Boro language (India)

Boro (बरTemplate:Hamza, ), also rendered Bodo, is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken primarily by the Boros of Northeast India and the neighboring nations of Nepal and Bangladesh. It is an official language of the Indian state of Assam, predominantly spoken in the Bodoland Territorial Region. It is also one of the twenty-two languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India. Since 1975 the language has been written using the Devanagari script. It was formerly written using Latin and Eastern-Nagari scripts. Some scholars have suggested that the language used to have its own now lost script known as Deodhai.

Geographic distribution

In India, Bodo is spoken in the following places:

• Assam: mostly in Bodoland Territorial Region, also in Goalpara District, Bongaigaon District and other districts.
• Meghalaya: West Garo Hills district, East Khasi Hills District
• Manipur: Chandel District, Tengnoupal District.
• West Bengal: Cooch Behar District, Jalpaiguri District, Alipurduar District, Kolkata.
• Arunachal Pradesh

There are also Bodo speakers in the Jhapa District of Nepal and also in Bangladesh. There are also 6,700 Bodo in Bhutan, mostly in southern Bhutan which borders India.

History

As result of socio-political awakenings and movements launched by different Boro organisations since 1913, the language was introduced in 1963 as a medium of instruction in the primary schools in Boro dominated areas. Today, the Boro language serves as a medium of instruction up to the secondary level and it is an associated official language in the state of Assam. Boro language and literature have been offered as a post-graduate course at the University of Guwahati since 1996. There are a large number of Boro books on poetry, drama, short stories, novels, biography, travelogues, children's literature, and literary criticism. Though there exists different dialects, the Western Boro dialect Swnabari form used around Kokrajhar district has emerged as the standard.

Writing system and script movement

It is reported that the Boro and the Dimasa languages used a script called Deodhai that is no longer attested. The Latin script was used first to write down the language, when a prayer book was published in 1843, and then extensively used by the missionary Sidney Endle beginning 1884 and in 1904, when the script was used to teach children. The first use of the Assamese/Bengali script occurred in 1915 (Boroni Fisa o Ayen) and the first magazine, Bibar (1924–1940) was tri-lingual in Boro, Assamese and Bengali, with Boro written in Assamese/Bengali script. In 1952, the Bodo Sahitya Sabha decided to use the Assamese script exclusively for the language. In 1963 Boro was introduced in schools as a medium of instruction, in which Assamese script was used. Into the 1960s the Boro language was predominantly written in Assamese/Bengali script, though the Christian community continued to use Latin for Boro.

Boro Script Movement

With the Assamese Language Movement in Assam peaking in the 1960s the Boro community felt threatened and decided to not use the Assamese script. After a series of proposals and expert committees the Bodo Sahitya Sabha reversed itself in 1970 and unanimously decided to adopt the Latin script for the language in its 11th annual conference. The BSS submitted this demand to the Assam Government in 1971, which was rejected on the grounds that the Latin script was of foreign origin. This instigated a movement for the Latin script which became a part of the movement for a separate state, Udayachal, then led by the Plains Tribe Council of Assam (PTCA). In this context, the Boro leaders were advised by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to choose any Indic script other than Latin or Tibetan. In defiance of the Assam Government the BSS, in April 1974, went ahead and published Bithorai, a Boro textbook, in Latin script and asked school teachers to follow it.

Retaliating against the unilateral decision, the Assam Government withheld grants to schools using the Latin script. This triggered a phase of active movement that was joined by the All Bodo Students' Union (ABSU) and the PTCA. This led to a critical situation in November 1974 when fifteen volunteers of the movement died in a police firing, and many others were injured. Unable to resolve the issue, the Assam Government referred the matter to the Union Government. In the discussion, the Union Government suggested Devanagari script as the solution to the problem, which the BSS accepted in the Memorandum of Understanding in April 1975, and adopted later year in the Annual Conference. This ended the Boro Script Movement.

Final Acceptance of Devanagari script

File:Bodo language textbooks.jpg

Boro-language textbooks for secondary schools written in Devanagari script

The Devanagari script for Boro was an unexpected development and it was not immediately accepted by the wider Boro community. The BSS failed to implement the use of the Devanagari script, and writers continued to use the Assamese/Bengali and Latin scripts. In 1982, ABSU included the demand of the Latin script in Boro schools in its charter of Demands. Following an expert committee report, constituted by BSS, the Bodoland Autonomous Council adopted a resolution to use Latin script in its territory, which the Assam Government too accepted.

Nevertheless, in the discussion with the Bodo Liberation Tigers, the Union Government demanded the implementation of the earlier agreement with the BSS on the use of the Devanagari script if the Boro language was to be included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Following this, the ABSU and the BSS surrendered and agreed to use the Devanagari script exclusively, and the matter was settled.

Dialects

Kiryu (2012) suggests that the language of the Meche people and the Boro of Bengal are western dialects whereas the dialects in Assam are the eastern dialects of Boro. The western dialects differ in phonology and grammar but are mutually intelligible. The Kokrajhar variety of the eastern dialects has been promoted as standard, at least for the eastern dialects.

Phonology

Template:More citations needed section The Boro language has a total of 30 phonemes: 6 vowels, 16 consonants, and 8 diphthongs—with a strong prevalence of the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. The Boro language use tones to distinguish words. There are three different tones: high, medium and low. The difference between high and low tones is apparent and quite common.

Vowels

There are 6 vowels in Boro.

