Barbad

Barbad (Template:Langx; Template:Fl) was a Persian musician-poet, music theorist and composer of Sasanian music. He served as chief minstrel-poet under the Shahanshah Khosrow II (Template:Reign). A barbat player, he was the most distinguished Persian musician of his time and is regarded among the major figures in the history of Persian music.

Despite scarce biographical information, Barbad's historicity is generally secure. He was highly regarded in the court of Khosrow, and interacted with other musicians, such as Sarkash. Although he is traditionally credited with numerous innovations in Persian music theory and practice, the attributions remain tentative since they are ascribed centuries after his death. Practically all Barbad's music or poetry is lost, except a single poem fragment and the titles of a few compositions.

No Sasanian sources discuss Barbad, suggesting his reputation was preserved through oral tradition, until at least the earliest written account by the poet Khaled ibn Fayyaz (d. Template:Circa). Barbad appears frequently in later Persian literature, most famously in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The content and abundance of such references demonstrate his unique influence, inspiring musicians such as Ishaq al-Mawsili. Often described as the "founder of Persian music", Barbad remains a celebrated figure in modern-day Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

Name

File:Brooklyn Museum - Bahram Gur and Courtiers Entertained by Barbad the Musician Page from a manuscript of the Shahnama of Firdawsi (d. 1020).jpg

Bahram Gur and Courtiers Entertained by Barbad the Musician (Barbad bottom right). From a manuscript of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, second half 17th century.Template:Sfn

Posthumous sources refer to the Sasanian musician with little consistency. Persian sources record "Barbād" while Arabic scholars use Fahl(a)bad, Bahl(a)bad, Fahl(a)wad, Fahr(a)bad, Bahr(a)bad and Bārbad/ḏ.Template:Sfn Modern sources most often use "Barbad",Template:Refn a spelling that Danish orientalist Arthur Christensen first asserted to be correct.Template:Sfn However, the German orientalist Theodor Nöldeke suggested that spellings from Arabic commentators such as "Fahl(a)bad" were really an arabicization of his actual name, probably Pahrbad/Pahlbad. Nöldeke furthered that "Bārbad" was a mistake in the interpretation of ambiguous Pahlavi characters.Template:Sfn The Iranologist Ahmad Tafazzoli agreed with Nöldeke, citing a Sasanian seal which includes the name "Pahrbad/Pahlbad" and the earliest mention of the Sasanian musician, which uses a spelling—"Bahrbad/Bahlbad"—that suggests the name had been arabicized.Template:Sfn

Background

The music of Iran/Persia stretches to at least the depictions of arched harps from 3300–3100 BCE,Template:Sfn though not until the period of the Sasanian Empire in 224–651 CE is substantial information available.Template:Sfn This influx of Sasanian records suggests a prominent musical culture in the Empire,Template:Sfn especially in the areas dominated by Zoroastrianism.Template:Sfn Many Sasanian Shahanshahs were ardent supporters of music, including the founder of the empire Ardashir I and Bahram V.Template:Sfn Khosrow II (Template:Reign) was the most outstanding patron, his reign being regarded as a golden age of Persian music.Template:Sfn Musicians in Khosrow's service include Āzādvar-e Changi,Template:Refn Bāmshād, the harpist Nagisa (Nakisa), Ramtin, Sarkash (also Sargis or Sarkas)Template:Refn and Barbad,Template:Sfn who was by-far the most famous.Template:Sfn These musicians were usually active as minstrels, which were performers who worked as both court poets and musicians;Template:Sfn in the Sasanian Empire there was little distinction between poetry and music.Template:Sfn

