Baháʼí orthography

Template:Short description Template:Sidebar with collapsible lists Texts of the Baháʼí Faith use a standard system of orthography to romanize Persian and Arabic script. The system used in Baháʼí literature was set in 1923, and although it was based on a commonly used standard of the time, it has its own embellishments that make it unique.

Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion from 1921 to 1957, created the system of Baháʼí orthography and shared a list of examples of common terms with Baháʼís around the world in several letters in 1923. The stated need for standardized transliteration was to "avoid confusion in future, and insure in this matter a uniformity which is greatly needed at present in all Baháʼí literature."Template:Sfn According to the standard, the most common terms are "Baháʼí", "Baháʼís", "Báb", "Baháʼu'lláh", and "ʻAbdu'l-Bahá", using accent marks to distinguish long vowels, and raised turned versus raised commas to distinguish ayin and hamza,Template:Efn respectively.

Since the Baháʼís adopted their system, Middle Eastern scholars have modified the standard academic system adopted in 1894 in various ways, and have created a separate, related system for writing Persian (a principal change being use of e and o). The Baháʼí system, however, has now been used to print thousands of books and pamphlets in many languages, hence modifying it would create confusion and force authors to use two different spelling systems (one in passages being quoted exactly, the other in the rest of the text).

Background

Western Baháʼís in the lifetime of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá used a variety of transliterations from Arabic. For example, Baháʼu'lláh – the Faith's founder, was written in a variety of spellings. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1906 instructed to write the term Bahaʼo'llah, and later in 1921 requested that it be written Baha ʼUllah.Template:Sfn

The Baháʼí transliteration scheme that Shoghi Effendi adopted was based on a standard adopted by the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists which took place in Geneva in September 1894.Template:Sfn Shoghi Effendi changed some details of the Congress's system, most notably in the use of digraphs in certain cases (e.g. Template:Angle bracket instead of Template:Angle bracket), and in incorporating the solar letters when writing the definite article al- (Template:Langx) according to pronunciation (e.g. ar-Raḥím, aṣ-Ṣaddíq, instead of al-Raḥím, al-Ṣaddíq).Template:Sfn He also introduced certain spelling variations that reflect Persian pronunciation (e.g. Template:Angle bracket instead of Template:Anglebracket), specifically an Isfahani accent (e.g. Template:Angle bracket instead of Template:Angle bracket).Template:Sfn

A list of frequently used words using the new system was first shared in 1923 and later published in The Baháʼí Yearbook of 1926.Template:Sfn Minor updates were published in The Baháʼí World volumes III (1930)Template:Sfn and VII (1939).Template:Sfn The system has been widely adopted by Baháʼí publishers. The underdots, underscores, and sometimes the accents are frequently omitted online and in less formal writing due to the difficulty in rendering text.

Perso-Arabic script

Letter	Arabic Name	Persian Name	Transliteration	Value (IPA) [a]
	ʼalif	ʼalef	á, a	Template:IPAlink (Arabic); Template:IPAlink (Persian)
	báʼ	bé	b	Template:IPAslink
	–	pé	p	Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	táʼ	té	t	Template:IPAslink
	t͟háʼ	sé	t͟h [c]	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	jím	jím	j	Template:IPAslink
	–	c͟hé	c͟h	Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	ḥáʼ	hé	ḥ	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	k͟háʼ	k͟hé	k͟h	Template:IPAslink
	dál	dál	d	Template:IPAslink
	d͟hál	zál	d͟h	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	ráʼ	ré	r	Template:IPAslink
	záy	zé	z	Template:IPAslink
	–	z͟hé	z͟h	Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	sín	sín	s	Template:IPAslink
	s͟hín	s͟hín	s͟h	Template:IPAslink
	ṣád	sád	ṣ	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	ḍád	zád	ḍ	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	ṭáʼ	tá	ṭ	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	ẓáʼ	zá	ẓ	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	ʻayn	ʼayn	ʻ [d]	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	g͟hayn	qayn	g͟h	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink~Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	fáʼ	fé	f	Template:IPAslink
	qáf	qáf	q	Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink~Template:IPAslink (Persian)
(Persian)	káf	káf	k	Template:IPAslink
	–	gáf	g	Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	lám	lám	l	Template:IPAslink
	mím	mím	m	Template:IPAslink
	nún	nún	n	Template:IPAslink
	wáw	váv	ú, v	; Template:IPAslink (Arabic); Template:IPAslink (Persian)
	háʼ	hé	h	Template:IPAslink
[b] (Persian)	yáʼ	yé	í, y	, Template:IPAslink
	hamzah	hamzé	ʼ [d]	Template:IPAslink

• ^a Real phonetic values of Arabic vary regionally and the table mostly demonstrates the abstract Arabic phonemes.
• ^b In Persian, the final form of the letter is written undotted.
• ^c The Unicode character for the underline, 'combining double macron below', is U+35F (decimal U+863). It can be written as hex &#x35F; or decimal &#863;, or with the template Template:Tl. HTML underlining (i.e., <u>...</u>) should not be used, as it's not copy-safe.
• ^d The Unicode character for the ʻayin, the 6-like 'combining letter turned comma', is U+2BB (decimal U+699), and the character for hamza, the 9-like 'combining letter apostrophe', is U+2BC (decimal U+700). They can be written as &#x2BB; and &#x2BC; (decimal &#699; and &#700;), or with the templates Template:Tl and Template:Tl.

Comparison to common Latinizations

The Baháʼí transliteration can often differ markedly from versions commonly in use in English.

Baháʼí Orthography	Common English Representation	Persian pronunciation	Arabic pronunciation	Perso-Arabic Spelling
Ád͟hirbáyján	Azerbaijan
Fáṭimih	Fatima
S͟hog͟hí	Shawki
Siyyid	Sayyid

While the accent and phonemic diacritic marks in the word "Baháʼí" indicate a three syllable pronunciation as , the official pronunciation guide of the Baháʼí World News Service gives a two syllable pronunciation of "ba-HIGH" Template:IPAc-en for English. The realization of the English pronunciation varies. The Oxford English Dictionary has Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, Merriam-Webster has Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell (reflecting in the first syllable the difference between the UK and the US with the 'pasta' vowel), and the Random House Dictionary has Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, all with three syllables.

External links

• Dying for God, contains an introductory summary of Baháʼí terminology and transliteration used in academic literature.
• Arabic, Proper pronunciation of, by the Universal House of Justice.
• All Words – Bahaʼi Glossary, a Spoken Dictionary of Bahaʼi Words and Phrases – BahaIQ