Bugan language

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Bugan, Bogan, Pakan, or Bugeng (布甘语, 布干语, or 布赓语) is an Austroasiatic language.[1] The existence of the Bugan language was not known by the rest of world until recently. There are about 3000 speakers, mostly in some villages in southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan Province, China. Bugan is an analytic language, and word order and auxiliary words have important functions in the grammar.[2]

Distribution

Li Jinfang (1996)

According to Li Jinfang (1996), the Bugan-speaking population is distributed in seven villages across southern Guangnan (广南) and northern Xichou (西畴), Yunnan Province, China. As the language is highly uniform, it is not divided into any dialects.

  • Laowalong 老挖龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Xinwalong 新挖龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Jiuping 九平 (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Shibeipo 石北坡 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Xinzhai 新寨 (Bugan and Han Chinese population); Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Malong 马龙 (Bugan-only population); Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Nala 那拉 (Bugan and Han Chinese population)

Li Yunbing (2005)

According to a more recent survey by Li Yunbing (2005), the Bugan people, comprising a total of 500+ households and 2,700+ individuals, live in the following locations.

  • Laowalong 老挖龙, Nasa Township 那洒镇;[3] Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Xinwalong 新挖龙;[4] Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Xiaoping 小坪寨 ; Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Nala 那腊;[5] Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Jiuping 九坪, Zhuanjiao Township 篆角乡 (Chongtian Township 冲天乡);[6] Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Shibeipo 石碑坡;[7] Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".
  • Manlong 曼龙;[8] Bugan language: Script error: No such module "IPA".

Li Yunbing also uses the term Bùgēng (布赓) in place of Bùgān (布甘).

People

The Bugan people's autonym is Script error: No such module "IPA"., while the surrounding Han Chinese call them Huazu (Template:Zh; literally "flower people") or Hualo (Template:Zh) due to their colorful clothing.[9] Other autonyms are Script error: No such module "IPA". (in Manlong, Xichou County) and Script error: No such module "IPA". (in Nala and Xinwalong in Guangnan County). They are an unrecognized ethnic minority, and are currently classified as Yi. The Bugan are endogamous, and thus do not usually marry people from other ethnic groups[10]

The Bugan people also hold their own New Year's Day celebration in April of the Chinese lunar calendar, which is separate from that of the Han Chinese New Year.

Common Bugan surnames include Li 李, Wang 王, Guo 郭, Luo 罗, Yan 严, Lu 卢, Pu 普, and Yi.

Phonology

Bugan is a tonal SVO language. Unlike the Bolyu language, Bugan distinguishes between tense and lax voice qualities. In current linguistic publications on Bugan, tense voice is indicated by underlining vowels. Bugan has a total of 49 onsets (including various consonant clusters) and 67 possible rimes.[11]

Consonants

Labial Dental/Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Velar Uvular Glottal
plain pal. central sibilant
Nasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
aspirated Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link*
voiced Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
prenasal Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link (Template:IPA link) Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Fricative voiceless Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
voiced Template:IPA link* Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Lateral Template:IPA link
Approximant Template:IPA link
  • Sounds in asterisks (*): /qh/ and /v/, are only heard in different dialects.[11]
  • Prenasal consonant cluster sounds include /ᵐd, ᵐd͡z, ᵐt͡s, ᵐt͡sʰ/.
  • Sounds /t͡s, t͡sʰ, ⁿd͡z/ are heard as alveolo-palatal [t͡ɕ, t͡ɕʰ, ᶮd͡ʑ] when preceding /i/.[12]

Vowels

There is a distinction between tense-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.[12]

Front Central Back
plain tense plain tense plain tense
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Close-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open-mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Nasal vowels
Front Central Back
plain tense plain tense
Close Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Mid Template:IPA link Template:IPA link Template:IPA link
Open Template:IPA link Template:IPA link

Notes

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  3. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  4. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Template:Harvp
  10. ↑ Template:Harvp
  11. ↑ a b Template:Harvp
  12. ↑ a b Template:Harvp

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References

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Template:Languages of China Template:Austroasiatic languages

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