Though many Middle Persian (Pahlavi) texts of the Sasanian Empire survive, only one—Khusraw qubadan va ridak—includes commentary on music, though neither it or any other Sasanian sources discuss Barbad.Template:Sfn Barbad's reputation must have been transmitted through oral tradition,Template:Sfn until at least the earliest source: an Arabic poem by Khaled ibn Fayyaz (d. Template:Circa).Template:SfnTemplate:Refn In later ancient Arabic and Persian sources Barbad is the most discussed Sasanian musician, though he is rarely included in writings dedicated solely to music.Template:Sfn A rare exception to this is a brief mention in Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad Nishābūrī's music treatise Rasaleh-i musiqi-i.Template:Sfn Ancient sources in general give little biographical information and most of what is available is shrouded in mythological anecdotes.Template:Sfn Tales from the poet Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, written during the late 10th century, include the most celebrated accounts of Barbad.Template:Sfn Other important sources included Ferdowsi's contemporary, the poet al-Tha'alibi in his Ghurar al-saya, as well as Khosrow and Shirin and Haft Peykar from the poet Nezami Ganjavi's Khamsa of Nizami from the late 12th century.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Despite this plethora of stories depicting him in a legendary context, scholars generally consider Barbad a wholly historical person.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Life and career

Early life

Template:CSS image crop There are contradictory ancient accounts as to the location of Barbad's birthplace. Older sources record the city of Merv in northeastern Khorasan,Template:SfnTemplate:Refn while later works give Jahrom,Template:Refn a small city south of Shiraz in Pars.Template:Sfn Tafazzoli postulated that the writers who recorded Jahrom were referencing a line of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh that says Barbad traveled from Jarom to the capital in Ctesiphon when Khosrow was murdered;Template:Sfn the modern historian Mehrdad Kia records only Merv.Template:Sfn

Ferdowsi and al-Tha'alibi both relay a story that Barbad was a gifted young musician who sought a place as a court minstrel under Khosrow II but the jealous chief court minstrel SarkashTemplate:Refn supposedly prevented this.Template:Sfn As such, Barbad hid in the royal garden by dressing in all green.Template:Sfn When Khosrow walked by Barbad sang three songs with his lute: Dād-āfrīd ("created by god"), Peykār-e gord ("battle of the hero" or "splendor of Farkar") and Sabz dar sabz ("green in the green").Template:Sfn Khosrow was immediately impressed and ordered that Barbad be appointed chief minstrel,Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn a position known as the shah-i ramishgaran.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn In Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin, Khosrow II is said to have had a dream where his grandfather Khosrow I prophesied that he would have a "have a minstrel called Barbad whose art could make even poison taste delicious".Template:Sfn

Stories with Khosrow

Since his appointment at court, Barbad was Khosrow's favorite musician, and many stories exist about this prestige.Template:Sfn His relationship with Khosrow was reportedly such that other members of the court would seek his assistance in mediating conflicts between them and the Shahanshah.Template:Sfn A story in Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin, tells of Khosrow and Shirin as previously together, but forced to separate for political reasons; Khosrow marries someone else, but is soon reminded of Shirin.Template:Sfn The two later met and arranged for the Nagisa to sing of Shirin's love for Khosrow, while Barbad sung of Khosrow's love for Shirin.Template:Sfn The duet reconciled the couple and was recorded by Nizami in 263 couplets.Template:Sfn The idea of setting music to poetry in order to represent the emotions of characters was unprecedented in Persian music.Template:Sfn According to the 10th-century historian Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani's Kitab al-buldan,Template:Sfn Khosrow's wife Shirin asked Barbad to remind Khosrow of his promise to build her a castle. To do so, he sung a song and was rewarded with an estate near Isfahan for him and his family.Template:Sfn According to the Seljuk scholar Nizam al-Mulk, Barbad visited a courtier who had been imprisoned by Khosrow and upon being scolded by the Shahanshah, a "witty remark" was enough to resolve the situation.Template:Sfn

File:Barbad playing for Khosrau II.jpg

Barbad (left) playing music for Khosrow II

In the literary scholar Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani's Kitab al-Aghani, a jealous rival musician once untuned the strings of Barbad's lute during a royal banquet. Upon returning to perform, Barbad began to play; royal rules forbade the tuning instruments in the Shahanshah's presence, but Barbad's skill was such that he could adapt to the untuned strings and play the pieces regardless.Template:Sfn Al-Isfahani attributed this story to Ishaq al-Mawsili (776–856)—a renowned minstrel under Harun al-Rashid—who purportedly relayed the story to friends.Template:Sfn

