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)

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