Basel German

Basel German or (Standard German: ) is the dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland. The dialect of Basel forms a Low Alemannic linguistic exclave in the High Alemannic region.

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Aspirated plosives

Basel German is characterised by aspirates which are absent or at least less common in other dialects. Compare Basel German (usually spelled ), pronounced more or less as Standard German , with with initial , used in all other Swiss German dialects, with the exception of the dialect of Chur. Thus, Basel German did not complete the second Germanic sound shift (High German consonant shift). Nowadays, many speakers pronounce the (or [χ], to be more exact), however. There are nevertheless still words that are never pronounced with , for example (Standard German , 'to know') or / (Standard German ). Typically, words from Standard German or Latin are pronounced with aspirated , too, which is not or only to a lesser extent done in other dialects.

Examples: or (name of letter), or ('to keep'), or ('park'); or ('tea' and name of letter), or ('great, swell'); /, (name of letter; 'had'), / ('cupboard'), or ('to fall, throw').

Affricates

Like other dialects and forms of the standard, Basel German has as well as .

Examples: ('pan'), ('tooth'), ('German'), ('stupid person', traditional word), "jacket" (a traditional word), ('to understand', from English to check).

Pronunciation of phoneme

A French-style pronunciation of as is also used in Basel German, although many younger speakers—especially those with foreign parents—also use a tapped which is more common in other Swiss German dialects. Traditionally, is voiceless , and it may sometimes be described as a lenis . The pronunciation per se seems to derive from French (originally Parisian), and was probably re-interpreted as a lenis according to Basel German phonology. Not surprisingly, French influence was for a long time dominant in Basel, with well-to-do families speaking French even at home. At least in clusters, the distinction between and is neutralised, as is the distinction between lenis and fortis consonants in clusters.

Lenition of consonants

Basel German also has more lenis sounds in word-initial position—for example, ('day'). This lenition is now often absent due to influence from other dialects, for example, the name of Santa Claus, , is now often pronounced with or , as is the word (Standard German ), which traditionally has a lenis sound, now also and .

Lenis plosives

Lenis plosives are however all voiceless; whereas fortis plosives are long or geminated. They are (like other lenis or short consonants) always preceded by long vowels, with the possible exception of unstressed vowels. According to Pilch, vowel length is not distinctive; however, vowel length is not always predictable: 'to guess' has both a long vowel and a long/geminated consonant.

Examples: ('day'), ('around'), ('there'), or ('listen'), ('gas'). Phonemically speaking, may also be (more traditionally) transcribed , or as unvoiced .

Fortis consonants

Fortis or long consonants in general are more stable than in other dialects—'to swim' is always , whereas it is pronounced with only a short in other dialects. This is probably because in stressed words, short vowels only appear before double or geminated/long consonants. Hence, a word like is not possible in Basel German. As in other dialects, the difference between fortis and lenis is in length. Pilch (180) however interprets as alveolar, not long. Fortis consonants may also be transcribed , since lenis are often transcribed as . However, voicing is always absent.

Examples: ('to swim'), ('to pack'), ('to squeeze'), ('to guess' — note the long followed by fortis )

Vowels

Unrounding of vowels

Unrounding was also typical, but now it has been abandoned by many speakers. Lengthening of vowels is also found, linking it more closely to Standard German than all other Swiss German dialects.

Examples: ('good day'; in other dialects, still more common), ('hell', now rounded form more common), ('biggest, greatest'; now more common).

Lengthening and shortening of vowels

Lengthening always occurs before lenis (short) consonants, for example in words like ('day'), ('listen'), ('we'). Shortening, on the other hand, always occurs before long or fortis consonants, for example in , the name of the dialect: whereas other dialects have long in or any other word with ('German') in it, Basel German always has short or . and (as well as ), however, are usually not shortened, probably because of the shift from earlier to . Another reason may be the fact that those are the only vowels that exist as such only as long vowels, i.e. whereas can be shortened to , it is never possible to shorten to because * as such does not exist in Basel German. Some speakers, however, use short open vowels in a number of words, e.g. instead of ('hook'). Those speakers who use this pronunciation lack one minimal pair, since also translates as 'crouch'. However, this shortening of is not general. Note however that exists mainly in words of foreign origin such as .

Velarisation of MHG

Middle High German was velarised and appears as . For example, 'street'.

Vowels before

Typically (but not exclusively) open vowels occur before ; for example, ('ear') has the allophone , not . Both and only occur before in native words.

Additionally, vowels before are always long, with the exception of loan words such as 'sorry', 'curry' as well as unstressed vowels.

Examples: 'ear', 'honour'.

Pronunciation of

The vowels and traditionally are front, yet distinct from and . Nowadays, a back pronunciation and is more common. Examples: ('bag'), ('Basel').

Diphthongs

Modern pronunciation has , , [ɛj], , , , and ; traditional pronunciation lacks which is partly , partly . In modern pronunciation , , , are , , , whereas traditional pronunciation has , etc. Suter (1992: 11) posits only one diphthong , pronounced . In exclamations and few other words, also exist.

Examples: ('alone'), ('to turn'), ('three'), ('to build'), ('blue'), ('four'), ('shut'), ('new'); ('traditional').

Sociolinguistics

Unlike other Alemannic dialects, Basel German features a rather strong dichotomy between the traditional form—Baseldytsch, used especially for the Carnival of Basel (Basler Fasnacht)—and normal spoken language. Some speakers prefer to use the more traditional variety in written form. The traditional variety is normally associated with the upper classes and with Fasnacht. Like other Swiss German dialects, Basel German has (at least in Basel) more prestige than Standard German, and it is now even used in churches.

Spelling

There is a lot of confusion especially when it comes to the use of the grapheme Template:Grapheme, which is often used for rounded sounds, i.e. or , whereas it is exclusively used for traditionally. Typically, lenis stops are spelled Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme, fortis stops are spelled Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme, sometimes Template:Grapheme (, , 'someone'); Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme, sometimes Template:Grapheme ( 'middle'); Template:Grapheme, rarely and mainly in loan-words Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme, etc. This use of Template:Grapheme for the fortis, unaspirated consonant is used also in other varieties of Swiss German, but sometimes abandoned in favour of spellings more closely resembling Standard German spellings. Examples: ('to push'), (typical sweet cookie; but also ), ('bag'; but sometimes also ), ('bag', traditional word). The fortis is always spelled like lenis , namely Template:Angbr. The same is true for .

Obviously, especially the typical use of Template:Grapheme and Template:Grapheme leads to confusion, even among native speakers, since the dialect is not taught in schools. Aspirates are normally spelled as in Standard German, namely with Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme, Template:Grapheme. However, words where the aspirates derive from a lenis consonant plus are usually written as lenis plus Template:Angbr, e.g., 'to keep', 'to fall'.

Terminology

reflects traditional pronunciation with , reflects modern pronunciation with , whereas is the Standard German form. Baslerdüütsch may be used in other dialects.

Bibliography

• Muster, Hans Peter and Beatrice Bürkli Flaig. 2001. Baselbieter Wörterbuch. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag.
• Pilch, Herbert. 1977. "Baseldeutsche Phonologie. Auf Grundlage der Intonation" In: Phonetica 34: 165-190.
• Suter, Rudolf. 1976. Baseldeutsch-Grammatik. Basel: Merian.
• Suter, Rudolf. 1992. Baseldeutsch-Wörterbuch. 3rd edition. Basel: Merian.