Among the most popular legends about Barbad involves Khosrow's beloved horse Shabdiz. In this story, Khosrow declared that when Shabdiz died, anyone who announced the news would be executed.Template:Sfn Upon Shabdiz's death, no members of the court wished to risk conveying the news.Template:Sfn To resolve the issue, Barbad sang a sad song, and Khosrow, understanding the purpose of the song, stated "Shabdiz is dead"; Barbad responded "Yes and it is your majesty who announced it", thereby preventing any possibility of death.Template:Sfn This story was relayed earliest by the poet Khaled ibn Fayyaz (d. Template:Circa),Template:Refn with later accounts by al-Tha'alibi and the 13th-century writer Zakariya al-Qazwini.Template:Sfn Many similar ancient stories originated in Iran, Turkey and Central Asia that pertain to musicians using music to express the death of a ruler's horse, as to avoid the ruler's wrath against the announcer.Template:Sfn Various pieces for the Khwarazm dutar, Kyrgyz komuz and Kazakh dombra relay equivalent stories.Template:Sfn Tafazzoli asserts that the story demonstrates Barbad's unique influence on Khosrow,Template:Sfn while musicologist Lloyd Miller suggest that this and similar stories suggest that music and musicians in general exerted a significant influence on their political leaders.Template:Sfn

Death

Like his birthplace, there are conflicting accounts surrounding the final years of Barbad's life. According to Ferdowsi, upon the murder of Khosrow by Kavad II, Barbad rushed from Jahrom to the capital of Ctesiphon.Template:Sfn After arriving he sang elegies,Template:Sfn cut off his fingers and burned his instruments out of respect.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Al-Tha'alibi's account holds that Sarkash,Template:Refn who had remained at the court since being ousted from the chief minstrel position, poisoned Barbad.Template:Sfn The 9th-century geographer Ibn Khordadbeh's Kitāb al-lahw wa-l-malahi, however, records the opposite, stating that Barbad poisoned Sarkash but was spared from Khosrow's punishment by way of a "witty remark".Template:Sfn The 9th-century scholar Ibn Qutaybah's ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār and the 10th-century poet Ibn Abd Rabbih's al-ʿIqd al-Farīd state that Barbad was killed by a different musician, variously recorded as Yošt, Rabūst, Rošk and Zīwešt.Template:Sfn

Music and poetry

File:Хосров слушает музыку Барбада.Хамсе, Низами. 1539-43. Брит.библ..jpg

1539 illustration, Barbad in the middle with a barbat, attributed to Template:Ill.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Barbad was active as a musician-poet,Template:Sfn lutenist, music theorist and composer.Template:Sfn His compositions included panegyrics, elegies and verses.Template:Sfn These were performed by himself at festivals such as Nowruz and Mehregan, as well as state banquets and victory celebrations.Template:Sfn While none of the compositions are extant, the names have survived for some, and they suggest a wide variety in the topics he musically engaged with.Template:Sfn The ethnomusicologist Hormoz Farhat has tentatively sorted them into different groupings: epic forms based on historical events, kin-i Iraj (Template:Lit), kin-i siavash (Template:Lit), and Taxt-i Ardashir (Template:Lit); songs connected to the Sasanian royal court, Bagh-i shirin (Template:Lit), Bagh-i Shahryar (Template:Lit), and haft Ganj (Template:Lit); and "compositions of a descriptive nature", roshan charagh (Template:Lit).Template:Sfn According to both scholars Ibn al-Faqih and the 13th-century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, Barbad wrote Bag-e nakjiran (Template:Lit) for workers who had recently finished the gardens of Qasr-e Shirin.Template:Sfn

A single poem by Barbad survives, though in a quoted state from the Kitab al-lahw wa al-malahi by Ibn Khordadbeh.Template:Sfn The work is a 3-hemistich panegyric in Middle Persian, but with an Arabic script;Template:Sfn none of its music is extant.Template:Sfn The poem is as follows:

