Bontoc language

Bontoc (Bontok) Template:IPAc-en is a macrolanguage native to the indigenous Bontoc people of the Mountain Province, in the northern part of the Philippines.

Specific languages

Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the five Bontok languages. Speaker populations from the 2007 census, as quoted in Ethnologue.

Language	Location of speakers	Dialects	No. of speakers	Ref
Central Bontok	Bontoc (Bontoc ili, Caluttit, Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan)	Khinina-ang Finontok Sinamoki Jinallik Minaligkhong Tinokukan	19,600
Eastern Bontok	Barlig (Barlig, Kadaklan, Lias)	Finallig Kinajakran (Kenachakran) Liniyas	6,170
Northern Bontok	Sadanga (Anabel, Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and Sadanga Poblacion); Southern Kalinga		9,700
Southern Bontok	Bontoc (Talubin, Bayyo, and Can-eo)	Tinoveng Kanan-ew	2,760
Southwestern Bontok	Bontoc (Alab, Balili, Gonogon, and villages in the Chico River valley, southwest of the municipal capital Bontoc, along Halsema Highway)	Ina-ab Binalili Ginonogon	2,470

Phonology

Consonant phonemes

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Plosive	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative		Template:IPA link
Rhotic		Template:IPA link~Template:IPA link
Approximant			Template:IPA link

• The archiphoneme has Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, and Template:IPAblink as its allophones. The allophone Template:IPAblink occurs word-initially, adjacent to Template:IPAslink, as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a coronal consonant and , and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by Template:IPAslink. Template:IPAblink occurs in free variation with Template:IPAblink word-initially, but otherwise occurs in complementary distribution with it. Template:IPAblink occurs in free variation with Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink word-initially, and with Template:IPAblink elsewhere. These /r/ sounds are even applied to loanwords from Ilokano and Tagalog, and Spanish loanwords from the 2 languages.
• The plosives Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, Template:IPAslink, and Template:IPAslink have, respectively, Template:IPAblink (representing an interdental consonant), Template:IPAblink, Template:IPAblink, and Template:IPAblink as their syllable-initial allophones.
• The voiced stop Template:IPAslink also has Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink as its allophones. Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a geminate cluster. They are in free variation.
• The approximant Template:IPAslink has one allophone: Template:IPAblink. Template:IPAblink occurs after Template:IPAslink.

Vowel phonemes

	Front	Back
High	Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Close	Template:IPA link

Template:IPAslink becomes a slightly centralized Template:IPAblink when in a syllable whose coda is Template:IPAslink. When in the nucleus, Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink are slightly raised and Template:IPAslink is lowered.

There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: primary and secondary. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word prosody.

External links

• Talking Dictionary of Khinina-ang Bontok - online Bontoc Dictionary based on the speech community of Guina-ang, compiled by Lawrence A. Reid