Atter
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Atter is an older Germanic term for "poisonous bodily fluid", especially venom of a venomous animal, such as a snake, dragon or other reptile, but also other vile corrupt or morbid substance from the body, such as pus from a sore or wound, as well as bitter substance, such as bile.[1][2][3] Figuratively, it can also mean moral corruption or corruptness; noxious or corrupt influence, poison to the soul, evil, anger, envy, hatred; as well as destruction and death.[1][3]
Today, atter is commonly associated with the Norse mythology, where it plays an important role in various contexts – see subsequent section: Template:Sectionlink.
Etymology
Atter is derived from Template:Langx, ātor and ǣttor, which in turn derives from Template:Langx, which stems from a Template:Langx,Template:Efn meaning "poison, pus", ultimately stemming from a Proto-Indo-European root of "to swell; swelling, tumour, abscess", related to Template:Langx (oîdos), "swelling, tumour, abscess, produced by internal action".[3][4] It is directly cognate with Template:Langx and its derivatives, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, as well as Template:Langx and Template:Langx, all with similar meaning.[3] In Scots, the cognate terms are atter and etter, variously meaning "poison", "purulent matter from a sore" and "quarrelsomeness".Template:Sfn
While mostly archaic or archaized in English, the word lives on with some strength in other languages. The Icelandic form eitur is the common word for "poison", while the Swedish form etter is a word for “venom”, as well as the full poetic meaning in dialectal and archaized language.[3] The German form Eiter and the Dutch form etter are the common word for “pus”.
Its derivative, attery means "venomous", "poisonous" or "bitter".Template:Sfn It is also found in compound nouns such as the now dialectal term for a spider attercop, literally "atter-top" or "atter-cup" (compare cobweb, previously (atter)copweb), cognate with Norwegian and Template:Langx, and Template:Langx.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn It is also found in the term atterlothe, meaning "an antidote to poison".Template:Sfn
Atter breathing dragons
Germanic dragons with poisonous breath, or rather, breathing atter, are believed to predate those who breathe fire in Germanic folklore and literature, consistent with the theory that Germanic dragons developed from traditions regarding wild snakes, some of whom produce venom.[5] The Nine Herbs Charm describes nine plants being used to overcome the venom of a slithering Script error: No such module "Lang".. It tells that Wōden (Odin) defeats the Script error: No such module "Lang". by striking it with nine twigs, breaking it into nine pieces.[6]
In Eddic poetry, both the sea serpent Jörmungandr, and the dwarf Fáfnir in dragon-hamr, are described as having attery breath. A similar creature from later Orcadian folklore is the attery stoor worm which was killed by the hero Assipattle, falling into the sea and forming Iceland, Orkney, Shetland and the Faroe Islands. As in the English tale of the Linton worm, the stoor worm is killed by burning its insides with peat.[7]
Beowulf is one of the earliest examples of a fire-breathing dragon, yet it is also referred to as Template:Langx, Template:Lit (infinitive) or 'the atter scather'. After burning homes and land in Geatland, it fights the eponymous hero of the poem who bears a metal shield to protect himself from the fire. The dragon wounds him but is slain by the king's thane Wiglaf. Beowulf later succumbs to the dragon's atter and dies. The other dragon mentioned in the poem is further associated with fire, melting from its own heat once slain by Sigmund.Template:Sfn Both fire and atter are also spat by dragons in the Chivalric saga Sigurðr saga þögla and in Nikolaus saga erkibiskups II, written around 1340, in which the dragon is sent by God to teach an English deacon to become more pious.[5]
In Norse mythologyScript error: No such module "anchor".
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In Norse mythology, atter (Template:Langx) plays an important role in various contexts. In one instance in Gylfaginning, atter is dripped on Loki by a snake placed above him by Skaði. In another, it is blown by the worm Jörmungandr during Ragnarök, leading to the death of Thor.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:BsnTemplate:Sfn Also in Gylfaginning, atter is described as forming in Ginnungagap, which gave rise to the primordial being Ymir,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn as described by the jötunn Vafþrúðnir in Vafþrúðnismál:
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See also
Footnotes
Citations
Bibliography
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Secondary
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External links
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