Christensen suggested in 1936 that the text Khvarshēdh ī rōshan (Template:Lit) is from a poem that was written and performed by Barbad himself or another musician-poet of his time.Template:Sfn The text is found in a group of Manichaean manuscripts in Turpan, Xinjiang, China and is written in Middle Persian, which Barbad would have used.Template:Sfn It has four 11-syllable lines and its title recalls the Sasanian melody Arāyishn ī khvarshēdh (Template:Lit).Template:Sfn

Barbad is traditionally regarded as the inventor of numerous aspects of Persian music theory and practice. Al-Tha'alibi first credited him with creating an organized modal system of Template:Ill,Template:Sfn known variously as xosrovani (Template:Langx),Template:Sfn Haft Ḵosravāni,Template:Sfn or khosravani.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This attribution is later repeated by scholars such as al-MasudiTemplate:Sfn and Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi.Template:Sfn From these royal modes, Barbad created Template:Ill, and 360 melodies (dastan).Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Refn The structure of seven, 30 and 360 variations corresponds to the number of days, weeks and months of the Zoroastrian calendar.Template:SfnTemplate:Refn Farhat notes that the exact reason for this is not known,Template:Sfn though according to the 14th-century poet Hamdallah Mustawfi's Tarikh-i guzida, Barbad sang one of the 360 melodies each day for the Shahanshah.Template:Sfn Al-Tha'alibi recorded that the seven royal modes were still in use during his lifetime,Template:Sfn from 961 to 1039.Template:Sfn Further information on the nature of these subjects, theories or compositions has not survived.Template:Sfn In her analysis of the historical and literary sources concerning Barbad, musicologist Firoozeh Khazrai stated that "until a new independent source on the subject comes to light, many of these attributions should be regarded as authorial inventions".Template:Sfn She noted that many of the attributions to Barbad date centuries after his death and the 30 modes in particular are first connected to Barbad by Nizami, who lived in the 12th century.Template:Sfn In addition, in his divan (collection of poems), the 11th-century poet Manuchehri names a few of the modes that Nizami mentioned but does not associate them with Barbad, even though he references the Sasanian musician elsewhere.Template:Sfn

Reputation

File:Barbod relief.jpg

Relief of Barbad in the Sangtarashan cave of Jahrom, Iran

Barbad's lute was the four-stringed barbat.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It had been popular in his time, but no traces of the instrument survive and it was eventually substituted for the oud.Template:Sfn The musicologists Jean During and Zia Mirabdolbaghi note that despite the instrument's gradual disuse, "the term barbat survived for centuries, through classical poetry, as a symbol of the golden age of the Persian musical tradition, served by artists such as Bārbad."Template:Sfn Later sources regularly praise Barbad and some offer him the epitaph as the "founder of Persian music".Template:Sfn He is regarded as the most significant musician of his time,Template:Sfn being among the major figures in the history of Iranian/Persian music.Template:Sfn In Sharh bar Kitāb al-adwar, the 14th-century writer al-Sharif al-Jurjani—whom the work is attributed to—says:

The preponderance and frequent transmission of stories involving Barbad attest to his popularity long after his death.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In modern-day Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, Barbad continues to be a celebrated figure.Template:Sfn In 1989 and 1990 the cultural establishment of the Tajik government encouraged their people to find pride in Barbad's achievements; the panegyrics given for Barbad are part of a larger effort by the Tajik government to pass off the "achievements of pre-Islamic Iranian civilization" as Tajik ones.Template:Sfn The largest musical hall of Dushanbe, Tajikistan, is named "Kokhi Borbad" after Barbad.Template:Sfn

Musicologist Firoozeh Khazrai sums up Barbad's legacy as such:

• Illustration from the Shahnameh with Barbad in a tree in the top right. The work is kept at the Los Angeles County Museum of ArtTemplate:Sfn
  Illustration from the Shahnameh with Barbad in a tree in the top right. The work is kept at the Los Angeles County Museum of ArtTemplate:Sfn
• 1535 painting of Barbad (pictured in the tree), attributed to Template:Ill
  1535 painting of Barbad (pictured in the tree), attributed to Template:Ill

References

Sources

Books

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Articles

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Web

External links

Template:Sister project "Barbad and Nakisā", a song inspired by Barbad performed by the Tanbur player Nur ʿAli Elāhi on Encyclopædia Iranica