Bernese German phonology

Template:Self reference Template:IPA notice Bernese German, like other High Alemannic varieties, has a two-way contrast in plosives and fricatives that is not based on voicing, but on length. The absence of voice in plosives and fricatives is typical for all High German varieties, but many of them have no two-way contrast due to general lenition.

Vowels

Monophthongs

Monophthong phonemes of Bernese German

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Near-close	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Mid	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Open	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link			Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link

• are true-mid [[[:Template:IPA link]], Template:IPA link, Template:IPA link].Template:Sfnp
  • occurs only in weak unstressed syllables.
• In northern Bernese German, is rounded to Template:IPAblink or even merges with to Template:IPAblink.

Vowel length

There is a distinctive length opposition in all vowels except . Unlike in standard German, there is no interdependence of vowel length and vowel quality.

Diphthongs

Bernese German has seven diphthong phonemes:

• Three closing diphthongs:
• Three opening diphthongs:
• One long diphthong:

The number of phonetic diphthongs and triphthongs is significantly higher, since all monophthongs (except for short , , , ) and all opening diphthongs may be followed by a (from vocalized ), for instance → ('stable'), → ('steel'), → ('feeling').

Additionally, there are certain combinations with , for instance ('toil') or ('turns' from 'to turn').

In southern Bernese German (not in the city of Bern), the closing diphthongs merge with the near-close monophthongs to , for instance instead of ('cloth').Template:Sfnp This phenomenon is also found in the neighbouring Bernese Highlands and Sense District dialects.

In northern Bernese German, a following triggers rounding of the preceding vowel, for instance instead of ('because').Template:Sfnp This phenomenon is also found in the neighbouring Solothurn and Lucerne dialects.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Bernese German

	Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Dorsal	Glottal
Nasal	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Stop	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link
Affricate	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Fricative	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link
Approximant	Template:IPA link	Template:IPA link – Template:IPA link		Template:IPA link
Trill

• are bilabial, is bilabial-labiodental, whereas are labiodental.
• has a labialized velar allophone Template:IPAblink, see below.
• is usually alveolar Template:IPAblink, but in the old upper-class dialect of the patricians it is uvular Template:IPAblink.
• are velar, whereas is palatal.
• vary between velar and uvular .
• In addition to occurring on its own, Template:IPAblink may occur as a realization of the sequence .

Fortis and lenis consonants

Bernese German obstruents occur in pairs, as in other Alemannic varieties. These pairs are usually called fortis and lenis. They are not distinguished by voicedness, but they differ in length. A difference in tenseness is also discussed. It has not been established whether length or tenseness is the primary feature that distinguishes these pairs. Likewise, there are different possibilities of transcription. They are often transcribed with the IPA-signs for pairs of voiceless and voiced obstruents (for instance , ). In order to explicate that no voicedness is involved in the contrast, the diacritic for voicelessness may be used (for instance , ). Another possibility of transcription is the notation of the length, either with the IPA length sign (for instance , ) or with doubling (for instance , ). The opposition is only possible if the obstruents are surrounded by voiced sounds. If there is another adjacent voiceless sound (except ), then there is no opposition.Template:Sfn

With the fricatives, the opposition does not occur at the beginning of a syllable. This is similar to the length opposition that occurs in the continuants . With the stops, however, the opposition is not restricted with respect to syllable structure and also occurs in the syllable onset, for instance ('to bake') vs. ('baked, past participle'); in order for this opposition not to be neutralized, there must be a preceding voiced sound, for instance ('I want to bake a cake') vs. ('I have baked a cake'). In the Northern Bernese German, however, only lenis plosives may occur at the syllable onset, so 'to bake' and 'baked (past participle)' are homophonous as .

As in other Alemannic dialects, but unlike other Germanic languages, there is no interdependence of the length of a consonant with the length of the preceding vowel. Fortis consonants may occur after either long or short vowels, and lenis consonants as well:

Vowel quantity before fortis/lenis consonants

	short vowel		long vowel
lenis consonant		'just now'		'straight'
		'oven'		'kids'
fortis consonant		'city'		'state'
		'apes'		'to sleep'

Vocalization of /l/

Long is pronounced , for instance → ('ball'); at the end of a syllable , for instance → ('cold').

This feature is absent in the old upper-class dialect of the patricians.

Velarization of

is pronounced in most cases, for instance → ('dog') or → ('child'). However, there are some words like ('wind') or ('friend') in which is not velarized.

This feature is absent in the old upper-class dialect of the patricians.

In the southwestern dialects of the Schwarzenburg area, it is pronounced .

Reduction of

In the western and southern dialects (not in the city of Bern), is pronounced , for instance → ('to think').

Stress

In native words, the word stem is stressed, except verbs with a separable prefix where that prefix is stressed.

In loan words, there is – in comparison to standard German – a preference for initial stress, for instance Bernese German ('casino'), ('chalet') vs. standard German , .

Diachronics

Vowel lengthening and shortening

Like other High Alemannic varieties, Bernese German shows monosyllabic lengthening in comparison to Middle High German, in words such as ('bath'), ('speech'). However, there is normally no open syllable lengthening, so the corresponding disyllabic words have a short vowel, such as ('to bathe'), ('to speak'). Open syllable lengthening occurs only in a few cases, mainly before and , for example ('to drive') or ('valleys').

A distinctive trait of Bernese German that sets it apart from other High Alemannic varieties is the occurrence of vowel shortening in comparison to Middle High German. This shortening applies most generally before [t] in words such as ('time') or ('loud'). Before other consonants, it may be restricted to disyllabic words, for instance ('finer'), ('to foul') as opposed to monosyllabic ('fine'), ('foul') with an unshortened vowel.

In the close vowels, the shortened and lengthened vowels remain distinct from originally short and long vowels. This is why the distinction between close and near-close vowels is phonemic, even though the contrast has a low functional load, with only very few actual minimal pairs such as ('rider', shortened vowel) vs. ('knight', originally short vowel) or ('door', lengthened vowel) vs. ('to increase in price', originally long vowel).