Vowels

	Front			Central			Back
	IPA	ROM	Script	IPA	ROM	Script	IPA	ROM	Script
Close	Template:IPA link	i					Template:IPA link	u
							Template:IPA link	w
Close-mid	Template:IPA link	e					Template:IPA link	o
Open				Template:IPA link	a

• All vowels occur at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of syllables.

Diphthongs

Diphthongs

Consonants

Boro has 16 consonants.

Consonants

		Labial			Alveolar			Dorsal			Glottal
		IPA	ROM	Script	IPA	ROM	Script	IPA	ROM	Script	IPA	ROM	Script
Nasal		Template:IPA link	m		Template:IPA link	n		Template:IPA link	ng
Stop	aspirated	Template:IPA link	ph		Template:IPA link	th		Template:IPA link	kh
	voiced	Template:IPA link	b		Template:IPA link	d		Template:IPA link	g
Fricative	voiceless				Template:IPA link	s
	voiced				Template:IPA link	z					Template:IPA link	h
Flap/Trill					Template:IPA link ~ Template:IPA link	r
Approximant	voiced	Template:IPA link	w					Template:IPA link	y
	lateral				Template:IPA link	l

• The three voiceless aspirated stops, //, are unreleased in syllable final position. Their unaspirated voiced counterparts are released and cannot occur word final position.
• Sometimes, // are pronounced as // respectively.
• The consonants // can occur in all positions.
• The consonants // cannot appear at the end of indigenous Boro words but occur in loanwords.
• The consonants // cannot appear at the beginning of words.

Tones

Since Boro is a tonal language, changes in tone affect the meaning:

Examples of high and low tone and difference in meaning

High	Meaning	Low	Meaning
Buh	to beat	Bu	to swell
Hah	mud, to be able	Ha	to cut
Hahm	to get thin	Ham	to get well
Gwdwh	to sink	Gwdw	past
Jah	to eat	Ja	to be
Rahn	to get dry	Ran	to divide

Grammar

Sentence structure

Sentences in Boro consist of either a "Subject + Verb" or a "Subject + Object + Verb".

Examples of sentences in Boro

Subject + Verb	Subject + Object + Verb
Ang mwnthiya	Laimwn ah Apple jadwng
Nijwm ah undudwng	Nwng wngkham jabai?
Ang fɯibai	Ang nɯkhɯo mɯzang mɯnɯ

Vocabulary

Numerals

Bodo has a decimal system and counts to 10 with unique words, after which the number words combine to add to the larger number as shown in the chart below.

Numerals in Boro and Garo language comparison

Number	In Boro	In English	In Garo (A.chikku)
0	Latikho	Zero
1	Se	One	Sa
2	Nwi	Two	Gni
3	Tham	Three	Gittam
4	Brwi	Four	Bri
5	Ba	Five	Bonga
6	Do	Six	Dok
7	Sni	Seven	Sni
8	Daen	Eight	Chet
9	Gu	Nine	Sku
10	Zi	Ten	Chikking
11	Zi se	Eleven
12	Zi nwi	Twelve
13	Zi tham	Thirteen
14	Zi brwi	Fourteen
15	Zi ba	Fifteen
16	Zi do	Sixteen
17	Zi sni	Seventeen
18	Zi daen	Eighteen
19	Zi gu	Nineteen
20	Nwi zi	Twenty
30	Tham Zi	Thirty
40	Brwi Zi	Forty
50	Ba Zi	Fifty
60	Do Zi	Sixty
70	Sni Zi	Seventy
80	Daen Zi	Eighty
90	Gu Zi	Ninety
100	Zause/ Se zau	One Hundred
200	Nwi zau	Two Hundred
300	Tham zau	Three Hundred
1,000	Se Rwza	One Thousand
2,000	Nwi Rwza	Two Thousand
10,000	Zi Rwza	Ten Thousand

Education

Boro is a compulsory subject till class 10 in tribal areas of Assam who do not want to study Assamese. The subject is mandatory in all schools including those under the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS). The legislation was passed in the assembly in August 2017.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Boro, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA).

Boro in Devanagari Script

गासै सुबुं आनो उदांयै मान सनमान आरो मोनथाय लाना जोनोम लायो। बिसोरो मोजां- गाज्रि सान्नो हानाय गोहो आरो सोलो दं। बिसोरो गावखौनो गाव बिदा फंबाय बायदि बाहाय लायनांगौ।

Transliteration (ISO 15919)

Gāsai subuṁ āno udāṁyai mān sanmān āro monthāy lānā jonom lāyo. Bisorā mojāṁ-gājri sānno hānāy goho āro solo daṁ. Bisoro gāvkhauno gāv bidā phaṁbāy bāydi bāhāy lāynāṁgau.

Boro in Latin script

Gaswi subung anw udangwi man sanman arw mwnthai lana jwnwm layw. Biswrw mwjang-gajri sannw hanai gwhw arw swlw dong. Biswrw gaokhwunw gao bida phongbai baidi bahai lainangwu.

Translation (grammatical)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

• Boro people
• Bodo Sahitya Sabha
• Kokborok language
• Languages of Asia
• List of Bodo-language films

References

• Template:Cite thesis
• Template:Cite thesis
• Perumalsamy, P (2016) Bodo in 'Linguistic Survey of India: West Bengal Volume, Part-I' New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General India pp 496–570 https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34826
• Template:Cite thesis

External links

• Boro language
• Bodo computing resources at TDIL
• Language Information Service – India
• Linguistic Survey of India West Bengal VolumeI [1]
• Boro Language Resource collection of Boro language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive
• Bodo narratives and descriptions of traditional practices collection in PARADISEC archive