Bihari languages

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Script error: No such module "Infobox".Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other Bihari languages are a group of the Indo-Aryan languages.[1][2] The Bihari languages are mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal, and also in Nepal.[3][4] The most widely spoken languages of the Bihari group are Bhojpuri, Magahi/Khortha, Nagpuri and Maithili.

Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India, of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004).[5] Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal.[6] Bhojpuri-Awadhi-Magahi mix is also official in Fiji as Fiji Hindi. There are demands for including Bhojpuri and Magahi/Khortha in the 8th schedule of Indian constitution.

In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters.[7] These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics are creating conditions for language endangerments.[8] After independence Hindi was given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.[9] Hindi was displaced as the sole official language of Bihar in 1981, when Urdu was accorded the status of the second official language.[10]

Speakers

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The number of speakers of Bihari languages is difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of unawareness.Template:Clarify The educated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.[11]

British linguist Grierson also mentioned that Bajjika, Angika and Surjapuri are also spoken in particular districts of Bihar. These languages are mostly spoken in rural areas.[12]

Classification

Script error: No such module "Unsubst". The Bihari languages fall into four language subgroups:

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  • Bihari
    • Bhojpuri
    • Mauritian Bhojpuri-Awadhi mix
    • Magahi
    • Khortha (Eastern Magahi of Dhanbad, Bokaro etc)
    • Pachhimaha (Western Magahi of Aurangabad, Jehanabad, Arwal, Palamu, Garhwa etc)
    • Shuddh Magahi (spoken in Gaya, Hazaribagh, Giridih, Patna etc)
    • Mishrit Magahi (Mix magahj spoken in Nawada, Nalnda, sheikhpura, Jamui, Deoghar, Koderma, Eastern Dumka etc)
    • Maithili
      • Northern Maithili
      • Bajjika (Western Maithili)
      • Central Maithili
      • Eastern Maithili
      • Jolaha
      • Kisan
    • Sadanic
    • Angika
    • Shuddh Angika (Bhagalpur, Banka)
    • Magahi influenced Angika (Munger)
    • Thethi Angika (Khagadiya, Purnea etc)
    • Unclassified Bihari (Languages of a distinct origin but currently fall under Bihari language family and are mainly spoken in Nepal)

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Languages and dialects

Language[13] ISO 639-3 Scripts No. of speakers[11] Geographical distribution
Angika anp Devanagari; previously Kaithi; Anga Lipi 743,600[14] Eastern Bihar, North-eastern Jharkhand and Eastern Madhesh of Nepal
Bajjika – Devanagari; previously Tirhuta; Kaithi 8,738,000Script error: No such module "Unsubst". North-Central Bihar and Eastern Madhesh of Nepal
Bhojpuri bho Devanagari; previously Kaithi 52,245,300[15] Recognized language in Nepal, Official language in Fiji (as the Fiji Hindi) and Jharkhand (additional)

In India : Western Bihar, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Western Jharkhand, Northern Chhattisgarh, Northeastern Madhya Pradesh

Terai region of Central Nepal

Khortha _(sometimes counted under Magahi) Devanagari; previously Tirhuta 8,040,000[16] South Bihar, North-eastern and North central Jharkhand
Kudmali (Panchpargania) kyw, tdb Devanagari; sometimes Bengali, Kaithi 556,809[16] South-Eastern Jharkhand, Southern West Bengal,[17] northern Odisha, Assam
Magahi mag Devanagari; previously Tirhuta; Kaithi, Siddham script 14,035,600[18] South Bihar, North Jharkhand and Eastern Madhesh of Nepal
Maithili mai Devanagari; previously Tirhuta, Kaithi 33,890,000[18] Northern and eastern Bihar, Jharkhand[19] and Eastern Madhesh of Nepal
Nagpuri (Sadri) sck Devanagari; previously Kaithi 5,100,000[16] West-central Jharkhand, North-eastern Chhattisgarh, Northwestern Odisha
Tharu thl, tkt, thr, the, thq, tkb, soi Devanagari 1,900,000[16][20] Terai regions of Nepal and some parts of border side areas of Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Bihar
Danuwar dhw Devanagari 46,000 [16][20] Nepal
Bote-Darai bmj, dry Devanagari 30,000[16][20] Nepal
Kumhali kra Devanagari 12,000[16][20] Nepal
Majhi mjz Devanagari 24,000[16][20] Nepal

References and footnotes

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External links

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  1. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  2. ↑ Bihari at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
  3. ↑ Yadava, Y. P. (2013). Linguistic context and language endangerment in Nepal. Nepalese Linguistics 28: 262–274.
  4. ↑ Brass, Paul R. (1974). Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  6. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  7. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  8. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  9. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  10. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  11. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  12. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  13. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  14. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  15. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  17. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  18. ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  19. ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
  20. ↑ a b c d e Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
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